Investigation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant breaking characteristics and mechanism impacted by submerged cavitation water jet

A submerged cavitation water jet(SCWJ)is an effective method to recycle solid propellant from obsolete solid engines by the breaking method.Solid propellant's breaking modes and mechanical process under SCWJ impact are unclear.This study aims to understand those impact breaking mechanisms.The hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)propellant was chosen as the research material,and a self-designed test system was used to conduct impact tests at four different working pressures.The high-speed camera characterized crack propagation,and the DIC method calculated strain change during the impact process.Besides,micro and macro fracture morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and computed tomography(CT)scanning.The results reveal that the compressive strain concentration region locates right below the nozzle,and the shear strain region distributes symmetrically with the jet axis,which increases to 4% at first 16th ms,the compressive strain rises to 2% and 6% in the axial and transverse direction,respectively.The two tensile cracks formed first at the compression strain concentrate region,and there generate many shear cracks around the tensile cracks,and those shear cracks that develop and aggregate cause the cracks to become wider and cut through the tensile cracks,forming the tensile-shear cracks and the impact parts eventually fail.The HTPB propellant forms a breaking hole shaped conical after impact 10 s.The mass loss increases by 17 times at maximum,with the working pressure increasing by three times.Meanwhile,the damage value of the breaking hole remaining on the surface increases by 7.8 times while 2.9 times in the depth of the breaking hole.The breaking efficiency is closely affected by working pressures.The failure modes of HTPB impacted by SCWJ are classified as tensile crack-dominated and tensile-shear crack-dominated damage mechanisms.

Experimental and Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Phenomena Induced by Submerged Oblique Jet Scouring

Scouring experiments were conducted using a three-dimensional laser scanning technology for angles of the jet spanning the interval from 0°to 30°,and the characteristics of the scour hole in equilibrium conditions were investigated accordingly.The results indicate that the optimal scouring effects occur when the jet angle is in the ranges between 15°and 20°.Moreover,the dimensionless profiles of the scour hole exhibit a high degree of similarity at different jet angles.Numerical simulations conducted using the Flow-3D software to investigate the bed shear stress along the jet impingement surface have shown that this stress is influenced by both the resultant force and the jet impingement surface area.It reaches its maximum value when the jet is vertical,decreases rapidly as the jet starts to tilt,then increases slightly,and decreases again significantly when the angle exceeds 20°.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of the Impinging Distance on the Scouring Efficiency of Submerged Jets

Water jet technology is widely used in submerged buried pipes as a non-traditional trenching process,often invol-ving a complex sediment response.An important adjustable and influential engineering variable in this technol-ogy is represented by the impinging distance.In this study,the FLOW-3D software was used to simulate the jet scouring of sand beds in a submerged environment.In particular,four sets of experimental conditions were con-sidered to discern the relationship between the maximum scour depth and mass and the impinging distance.As shown by the results,a critical impinging distance h0 exists by which the static scour depth can be maximized;the scour mass ratio between dynamic and static conditions decreases as the impinging distance increases.Moreover,the profile contours are similar when the erosion parameter Ec is in the range 0.35<Ec<2.Empirical equations applicable for predicting the jet trenching contour under both dynamic and static scour modes are also provided in this study.

Flow and penetration behavior of submerged side-blown gas

To assess the widely used submerged side-blowing in pyrometallurgy,a high-speed camera-digital image processing-statistical approach was used to systematically investigate the effects of the gas flow rate,nozzle diameter,and inclination angle on the space-time distribution and penetration behavior of submerged side-blown gas in an air-water system.The results show that the gas motion gradually changes from a bubbling regime to a steady jetting regime and the formation of a complete jet structure as the flow rate increases.When the flow rate is low,a bubble area is formed by large bubbles in the area above the nozzle.When the flow rate and the nozzle diameter are significant,a bubble area is formed by tiny bubbles in the area above the nozzle.The increased inclination angle requires a more significant flow rate to form a complete jet structure.In the sampling time,the dimensionless horizontal and vertical penetration depths are Gaussian distributed.Decreasing the nozzle diameter and increasing the flow rate or inclination angle will increase the distribution range and discreteness.New correlations for a penetration depth with an error of±20%were obtained through dimensional analysis.The dimensionless horizontal penetration depth of an argon-melt system in a 120 t converter calculated by the correlation proposed by the current study is close to the result calculated by a correlation in the literature and a numerical simulation result in the literature.

Impingement capability of high-pressure submerged water jet: Numerical prediction and experimental verification

At jet pressures ranging from 80 to 120 MPa, submerged water jets are investigated by numerical simulation and experiment. Numerical simulation enables a systematic analysis of major flow parameters such as jet velocity, turbulent kinetic energy as well as void fraction of cavitation. Experiments facilitate an objective assessment of surface morphology, micro hardness and surface roughness of the impinged samples. A comparison is implemented between submerged and non-submerged water jets. The results show that submerged water jet is characterized by low velocity magnitudes relative to non-submerged water jet at the same jet pressure. Shear effect serves as a key factor underlying the inception of cavitation in submerged water jet stream. Predicted annular shape of cavity zone is substantiated by local height distributions associated with experimentally obtained footprints. As jet pressure increases, joint contribution of jet kinetic energy and cavitation is demonstrated. While for non-submerged water jet, impingement force stems exclusively from flow velocity.

Flow Characteristics and Cavitation Effect of the Submerged Water Jet Discharged from a Central-Body Nozzle

To assess the impingement capability of water jet, submerged water jet discharged from a centralbody nozzle is investigated. Efforts are devoted to both the wavy jet edge and the cavitation phenomenon involved. Three configurations of the central body are examined and jet pressure is fixed at 15 MPa. Jet edge is visualized using high speed photography. Numerical simulation is performed to extract flow parameter distributions in the jet stream and to predict cavity profiles. Furthermore, an impingement experiment with target sandstone samples is conducted as well. The results indicate that both lateral fluctuation amplitude and frequency of the jet stream vary with axial position of the central body. Cavitation tongues of different stream wise dimensions are manifested in the wake flows downstream of the central body. In case of the downstream end of the central body parallel with nozzle outlet section, the largest stream wise dimension of cavitation zone is obtained. Relative to the round nozzle with the same equivalent outlet diameter, the central-body nozzle yields preferable impinging effect.

Cavitation of a Submerged Jet at the Spherical Valve Plate/Cylinder Block Interface for Axial Piston Pump

The spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair has the advantages of strong overturning resistance and large bearing area.However,the configurations of the unloading and pre-boosting triangular grooves on the spherical valve plate are different from those in the planar valve plate,resulting in special cavitation phenomenon on the spherical port plate pair.In order to study cavitation characteristics of spherical port plate pair,a dynamic CFD model of the piston pump including turbulence model,cavitation model and fluid compressibility is established.A detailed UDF compilation scheme is provided for modelling of the micron-sized spherical oil film mesh,which makes up for the lack of research on the meshing of the spherical oil film.In this paper,using CFD simulation tools,from the perspectives of pressure field,velocity field and gas volume fraction change,a detailed analysis of the transient evolution of the submerged cavitation jet in a axial piston pump with spherical valve plate is carried out.The study indicates the movement direction of the cavitation cloud cluster through the cloud image and the velocity vector direction of the observation point.The sharp decrease of velocity and gas volume fraction indicates the collapse phenomenon of bubbles on the part wall surface.These discoveries verify the special erosion effect in case of the spherical valve plate/cylinder block pair.The submerged cavitation jet generated by the unloading triangular grooves distributed on the spherical valve plate not only cause denudation of the inner wall surface of the valve plate,but also cause strong impact and denudation on the lower surface of the cylinder body.Finally,the direction of the unloading triangular groove was modified to extend the distance between it and the wall surface which can effectively alleviate the erosion effect.

A new type of plunge pool―Multi-horizontal submerged jets

Based on the understanding of the mechanism of energy dissipation,a new type of plunge pool is presented with the advantages of high rate of energy dissipation,low impact pressure,and small close-to-bed velocity on the soleplate of the plunge pool.The first advantage owes to enlarged shearing energy dissipation areas in the plunge pool,while the other two are caused by the jet that enters in a nearly horizontal level to keep the soleplate from being scoured directly.All of the above arrangements make this new type of energy dissipator distinct from the underflow energy dissipation.Through experiments on the physical model,the authors found that the water flow maintained stable and submerged in horizontal direction when the flow was narrow in horizontal but thick in vertical direction.However,the wide flat nappe was ready to submerge or float as the downstream water level rised or dropped.The entire flow fields of multi-horizontal submerged jets into plunge pool were also numerically simulated.The numerical results of water surface curve,close-to-bed velocity and floor pressure agree well with the experimental data.The flow pattern in the plunge pool was analyzed after combining the laboratory data and numerical simulation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS IN STILLING BASIN OF MULTI-HORIZONTAL SUBMERGED JETS

3-D numerical simulation was carried out for the water flow in a stilling basin with multi-horizontal submerged jets by using two different turbulence models, namely, the VOF RNG k-ε and Mixture RNG k-ε turbulence models. The calculated water depth, velocity profile and pressure distribution are in good agreement with the data obtained in experiments. It indicates that the numerical simulation can effectively be used to study the water flow movement and the energy dissipation mechanism. The numerical simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy distribution obtained by using the Mixture turbulence model covers a region about 18% larger than that calculated by using the VOF turbulence model, and is in better agreement with the actual situation. Furthermore, the Mixture turbulence model is better than the VOF turbulence model in calculating the air entrainment.

Particle image velocimetry measurements of vortex structures in stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets

Measurements of turbulent flow fields in a stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets were made with the single- camera Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV）. The particle images were captured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the flow in terms of the 2-D velocity and vorticity distributions. This study shows that the maximum close-to-bed velocity in the stilling basin is approximately reduced by 60%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. The jet velocity is distributed evenly at the latter half of the stilling basin and the time-averaged velocity of the cross section is reduced by 77%-85%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. These results show that the vortices with horizontal axes are continuously repeated during the form-merge-split-disappear process. The vertical vortices are continuously formed and disappeared, they appear randomly near the slab and intermittently reach the slab of the stilling basin. The range of these vortices is small. Vortices with horizontal axes and ver- tical vortices do not coincide in space and the vortices with horizontal axes only affect the position of the tail of the vertical vortices attached to the slab of the stilling basin.

SCALE EFFECTS OF AIR-WATER FLOWS IN STILLING BASIN OF MULTI-HORIZONTAL SUBMERGED JETS

A series of experiments were carried out on multi-horizontal submerged jets with four different model scales of 1：36, 1：57, 1：80, 1：200. In routine tests, scale effects have to be considered, due to complex vortex structure and strong air entrainment in stilling basin. Our focus was laid on measuring and analyzing the time-averaged pressure distribution, water depth and closed-to-bed velocity in the stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets. The experiments results show that the model scale has but a slight effect on the time-averaged hydraulic characteristics in the stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets, which indicates that the results of time-averaged hydraulic characteristics for a normal pressure model are reliable. However, the scale effects of air entrainment, fluctuation pressure and vortex structure call for further investigations in order to make the results of experiments serve as scientific references for practical engineering.

Generation and evolution characteristics of the mushroom-like vortex generated by a submerged round laminar jet

This paper studies the formation mechanism and the evolution characteristics of the mushroom-like vortex generated by a submerged laminar round jet based on experiments, CFD simulation and a theoretical model. The results of the numerical simulations agree well with those obtained by the experiments, and three distinct stages are identified in the formation and evolution processes of the mushroom-like vortex： the starting, developing and decaying stages. Three non-dimensional parameters for such a mushroom-like vortex： the length of the jet L＊, the vortex radius R＊ and the circulation length d＊, are introduced, and the variation characteristics of these parameters with respect to the non-dimensional time t＊ are quantitatively analyzed. In the starting stage, L＊ and d＊ increase linearly with t＊ while R＊ approximately remains a constant. In the developing stage, a considerable self-similarity is observed, and L＊, R＊, d＊ have the same proportional relationship with respect to 1.1/2 regardless of the variations of the Reynolds number and the injection duration time. In the decaying stage, L＊ and R＊ are approximately proportional to t＊1/5, while d＊ nearly levels off at a constant. Furthermore, a theoretical model is proposed for the time evolution characteristics of the jet length, with predictions in good agreements with numerical and experimental results.

Numerical analysis of cavitation cloud shedding in a submerged water jet

Focused on the unsteady behavior of high-speed water jets with intensive cavitation a numerical analysis is performed by applying a practical compressible mixture flow bubble cavitation model with a simplified estimation of bubble radius. The mean flow of two-phase mixture is calculated by unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） for compressible flow and the intensity of cavitation in a local field is evaluated by the volume fraction of gas bubbles whose radius is estimated with a simplified Rayleigh- Plesset equation according to pressure variation of the mean flow field. High-speed submerged water jet issuing from a sheathed sharp-edge orifice nozzle is treated. The periodically shedding of cavitation clouds is captured in a certain reliability compared to experiment data of visualization observation and the capability to capture the unsteadily shedding of cavitation clouds is demonstrated. The results demonstrate that cavitation takes place near the entrance of nozzle throat and cavitation cloud expands consequentially while flowing downstream. Developed bubble clouds break up near the nozzle exit and shed downstream periodically along the shear layer. Under the effect of cavitation bubbles the decay of core velocity is delayed compared to the case of no-cavitation jet.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ENTRAINED AND TRANSPORTED CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED JET

This paper presents entrainment mechanism, and transported and diffusioncharacteristics at the point of entry of submerged jet. The profiles of both velocity andconcentration within the air-water mixing layer were theoretically deduced. And the comparisonsbetween theoretical values and measured data were made. Results show that the velocity profilewithin the air-water mixing layer exhibits a form of error function. The concentrations of airentrainment in the internal and external regions of air-water mixing layer correspond to Gaussiandistribution.

Effects of submerged synthetic jet on the coherent structures in turbulent boundary layer

The research focuses on the active control scheme of a fully-developed turbulent boundary layer(TBL)forced by the submerged synthetic jet,and the particle image velocimetry(PIV)system is used to capture the two components velocity signals in the flow field.The mean velocity profiles near the wall obtained by the single-pixel ensemble correlation(SPEC)algorithm evidence the decline of streamwise velocity gradient,indicating the reduction of skin-friction drag.The deficit of streamwise velocity as well as turbulence attenuation in the cross flow attests that the perturbation effects are persistent in a certain range downstream of the synthetic jet injection section.The spatial topologies of the coherent structures detected by the improved quadrant splitting method(IQSM)reveal that the sweep events,responsible for the significant wall friction,are repressed under the action of synthetic jet.By employing the method of two-point correlation,destruction of the near-wall streaks is observed,and the control mechanism acts in a way to suppress the extension along the streamwise direction of the correlation coefficient.Based on the linear stochastic estimation,it is inferred that the influence of force is such the near-wall hairpin vortex detaches from the wall,and its ability to induce environmental fluid is vastly weakened.

微型胶囊机器人外壳的淹没式空化射流成形质量分析

目的针对微型胶囊机器人外壳成形的技术难题,提出了一种基于淹没式空化射流冲击箔材的微型机器人外壳成形方法,分析了微型外壳的成形质量。方法基于微型胶囊机器人外壳的特征尺寸设计模具,利用淹没式空化射流试验装置,完成了对T2铜箔的高能冲击成形试验,分析了淹没式空化射流的成形原理,讨论了微型外壳的成形深度、表面粗糙度、厚度减薄率以及纳米硬度。结果在空化射流冲击成形过程中,微型外壳成形深度的增长率随成形时间的延长而减小,最大成形深度可达291.4μm(模具最大深度为300μm);成形后微型外壳表面粗糙度Ra值由0.7897μm逐渐增加至1.0576μm,厚度减薄率为10%~25%,纳米硬度提高了21.78%~46.64%,最大硬度增长率出现在刃口处。结论在淹没式空化射流成形过程中,微型外壳的成形深度与模具的相当,微型外壳表面存在小幅度粗化现象,成形后减薄率降低,纳米硬度大幅提高,抵抗外界破坏能力提高。

浸没射流条件下气溶胶水洗机理研究

反应堆严重事故发生后,气溶胶池式水洗现象常发生于抑压水池排放过程中,掌握此条件下的气溶胶水洗特性对于严重事故后的放射性评估具有重要意义。本文针对浸没射流条件下的气溶胶水洗效率开展了实验研究,探究了气溶胶直径、液池温度、淹没深度、喷放压力等参数对气溶胶水洗效率的影响。气体穿过破口或喷管以射流的形式向液相内喷放时,由于高速气流剪切作用而产生的夹带液滴会通过惯性效应将气溶胶大量滞留在液相中,喷放压力的增加会增强此效应,而淹没深度的增加也会提高滞留时间及气溶胶接触气液界面的概率。液池温度降低后由于温度梯度及蒸汽冷凝速率的增加,会使水洗效率得到进一步地提高,但热泳、扩散泳等热驱动效应与惯性、液位效应间的作用占比存在一定的制约,通过对现有相关实验进行总结,并基于主导的水洗机制拟合了预测浸没射流条件下水洗效率的经验关系式,可为相关实验及模型提供数据及理论支撑。

淹没水射流式贝肉清洗装置设计与试验

随着贝类预制菜产业的发展,基于贝肉的精加工预制食品逐渐在市场上推广,虽然市场上清洗装置品类较多,但是尚未有适合各类贝肉产品清洗的装备,存在清洗效率低、洗净率差和易破损等问题。本研究基于淹没水射流机理,设计了以淹没水射流为清洗动力的贝肉清洗装置,并对清洗装置进行Fluent-EDEM耦合数值模拟,确定清洗装置的关键结构参数范围。通过2个阶段试验论证了该清洗装置的合理性,第1阶段通过清洗正交试验得出,当射流口直径为10 mm,清洗量为14 kg,清洗时间为6 min,淹没水射流式清洗效果最佳;第2阶段进行了生产性对比试验,并以洗净率和破损率作为评价指标,对比3种清洗装置洗净率。结果显示:以扇贝裙边为清洗对象时,淹没水射流式清洗装置的平均洗净率为97.77%,且无破损现象,较螺旋桨式清洗装置洗净率提高了14.4%,较超声波式清洗装置洗净率提高了7.3%;以鸟蛤肉为清洗对象时,淹没水射流式清洗装置的平均洗净率为98.23%,较螺旋桨式清洗装置的洗净率提高了12.49%,较超声波式清洗装置洗净率提高了6.7%,且无破损情况。研究表明,淹没水射流式装置具有较好的清洗效果,具备产业化推广价值。

基于ALE算法的连续水射流破煤特征数值模拟研究

为了探究环境介质对水射流破煤特征的影响规律,采用ALE算法和LS-Dyna软件开展了连续水射流冲击破煤数值模拟研究,分析了淹没/非淹没环境下水射流传播特征、破煤特征,及两者破煤深度关系的时变特征。结果表明:由于水射流损耗较大,淹没环境下射流传播速度远小于非淹没状态下;淹没射流在环境介质的阻碍下发散导致破煤面积增大及深度降低,但损伤单元变化不大;淹没环境下开展破煤造穴时需要合理延长冲击时间或者缩小钻孔间距。

浸没式喷水推进器脉动流场特性数值分析

为分析浸没式喷水推进器的流场脉动特性,分别以前置定子式和后置定子式喷水推进器为对象,完成船后推进器瞬态流场的数值仿真;分析导管、定子和转子脉动压力、脉动推力特性。结果表明,对前置定子式喷水推进器而言,静止部件的推力主要由导管产生,导管壁面的压力脉动远大于定子;受转子和定子相互作用的影响,转子和导管内壁相互作用区域的流场脉动最强,且体现了转子特征。对后置定子式喷水推进器而言,由于定子后置其对转子进流影响减弱,使得各部件脉动流场均体现了转子信息,且转子脉动力幅值增加。结合不同结构形式浸没式喷水推进器的脉动流场分析结果可知,后置定子式推进器的流场脉动量要低于前置定子式推进器;且前置定子式喷水推进器的脉动流场特征较后置定子式喷水推进器更为复杂,亦不利于推进器的降噪设计。