Objective To evaluate levels of lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) in the breast milk in the second postpartum month,to investigate the relationship between Pb/Cd levels in breast milk and some sociodemographic parameters,and t...Objective To evaluate levels of lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) in the breast milk in the second postpartum month,to investigate the relationship between Pb/Cd levels in breast milk and some sociodemographic parameters,and to explore whether these levels affect the infants' physical status or the mothers' psychological status(postpartum depression).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2009 and December 2010.Altogether 170 healthy mothers were enrolled from Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital.The inclusion criteria were:voluntary to participate in this study,healthy,with no chronic disease,breastfeeding in the second postpartum month,living in a suburban but not non-industrial area of Nanjing,and not occupationally exposed to toxic metals.All the mothers completed a questionnaire and were evaluated based on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS) to identify the risk of postpartum depression.Pb and Cd levels in breast milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.The infants of these mothers were examined for their z scores of weight for age,length for age,head circumference for age,and body mass index for age.Results The median breast milk levels of Pb and Cd were 40.6 μg/L and 0.67 μg/L,respectively.In 164(96.5%) of the 170 samples,Pb levels were higher than the limit reported by the World Health Organization(> 5 μg/L).Breast milk Cd level was > 1 μg/L in 54(31.8%) mothers.The mothers with a history of anemia had a higher breast milk Pb level than those without a history of anemia(41.1 μg/L vs.37.9 μg/L,P = 0.050).The median breast milk Cd level in those who were active and passive smokers during pregnancy was significantly higher than that in non-smokers(0.88 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025).The breast milk Cd level in the mothers not taking iron and vitamin supplements for 2 months postpartum was higher than in those taking the supplements(iron supplement:0.74 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025;vitamin supplement:0.78 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.005).Breast milk Cd level at the second postpartum month was negatively correlated with the z scores of head circumference(r = 0.248,P = 0.042) and weight for age at birth(r = 0.241,P = 0.024) in girls.No correlation was found between the breast milk Pb/Cd levels and the EPDS scores.Conclusion Considering the high levels of Pb and Cd in breast milk in this study,breast milk monitoring programs are necessary.展开更多
Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to p...Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to people and enhance the quality of life.Private green spaces,if adequately managed,can enhance the environmental quality.This study,based on a questionnaire survey and the Motivation/Attitude-Driven Behaviour(MADB)model,investigated how the attitudes and behaviours of residents shape private green spaces in 12 settlements of the 4 city regions(Cluj region,Nitra region,Kecskemét region,and Györ region)in 3 Central European countries(Hungary,Slovakia,and Romania).The results showed that beautiful natural environment,abundance of green spaces,beautiful settlement and streetscape,and village atmosphere were mentioned most often,along with good quality of life,with a mention rate of over 70.00%in the four city regions.Convenience also played a significant role in the management of green spaces,showing that convenience factors(less work,less waste,and cheaper management)more important for those who live in settlements nearer to the cities.The importance of biodiversity and ecology was positively correlated with socio-economic status such as education and financial situation.However,the importance of the utility of green spaces was less prevalent among original villagers and settlers.Moreover,we found that the percentage of green spaces of settlers is slightly higher than that of original villagers.The results of factor analysis revealed that socio-economic status can influence respondents’attitudes towards green spaces.It suggests to increase ecological awareness of residents,especially for new settlers,and promote good management techniques for green spaces.This study can improve the awareness of urban planners about the importance of green spaces in suburban areas.展开更多
Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaata...Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar were surveyed. The results indicate that DCMs contain a high percentage of organic matter and nutrients, while heavy metals are at low levels, which shows good agricultural potential. The concentration ranges of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 11±5, 46±9, 0.08±0.05, 9±3, 17±9, and 338±86mg·kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd was below 0.5 mg.kgl, and a high positive relation was shown between chromium and nickel concentrations. The heavy metals in DCMs were safe for land application but Zn in DCMs was close to the effects range median （ERM）, which is toxic in some cases, such as amphipod bioassays. Because it is mandatory to treat DCMs to reduce pathogens, in the case of heavy metal enrichment and agricultural reuse, composting or pyrolysis are better choices than incinera- tion. Compared with global soil background values, the heavy metals in DCMs showed a low level of ecological risk, but a medium level when compared with Mongolian soil background values. The ecological risk of six heavy metals was in the descending order Hg 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cr and the contribution rate of Hg exceeded 60%.展开更多
On the basis of comparative analysis on the vegetable input-output efficiency of suburban and rural areas in 2011- 2012,this paper made co-integration test,impulse response and variance decomposition for the vegetable...On the basis of comparative analysis on the vegetable input-output efficiency of suburban and rural areas in 2011- 2012,this paper made co-integration test,impulse response and variance decomposition for the vegetable input-output relationship of suburban areas in 1998-2012. Comparative analysis indicated that the vegetable input-output benefit of suburban area declines,while that of rural area rises; empirical analysis indicated that there is a long-term stable relationship between labor cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income and between material cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income,but the vegetable income itself has certain lag effect,followed by material cost,and the labor cost has minimum influence. Finally,it came up with recommendations for improving suburban vegetable input-output relationship,including improving vegetable input security mechanism,improving farmers' quality and innovation ability,and increasing technological input.展开更多
Objective:To provide baseline information of parasitic infections in 3 suburban government schools,Lakhok subdistrict of Muang Pathum Thani,Thailand.Methods:This study was conducted between May-June 2010 using simple ...Objective:To provide baseline information of parasitic infections in 3 suburban government schools,Lakhok subdistrict of Muang Pathum Thani,Thailand.Methods:This study was conducted between May-June 2010 using simple direct smear and modified formalin ether and from a population of 1253 in 3 suburban government schools.Results:Total samples of 202registered and participated.The average of prevalence of infection from 3 schools was 13.9%,there were 13.7%,14.3%and 13.9%in N,S and R school,respectively with no significant difference between schools(P>0.05).The infection rates did not show significant difference between gender(P>0.05).The highest rate of infection was 20.4%in Pathom 2(8 years)students and the lowest was4%in Pathom 1(7 years)with statistically difference between age groups(P<0.05).The highest prevalence of pathogenic protozoa was Giardia lamblin(G.lamblia)which was found in 50%of infected cases,followed by 25%of Entamoeba Inictolytica(E.histolytica)and Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis).The highest prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa was Endnhmat nano(E.nana)which was found in 88.9%,followed by 11.1%of Entamoeba coli(E.coli).Mixed infections between Blastocwstis hominis(B.hominis)and Endolimax nana(E.nana)were reported at 7.1%.The only helminthic infection found in this study area was hookworm,found in 1 student(3.8%).The formalin ether concentration technique showed a higher efficacy of detection(78%-100%)than the simple direct smear method(0%-50%).Conclusions:Surveillance of protozoan infections may need to be focused on suburban areas.展开更多
基金supported by Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital
文摘Objective To evaluate levels of lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) in the breast milk in the second postpartum month,to investigate the relationship between Pb/Cd levels in breast milk and some sociodemographic parameters,and to explore whether these levels affect the infants' physical status or the mothers' psychological status(postpartum depression).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2009 and December 2010.Altogether 170 healthy mothers were enrolled from Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital.The inclusion criteria were:voluntary to participate in this study,healthy,with no chronic disease,breastfeeding in the second postpartum month,living in a suburban but not non-industrial area of Nanjing,and not occupationally exposed to toxic metals.All the mothers completed a questionnaire and were evaluated based on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS) to identify the risk of postpartum depression.Pb and Cd levels in breast milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.The infants of these mothers were examined for their z scores of weight for age,length for age,head circumference for age,and body mass index for age.Results The median breast milk levels of Pb and Cd were 40.6 μg/L and 0.67 μg/L,respectively.In 164(96.5%) of the 170 samples,Pb levels were higher than the limit reported by the World Health Organization(> 5 μg/L).Breast milk Cd level was > 1 μg/L in 54(31.8%) mothers.The mothers with a history of anemia had a higher breast milk Pb level than those without a history of anemia(41.1 μg/L vs.37.9 μg/L,P = 0.050).The median breast milk Cd level in those who were active and passive smokers during pregnancy was significantly higher than that in non-smokers(0.88 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025).The breast milk Cd level in the mothers not taking iron and vitamin supplements for 2 months postpartum was higher than in those taking the supplements(iron supplement:0.74 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025;vitamin supplement:0.78 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.005).Breast milk Cd level at the second postpartum month was negatively correlated with the z scores of head circumference(r = 0.248,P = 0.042) and weight for age at birth(r = 0.241,P = 0.024) in girls.No correlation was found between the breast milk Pb/Cd levels and the EPDS scores.Conclusion Considering the high levels of Pb and Cd in breast milk in this study,breast milk monitoring programs are necessary.
基金supported by the Hungarian National Research,Development and Innovation Fund(NKFI-6-K-128703).
文摘Green spaces in urban and suburban areas play a significant role in helping settlements adapt to climate change.The design,quantity,quality,and location of green spaces influence their ability to provide benefits to people and enhance the quality of life.Private green spaces,if adequately managed,can enhance the environmental quality.This study,based on a questionnaire survey and the Motivation/Attitude-Driven Behaviour(MADB)model,investigated how the attitudes and behaviours of residents shape private green spaces in 12 settlements of the 4 city regions(Cluj region,Nitra region,Kecskemét region,and Györ region)in 3 Central European countries(Hungary,Slovakia,and Romania).The results showed that beautiful natural environment,abundance of green spaces,beautiful settlement and streetscape,and village atmosphere were mentioned most often,along with good quality of life,with a mention rate of over 70.00%in the four city regions.Convenience also played a significant role in the management of green spaces,showing that convenience factors(less work,less waste,and cheaper management)more important for those who live in settlements nearer to the cities.The importance of biodiversity and ecology was positively correlated with socio-economic status such as education and financial situation.However,the importance of the utility of green spaces was less prevalent among original villagers and settlers.Moreover,we found that the percentage of green spaces of settlers is slightly higher than that of original villagers.The results of factor analysis revealed that socio-economic status can influence respondents’attitudes towards green spaces.It suggests to increase ecological awareness of residents,especially for new settlers,and promote good management techniques for green spaces.This study can improve the awareness of urban planners about the importance of green spaces in suburban areas.
文摘Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar were surveyed. The results indicate that DCMs contain a high percentage of organic matter and nutrients, while heavy metals are at low levels, which shows good agricultural potential. The concentration ranges of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 11±5, 46±9, 0.08±0.05, 9±3, 17±9, and 338±86mg·kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd was below 0.5 mg.kgl, and a high positive relation was shown between chromium and nickel concentrations. The heavy metals in DCMs were safe for land application but Zn in DCMs was close to the effects range median （ERM）, which is toxic in some cases, such as amphipod bioassays. Because it is mandatory to treat DCMs to reduce pathogens, in the case of heavy metal enrichment and agricultural reuse, composting or pyrolysis are better choices than incinera- tion. Compared with global soil background values, the heavy metals in DCMs showed a low level of ecological risk, but a medium level when compared with Mongolian soil background values. The ecological risk of six heavy metals was in the descending order Hg 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cr and the contribution rate of Hg exceeded 60%.
基金Supported by Special Project for Vegetable Innovation Team Construction of Shandong Modern Agriculture Industrial Technology System(SDAIT-02-022-13)
文摘On the basis of comparative analysis on the vegetable input-output efficiency of suburban and rural areas in 2011- 2012,this paper made co-integration test,impulse response and variance decomposition for the vegetable input-output relationship of suburban areas in 1998-2012. Comparative analysis indicated that the vegetable input-output benefit of suburban area declines,while that of rural area rises; empirical analysis indicated that there is a long-term stable relationship between labor cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income and between material cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income,but the vegetable income itself has certain lag effect,followed by material cost,and the labor cost has minimum influence. Finally,it came up with recommendations for improving suburban vegetable input-output relationship,including improving vegetable input security mechanism,improving farmers' quality and innovation ability,and increasing technological input.
文摘Objective:To provide baseline information of parasitic infections in 3 suburban government schools,Lakhok subdistrict of Muang Pathum Thani,Thailand.Methods:This study was conducted between May-June 2010 using simple direct smear and modified formalin ether and from a population of 1253 in 3 suburban government schools.Results:Total samples of 202registered and participated.The average of prevalence of infection from 3 schools was 13.9%,there were 13.7%,14.3%and 13.9%in N,S and R school,respectively with no significant difference between schools(P>0.05).The infection rates did not show significant difference between gender(P>0.05).The highest rate of infection was 20.4%in Pathom 2(8 years)students and the lowest was4%in Pathom 1(7 years)with statistically difference between age groups(P<0.05).The highest prevalence of pathogenic protozoa was Giardia lamblin(G.lamblia)which was found in 50%of infected cases,followed by 25%of Entamoeba Inictolytica(E.histolytica)and Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis).The highest prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa was Endnhmat nano(E.nana)which was found in 88.9%,followed by 11.1%of Entamoeba coli(E.coli).Mixed infections between Blastocwstis hominis(B.hominis)and Endolimax nana(E.nana)were reported at 7.1%.The only helminthic infection found in this study area was hookworm,found in 1 student(3.8%).The formalin ether concentration technique showed a higher efficacy of detection(78%-100%)than the simple direct smear method(0%-50%).Conclusions:Surveillance of protozoan infections may need to be focused on suburban areas.
