Methodology of factorial design deriving guidelines for simulation of growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima

It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines to simulate growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima . The growth curve or accumulation process of sugars was idealized by sets of straight lines limited by phase transfers of growth or accumulation of sugars. Normal analyses of the critical values of the transfers were used to derive their linear relationships with the initial conditions of the experimental factors. These linear functions were called guidelines and were used to simulate the growth curve or accumulation of sugars. Generalization of the guideline technique was determined by the kinetic limitation of nutrient nitrogen or sulfur that was dependent upon their stoichiometric deficiency directly derived from their initial values in the medium. This method uses the initial conditions of culture and does not need measurements of concentrations of nitrate, sulfate and pigments during cultivation. It is a practical and useful alternative way to trace and predict approximately the growth curve and production of sugars by S. maxima .

Sugar and Fodder Beet Industry and Business in Poland

A general situation of the sugar beet industry and business in the European Union(EU) has been presented. It included the quotas of sugar production there, its prices and changes on the market. The latest sugar production data in the world was also given. The main companies carrying out activities on the Polish sugar and sugar beet seeds were also presented.New circumstances after liberating the sugar market in the EU in October, 2017, were also presented. Nowadays, Poland has been a great potential country for further technological progress in agricultural holdings and growing performance in sugar processing and production industry. As food export from Poland increases, it will be followed by increasing use of sugar. Examples are given to improve sugar beet productivity.

Green production of sugar by membrane technology:How far is it from industrialization?

Application of membrane filtration in sugar production is attractive because it can reduce the usage of chemicals,produce high-quality clarified juice,and obtain various high value-added products.However,some technical problems,such as insufficient membrane performance,high sucrose loss in membrane retentate,severe membrane fouling,and incomplete cleaning protocols,limit its industrial applications.In order to facilitate the development of membrane technology for sugar production,this review summarizes recent progress on the applications of membrane filtration in different stages of sugar production as well as the integrated membrane processes for various purposes.Moreover,some important issues including membrane fouling,membrane cleaning,economic feasibility and engineering problems of the membrane-based sugar production process are discussed.Finally,the existing challenges and future research prospects for the industrialization of this green technique are pointed out.