Karst subzone division in vertical cycle zone and its significance

Vertical cycle karst zone has been studied for more than 100 years, however karst subzones in the zone have never been divided and affected depth of CO2 from rainwater in the zone has never been studied. On the basis of field observation, survey and chemical analysis, the difference of karst processes indicated by CaCO3 and pH values in fine and loose sedimentary strata as well as limestone strata, and the vertical cycle zone ascertained by predecessors can be divided into three subzones, that is, the upper first subzone, characterized by unsaturated water solution and strong dissolution processes, the middle second subzone, characterized by supersaturated water solution and precipitation, and the lower third subzone, characterized by unstable water solution and weak dissolution or weak precipitation. The three subzones can indicate the vertical CO2 cycle. In fine and loose sediment strata, the bottom of the first subzone is the lower boundary strongly influenced by CO2 from rainwater, soil and air; all CO2 from rainwater, soil and air is almost exhausted in the second subzone. In the early developmental period of karst process in limestone strata, karst funnels and vertical caves do not form, vertical seeping of rainwater and soil water is very slow, and CO2 from soil, rainwater and air almost can reach the third subzone, but in the middle and late developmental periods, karst funnels and vertical caves occur, CO2 from soil, rainwater and air can reach deep seasonal change zone and horizontal cycle zone and quicken development of karst morphology. Deep karst morphology near groundwater level under vertical cycle zone develops better in the middle and late periods of karst process.

The Rough Method for Spatial Data Subzone Similarity Measurement

There are two methods for GIS similarity measurement problem, one is cross-coefficient for GIS attribute similarity measurement, and the other is spatial autocorrelation that is based on spatial location. These methods can not calculate subzone similarity problem based on universal background. The rough measurement based on membership function solved this problem well. In this paper, we used rough sets to measure the similarity of GIS subzone discrete data, and used neighborhood rough sets to calculate continuous data’s upper and lower approximation. We used neighborhood particle to calculate membership function of continuous attribute, then to solve continuous attribute’s subzone similarity measurement problem.

Elemental Geochemistry of the Interlayer Oxidation Zonein the Shihongtan Sandstone Type Uranium Deposit, Xinjiang

According to the oxidation intensity of ore-hosting sandstone, the interlayer oxidation zone of the Shihongtan sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Turpan-Hami basin can be divided into 4 geochemical subzones, namely, intenselyoxidized, weakly-oxidized, redox and unoxidized primary subzones. The elemental geochemical characteristics of the four subzones have been studied in detail, and the results show that U, together with other elements such as Re, Mo, Se, Sr, S, REE, Corganic etc., is enriched in the redox subzone. Re and U have similar geochemical properties in the reductionoxidation process. The geochemical properties of Mo and Se are similar to those of U in the reduction condition, but different from those of U in the oxidation condition. It is proposed that the ore-hosting layers can provide a curtain mount of uranium for uranium mineralization.

Ecological vulnerability assessment of the Ya'an-Qamdo section along the southern route of the Sichuan-Tibet transportation corridor

Identifying the ecological vulnerability of the sensitive and fragile ecosystem of the Ya’anQamdo section along the southern route of the Sichuan-Tibet transport corridor is of paramount importance to reduce environmental damage resulting from infrastructure construction.This paper divided the Ya’an-Qamdo transport section into 22subzones according to their ecological environment characteristics.Based on the vulnerability evaluation model established by the fuzzy matter-element analysis method,the eight main assessment indicators of ecological vulnerability were windstorm,rainstorm,snowstorm,extreme temperature,extreme air pressure,geological hazard,natural conditions,and social resources.The rating and ranking of vulnerability in each subzone were based on the weight of the judgment indicators.Scientific processes were used to verify the rationality of both the indicators themselves and their weights.The results of this study show that subzone 9,located in the subalpine cold and humid forest and scrubland zone,is the most vulnerable,and subzone 1,located in the low-to mid-land warm and humid forest zone,is the least vulnerable.The conclusion of the study suggests that targeted measures of ecological protection should be formulated before development and construction of major transportation infrastructure.Construction should evade the most vulnerable areas,and in-depth research on ecological restoration should be carried out in low-to midvulnerability areas so that the ecological environment along the route can be protected effectively for sustainable economic and social development.

Agricultural Land Use Optimal Allocation System in Developing Area:Application to Yili Watershed, Xinjiang Region

In developing countries, land productivity involves little market, where the agricultural land use is mainly determined by the food demands as well as the land suitability. The land use pattern will not ensure everywhere enough land for certain cropping if spatial allocation just according to land use suitability. To solve this problem, a subzone and a pre-allocation for each land use are added in spatial allocation module, and land use suitability and area optimi- zation module are incorporated to constitute a whole agricultural land use optimal allocation （ALUOA） system. The system is developed on the platform .Net 2005 using ArcGIS Engine （version 9.2） and C# language, and is tested and validated in Yili watershed of Xinjiang Region on the newly reclaimed area. In the case study, with the help of soil data obtained from 69 points sampled in the fieldwork in 2008, main river data supplied by the Department of Water Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China, and temperature data provided by Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, land use suitability on eight common crops are evaluated one by one using linear weighted summation method in the land use suitability model. The linear pro- gramming （LP） model in area optimization model succeeds to give out land area target of each crop under three scenarios. At last, the land use targets are allotted in space both with a six subzone file and without a subzone file. The resuits show that the land use maps with a subzone not only ensure every part has enough land for every crop, but also gives a more fragmental land use pattern, with about 87.99% and 135.92% more patches than the one without, while at the expense of loss between 15.30% and 19.53% in the overall suitability at the same time.

Preliminary studies on the large-scale geomorphic patterns of the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone in the Taklimakan Desert

Through analysis of satellite images from Google Earth, this article expounds the characteristics of large-scale geomorphic patterns of the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone in the Taklimakan Desert, and reduces the large-scale geomorphic patterns to six types: parallel pattern, "日"character-shaped and "乡" character-shaped pattern, comb-shaped pattern, fork-shaped pattern, toe-shaped pattern and miscellaneous pattern. And according to the large-scale geomorphic pattern type (or composition of pattern types) as well as some other factors, the article divides the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone into 55 subzones. Lastly, aiming at the genetic problems of the large-scale geomorphic patterns, the article suggests three connective types of the sand ridges in the complex longitudinal sand ridge zone, i.e., connecting or intersecting after natural elongation, connecting in a narrow place and connecting with the aid of intermediary.

Mechanism of sperm-egg recognition during subzonal (perivitelline space) insemination

Three kinds of microinsemination techniques are prevailing all over the world in recent years, i.e. (ⅰ) partial zona dissection (PZD); (ⅱ) subzonal insemination (SUZI), and (ⅲ) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The common aim of the above techniques is to compensate for the failure or low success of in vitro fertilization and they are effectively used in the human clinics. The success rate of SUZI and ICSI is higher than that of PZD at present. As to the underlying mechanism, most studies were conducted to analyze the physiological effects and success rate or the importance of sperm acrosome reaction,

Subzonal insemination with primary spermatocytes in mouse

IT is well known that oocytes, in general condition, can be penetrated by sperm rather thanround spermatids. In 1993, Ogura injected round spermatid nuclei into hamster oocytes anddemonstrated that the spermatid nuclei could transform into pronuclei with DNA synthesis andthat their chromosomes mingled with oocyte chromosomes immediately. In order to avoid themechanical damage to the oocytes, an alternative method, cell-to-cell fusion, was used. Ap-proximately 20%—40% and 30% of round spermatids could be fused with oocytes by

Subzonal fertilization of mouse round spermatids

Mouse round spermatids were electrofused with homologous mature oocytes to examine the be-haviour of their nuclei within the ooplasm and the abilities of development. A single spermatid was injected in the perivitelline space of a mature oocyte and an electron fusion pulse was given. The best round spermatid-oocyte pairs (RS-O) fusion took place at 20-30 s AC (1 MHz, 50V/cm) followed by a single fusion DC pulse (3 700-3 800 V/cm, 25 μs) and another 30 s AC current. The total survival rate and fusion rate of RS-O were 89.0% (575/646) and 61. 9% (356/575), respectively. 49.2% (175/356) of fused oocytes developed to 2PN stage . The concentration of Ca2+ in the fusion medium produced no significant effect on the above targets. The 2PN development rate of the fused RS-O from the oocytes collected 14-16 h after hCG injection was higher than others. 32.6% (57/175) of the 2PN oocytes had fully developed spermatid (male) and oocyte (female) pronuclei. The rest spermatid-derived pronu-clei remained small in size throughout the pronuclear stage. 192 fertilized eggs were transferred surgically into the oviducts of the pseudopregnant female mouse. 12 offspring were produced.