Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusi...Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusion. In this paper, we analyze the defects of this structure based on the example of an article and crack it using a simpler method. To address the defects of the asynchronous encryption structure, a novel encryption scheme is proposed, in which the structure of synchronous substitution and diffusion based on double S-boxes is utilized, so the processes of substitution and diffusion are combined together and the attackers cannot crack the cryptosystem by any of the processes. The simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed encryption scheme is safer and more efficient to expediently use in the real-time system.展开更多
Patient privacy and data protection have been crucial concerns in Ehealthcare systems for many years.In modern-day applications,patient data usually holds clinical imagery,records,and other medical details.Lately,the ...Patient privacy and data protection have been crucial concerns in Ehealthcare systems for many years.In modern-day applications,patient data usually holds clinical imagery,records,and other medical details.Lately,the Internet of Medical Things(IoMT),equipped with cloud computing,has come out to be a beneficial paradigm in the healthcare field.However,the openness of networks and systems leads to security threats and illegal access.Therefore,reliable,fast,and robust security methods need to be developed to ensure the safe exchange of healthcare data generated from various image sensing and other IoMT-driven devices in the IoMT network.This paper presents an image protection scheme for healthcare applications to protect patients’medical image data exchanged in IoMT networks.The proposed security scheme depends on an enhanced 2D discrete chaotic map and allows dynamic substitution based on an optimized highly-nonlinear S-box and diffusion to gain an excellent security performance.The optimized S-box has an excellent nonlinearity score of 112.The new image protection scheme is efficient enough to exhibit correlation values less than 0.0022,entropy values higher than 7.999,and NPCR values around 99.6%.To reveal the efficacy of the scheme,several comparison studies are presented.These comparison studies reveal that the novel protection scheme is robust,efficient,and capable of securing healthcare imagery in IoMT systems.展开更多
Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them suscept...Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.展开更多
Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) in advanced encryption standard (AES) are vulnerable to attacks bypower analysis.The general S-Boxes masking schemes in circuit level need to adjust the design flow andlibrary databases.Th...Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) in advanced encryption standard (AES) are vulnerable to attacks bypower analysis.The general S-Boxes masking schemes in circuit level need to adjust the design flow andlibrary databases.The masking strategies in algorithm level view each S-Box as an independent moduleand mask them respectively,which are costly in size and power for non-linear characteristic of S-Boxes.The new method uses dynamic inhomogeneous S-Boxes instead of traditional homogeneous S-Boxes,andarranges the S-Boxes randomly.So the power and data path delay of substitution unit become unpre-dictable.The experimental results demonstrate that this scheme takes advantages of the circuit character-istics of various S-Box implementations to eliminate the correlation between crypto operation and power.Itneeds less extra circuits and suits resource constrained applications.展开更多
Being as unique nonlinear components of block ciphers,substitution boxes（S-boxes） directly affect the security of the cryptographic systems.It is important and difficult to design cryptographically strong S-boxes th...Being as unique nonlinear components of block ciphers,substitution boxes（S-boxes） directly affect the security of the cryptographic systems.It is important and difficult to design cryptographically strong S-boxes that simultaneously meet with multiple cryptographic criteria such as bijection,non-linearity,strict avalanche criterion（SAC）,bits independence criterion（BIC）,differential probability（DP） and linear probability（LP）.To deal with this problem,a chaotic S-box based on the artificial bee colony algorithm（CSABC） is designed.It uses the S-boxes generated by the six-dimensional compound hyperchaotic map as the initial individuals and employs ABC to improve their performance.In addition,it considers the nonlinearity and differential uniformity as the fitness functions.A series of experiments have been conducted to compare multiple cryptographic criteria of this algorithm with other algorithms.Simulation results show that the new algorithm has cryptographically strong S-box while meeting multiple cryptographic criteria.展开更多
4-bit linear relations play an important role in cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences have also been a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Existence of all 4-bit linear relations h...4-bit linear relations play an important role in cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences have also been a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Existence of all 4-bit linear relations have been counted for all of 16 input and 16 output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit Crypto S-boxes said as S-boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Count of existing finite differences from each element of output S-boxes to distant output S-boxes have been noted in Differential Cryptanalysis of S-boxes. In this paper a brief review of these two cryptanalytic methods for 4-bit S-boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. Two new analysis techniques, one to search for the existing linear approximations among the input vectors (IPVs) and output Boolean functions (BFs) of a particular S-box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing linear relations or approximations in the contrary to count the number of existent linear relations among all 16, 4-bit input and output bit patterns within all possible linear approximations. Another is to find number of balanced BFs in difference output S-boxes. Better the number of Balanced BFs, Better the security.展开更多
The strict avalanche criterion(SAC)is one of the most important cryptographic criteria for substitution boxes(S-boxes)used in many symmetric encryption systems.However,there are few constructive methods for S-boxes fu...The strict avalanche criterion(SAC)is one of the most important cryptographic criteria for substitution boxes(S-boxes)used in many symmetric encryption systems.However,there are few constructive methods for S-boxes fulfilling the SAC until now.In this paper,to construct S-boxes satisfying the SAC directly,we generalize the concatenation techniques of Boolean functions to S-boxes.Using the idea of concatenating small variable S-boxes,we present a simple yet effective construction method of S-boxes satisfying the SAC.Finally,a simple example on how to construct SAC S-boxes with large input variables by small variables SAC S-boxes is given.展开更多
Elliptic curve cryptography has been used in many security systems due to its small key size and high security compared with other cryptosystems. In many well-known security systems, a substitution box (S-box) is the ...Elliptic curve cryptography has been used in many security systems due to its small key size and high security compared with other cryptosystems. In many well-known security systems, a substitution box (S-box) is the only non-linear component. Recently, it has been shown that the security of a cryptosystem can be improved using dynamic S-boxes instead of a static S-box. This necessitates the construction of new secure S-boxes. We propose an efficient method to generate S-boxes that are based on a class of Mordell elliptic curves over prime fields and achieved by defining different total orders. The proposed scheme is devel-oped in such a way that for each input it outputs an S-box in linear time and constant space. Due to this property, our method takes less time and space than the existing S-box construction methods over elliptic curves. Computational results show that the pro-posed method is capable of generating cryptographically strong S-boxes with security comparable to some of the existing S-boxes constructed via different mathematical structures.展开更多
The substitution box,often known as an S-box,is a nonlinear component that is a part of several block ciphers.Its purpose is to protect cryptographic algorithms from a variety of cryptanalytic assaults.A Multi-Criteri...The substitution box,often known as an S-box,is a nonlinear component that is a part of several block ciphers.Its purpose is to protect cryptographic algorithms from a variety of cryptanalytic assaults.A Multi-Criteria Decision Making(MCDM)problem has a complex selection procedure because of having many options and criteria to choose from.Because of this,statistical methods are necessary to assess the performance score of each S-box and decide which option is the best one available based on this score.Using the Pythagorean Fuzzy-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)method,the major objective of this investigation is to select the optimal S-box to be implemented from a pool of twelve key choices.With the help of the Pythagorean fuzzy set(PFS),the purpose of this article is to evaluate whether this nonlinear component is suitable for use in a variety of encryption applications.In this article,we have considered various characteristics of S-boxes,including nonlinearity,algebraic degree,strict avalanche criterion(SAC),absolute indicator,bit independent criterion(BIC),sum of square indicator,algebraic immunity,transparency order,robustness to differential cryptanalysis,composite algebraic immunity,signal to noise ratio-differential power attack(SNR-DPA),and confusion coefficient variance on some standard S-boxes that are Advanced Encryption Following this,the findings of the investigation are changed into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers in the shape of a matrix.This matrix is then subjected to an analysis using the TOPSIS method,which is dependent on the Pythagorean fuzzy set,to rank the most suitable S-box for use in encryption applications.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2014JM8322)
文摘Single or multiple S-boxes are widely used in image encryption schemes, and in many image encryption schemes the asynchronous encryption structure is utilized, which separates the processes of substitution and diffusion. In this paper, we analyze the defects of this structure based on the example of an article and crack it using a simpler method. To address the defects of the asynchronous encryption structure, a novel encryption scheme is proposed, in which the structure of synchronous substitution and diffusion based on double S-boxes is utilized, so the processes of substitution and diffusion are combined together and the attackers cannot crack the cryptosystem by any of the processes. The simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed encryption scheme is safer and more efficient to expediently use in the real-time system.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,through the Research Funding Program,Grant No.(FRP-1443-11).
文摘Patient privacy and data protection have been crucial concerns in Ehealthcare systems for many years.In modern-day applications,patient data usually holds clinical imagery,records,and other medical details.Lately,the Internet of Medical Things(IoMT),equipped with cloud computing,has come out to be a beneficial paradigm in the healthcare field.However,the openness of networks and systems leads to security threats and illegal access.Therefore,reliable,fast,and robust security methods need to be developed to ensure the safe exchange of healthcare data generated from various image sensing and other IoMT-driven devices in the IoMT network.This paper presents an image protection scheme for healthcare applications to protect patients’medical image data exchanged in IoMT networks.The proposed security scheme depends on an enhanced 2D discrete chaotic map and allows dynamic substitution based on an optimized highly-nonlinear S-box and diffusion to gain an excellent security performance.The optimized S-box has an excellent nonlinearity score of 112.The new image protection scheme is efficient enough to exhibit correlation values less than 0.0022,entropy values higher than 7.999,and NPCR values around 99.6%.To reveal the efficacy of the scheme,several comparison studies are presented.These comparison studies reveal that the novel protection scheme is robust,efficient,and capable of securing healthcare imagery in IoMT systems.
文摘Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2006AA01Z226)
文摘Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) in advanced encryption standard (AES) are vulnerable to attacks bypower analysis.The general S-Boxes masking schemes in circuit level need to adjust the design flow andlibrary databases.The masking strategies in algorithm level view each S-Box as an independent moduleand mask them respectively,which are costly in size and power for non-linear characteristic of S-Boxes.The new method uses dynamic inhomogeneous S-Boxes instead of traditional homogeneous S-Boxes,andarranges the S-Boxes randomly.So the power and data path delay of substitution unit become unpre-dictable.The experimental results demonstrate that this scheme takes advantages of the circuit character-istics of various S-Box implementations to eliminate the correlation between crypto operation and power.Itneeds less extra circuits and suits resource constrained applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6060309260975042)
文摘Being as unique nonlinear components of block ciphers,substitution boxes（S-boxes） directly affect the security of the cryptographic systems.It is important and difficult to design cryptographically strong S-boxes that simultaneously meet with multiple cryptographic criteria such as bijection,non-linearity,strict avalanche criterion（SAC）,bits independence criterion（BIC）,differential probability（DP） and linear probability（LP）.To deal with this problem,a chaotic S-box based on the artificial bee colony algorithm（CSABC） is designed.It uses the S-boxes generated by the six-dimensional compound hyperchaotic map as the initial individuals and employs ABC to improve their performance.In addition,it considers the nonlinearity and differential uniformity as the fitness functions.A series of experiments have been conducted to compare multiple cryptographic criteria of this algorithm with other algorithms.Simulation results show that the new algorithm has cryptographically strong S-box while meeting multiple cryptographic criteria.
文摘4-bit linear relations play an important role in cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences have also been a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Existence of all 4-bit linear relations have been counted for all of 16 input and 16 output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit Crypto S-boxes said as S-boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Count of existing finite differences from each element of output S-boxes to distant output S-boxes have been noted in Differential Cryptanalysis of S-boxes. In this paper a brief review of these two cryptanalytic methods for 4-bit S-boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. Two new analysis techniques, one to search for the existing linear approximations among the input vectors (IPVs) and output Boolean functions (BFs) of a particular S-box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing linear relations or approximations in the contrary to count the number of existent linear relations among all 16, 4-bit input and output bit patterns within all possible linear approximations. Another is to find number of balanced BFs in difference output S-boxes. Better the number of Balanced BFs, Better the security.
基金Supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.60773002,61072140)the 111 Project(No.B08038),the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institutions of Higher Education of China(No.20100203110003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.JY10000901034)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.1208085QF119)
文摘The strict avalanche criterion(SAC)is one of the most important cryptographic criteria for substitution boxes(S-boxes)used in many symmetric encryption systems.However,there are few constructive methods for S-boxes fulfilling the SAC until now.In this paper,to construct S-boxes satisfying the SAC directly,we generalize the concatenation techniques of Boolean functions to S-boxes.Using the idea of concatenating small variable S-boxes,we present a simple yet effective construction method of S-boxes satisfying the SAC.Finally,a simple example on how to construct SAC S-boxes with large input variables by small variables SAC S-boxes is given.
基金Project supported by the JSPS KAKENHI(No.18J23484)
文摘Elliptic curve cryptography has been used in many security systems due to its small key size and high security compared with other cryptosystems. In many well-known security systems, a substitution box (S-box) is the only non-linear component. Recently, it has been shown that the security of a cryptosystem can be improved using dynamic S-boxes instead of a static S-box. This necessitates the construction of new secure S-boxes. We propose an efficient method to generate S-boxes that are based on a class of Mordell elliptic curves over prime fields and achieved by defining different total orders. The proposed scheme is devel-oped in such a way that for each input it outputs an S-box in linear time and constant space. Due to this property, our method takes less time and space than the existing S-box construction methods over elliptic curves. Computational results show that the pro-posed method is capable of generating cryptographically strong S-boxes with security comparable to some of the existing S-boxes constructed via different mathematical structures.
基金This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R87),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The substitution box,often known as an S-box,is a nonlinear component that is a part of several block ciphers.Its purpose is to protect cryptographic algorithms from a variety of cryptanalytic assaults.A Multi-Criteria Decision Making(MCDM)problem has a complex selection procedure because of having many options and criteria to choose from.Because of this,statistical methods are necessary to assess the performance score of each S-box and decide which option is the best one available based on this score.Using the Pythagorean Fuzzy-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)method,the major objective of this investigation is to select the optimal S-box to be implemented from a pool of twelve key choices.With the help of the Pythagorean fuzzy set(PFS),the purpose of this article is to evaluate whether this nonlinear component is suitable for use in a variety of encryption applications.In this article,we have considered various characteristics of S-boxes,including nonlinearity,algebraic degree,strict avalanche criterion(SAC),absolute indicator,bit independent criterion(BIC),sum of square indicator,algebraic immunity,transparency order,robustness to differential cryptanalysis,composite algebraic immunity,signal to noise ratio-differential power attack(SNR-DPA),and confusion coefficient variance on some standard S-boxes that are Advanced Encryption Following this,the findings of the investigation are changed into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers in the shape of a matrix.This matrix is then subjected to an analysis using the TOPSIS method,which is dependent on the Pythagorean fuzzy set,to rank the most suitable S-box for use in encryption applications.
