Additional far-red light promotes adventitious rooting of doubleroot-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings

Root regeneration is an important factor influencing the healing rate of graft union and the survival of double-root-cutting grafting.To date,little information is available on how to enhance root regeneration of rootstock in grafted watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)seedlings.In this study,the effects of different light treatments on root regeneration were determined.This revealed that addition of far-red light(Fr)could significantly expedite root formation in the rootstock.Moreover,the results of transcriptome analysis revealed that plant hormone pathway and auxinrelated genes were greatly induced by Fr,especially for auxin-response proteins(including CmIAA11,CmIAA17,and CmAUX28),Small auxinup RNA genes(including CmSAUR20 and CmSAUR50)and the auxin efflux transporter(CmPIN3).In addition,the expression of Phytochrome Interacting Factor(PIFs),such as CmPIF1,CmPIF3 and CmPIF7,was remarkably increased by Fr.These genes may act together to activate auxinrelated pathways under Fr treatment.Based on the results of HPLC-MS/MS analysis,the concentrations of different auxin-types in adventitious root were significantly influenced by Fr.Furthermore,the better growth of rootstock root displayed superior vasculature transport activity of the graft union with Fr treatment,which was determined by the acid magenta dyeing experiment.Therefore,all the results suggested that Fr could induce AR formation in rootstocks,which may be associated with the auxin accumulation by regulating the transcriptional level of auxinrelated and PIF genes.The findings of this study demonstrated a practicable way to shorten the healing period of graftings and improve the quality of grafted watermelon seedlings,which will provide a theoretical basis for the speeding development of industrialized seedlings production.

Mechanism underlying the uprooting of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China

Characteristics of root pullout resistance determine the capacity to withstand uprooting and the slope protection ability of plants.However,mechanism underlying the uprooting of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China remains unclear.In this study,a common taproot-type shrub,Caragana korshinskii Kom.,in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau was selected as the research material.Mechanism of root-soil interaction of vertical root of C.korshinskii was investigated via a combination of a single-root pullout test and numerical simulation analysis.The results indicated that,when pulling vertically,axial force of the roots decreased with an increase in buried depth,whereas shear stress at root-soil interface initially increased and then decreased as burial depths increased.At the same buried depth,both axial force and shear stress of the roots increased with the increase in pullout force.Shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root were symmetrically distributed along the root system.Plastic zone was located close to the surface and was caused primarily by tensile failure.In nonvertical pulling,symmetry of shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root was disrupted.We observed larger shear stress and plastic zones on the side facing the direction of root deflection.Plastic zone included both shear and tensile failure.Axial force of the root system near the surface decreased as deflection angle of the pullout force increased.When different rainfall infiltration depths had the same vertical pulling force,root axial force decreased with the increase of rainfall infiltration depth and total root displacement increased.During rainfall infiltration,shear stress and plastic zone of the soil surrounding the root were prone to propagating deeper into the soil.These findings provide a foundation for further investigation of soil reinforcement and slope protection mechanisms of taproot-type shrub species in the loess area of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and similar areas.

Pulp health and calcific healing of a complicated crown–root fracture with additional root fracture in a maxillary incisor: A case report

BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.

Root canal therapy combined with endoscopic sinus surgery for odontogenic sinusitis:Efficacy comparison in a cohort study

BACKGROUND Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,often triggered by dental issues like periapical periodontitis,significantly contributes to chronic sinusitis,mainly affecting adults around 50 years old,emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment approach.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect and clinical value of root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery compared with simple root canal the-rapy in the treatment of severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by peria-pical periodontitis.METHODS The clinical data,diagnosis,and treatment of 200 patients with severe odonto-genic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis from October 2020 to October 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,63 patients were treated with simple root canal therapy as the control group,and 137 patients were treated with root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery as the observation group.The therapeutic effect,Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score,paranasal sinus Lund-Mackay score,complication rate,recurrence rate,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS First,we compared the effective rates:23 cases were cured,22 were improved,and 8 were ineffective in the control group,yielding a total effective rate of 84.90%.Meanwhile,97 cases were cured,34 improved,and 6 were ineffective in the observation group,resulting in a total effective rate of 95.62%.The observation group had a higher total effective rate compared with the control group(P<0.05).Second,we compared the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score.Before treatment,no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed in this score between the two groups.After treatment,the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score decreased in both groups.The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score of the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment was lower compared to that of the control group(P<0.05).Third,we compared the Lund–Mackay score of paranasal sinuses.Before treatment,there was no significant difference in this score between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses decreased in both groups.The Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses in the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment were lower compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Fourth,we compared the incidence and recurrence rate of complications.Three months after treatment,no significant difference was found in the incidence and recurrence rate of complications between the observation group(6.56%)and the control group(9.52%)(P>0.05).However,6 mo after treatment,the incidence and recurrence rate of complications in the observation group(2.91%)was significantly higher compared to that of the control group(12.69%)(P<0.05).Fifth,we compared patient satisfaction.Six months after treatment,the patient satisfaction of the observation group(93.43%)was significantly better than that of the control group(84.12%)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery has a good therapeutic effect on severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis,and it can reduce the injury of maxillary sinus mucosa and bone,and significantly reduce the incidence of complications and recurrence rate.Meanwhile,it has high patient satisfaction and remarkable therapeutic effect,which is suggested to be popularized and applied in clinic.

Chyle leak following root of mesentery dissection in pancreaticoduodenectomy with inferior infracolic superior mesenteric artery first approach

BACKGROUND The root of mesentery dissection is one of the critical maneuvers,especially in borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Intra-abdominal chyle leak(CL)including chylous ascites may ensue in up to 10%of patients after pancreatic resections.Globally recognized superior mesenteric artery(SMA)first approaches are invariably performed.The mesenteric dissection through the inferior infracolic approach has been discussed in this study emphasizing its post-operative impact on CL which is the cornerstone of this study.AIM To assess incidence,risk factors,clinical impact of CL following root of mesentery dissection,and the different treatment modalities.METHODS This is a retrospective study incorporating the patients who underwent dissection of the root of mesentery with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreat-oduodenectomy for the ventral body and uncinate mass of pancreas in the Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 1,2021 to February 28,2024.Intraop-erative findings and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS In three years,ten patients underwent root of mesentery dissection with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreatoduodenectomy.The mean age was 67.6 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4:5.CL was seen in four patients.With virtue of CL,Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ or higher morbidity was observed in four patients.Two patients had a hospital stay of more than 20 days with the former having a delayed gastric emptying and the latter with long-term total parenteral nutrition requirement.The mean operative time was 330 minutes.Curative resection was achieved in 100%of the patients.The mean duration of the intensive care unit and hospital stay were 2.55±1.45 days and 15.7±5.32 days,respectively.CONCLUSION Root of mesentery dissection with lymphadenectomy and vascular resection correlated with occurrence of CL.After complete curative resection,these were managed with total parenteral nutrition without adversely impacting outcome.

Establishment of Somatic Cell Clones in Thesium chinense Turcz and Its in vitro Rooting Technique

[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish the rapid micro-propagation system in Thesium chinense Turcz.[Method]With stem fragments of wild Thesium chinense Turcz as explants,different culture media were designed to conduct induction culture,strengthening plantlet culture and in vitro rooting.[Result]The optimum medium for inducing clustered shoots was determined to be MS medium appended with 1.5 mg/L 6-BA,0.01 mg/L NAA and 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D;in addition,60 mg/kg ABT was suitable for rooting,by which the percentage of rooted plantlets reached 76.6%.[Conclusion]This study simplified the procedures of tissue culture in Thesium chinense Turcz and enhanced the proliferation rate,providing basis for artificial cultivation and resource protection of Thesium chinense Turcz.

基于DWT的Alpha-Rooting图像增强

针对数字图像的频域增强,提出一种基于离散小波变换的Alpha-Rooting图像对比度增强方法.该方法利用小波的多分辨率性质,结合Alpha-Rooting图像对比度增强特点,对高频细节信号采用Alpha-Rooting算法增强,低频近似信号采用归一化增强算法.实验结果表明,该方法在EME与直方图两个尺度上,优于其他Alpha-Rooting增强算法(DCT、FFT)的对比度增强效果.

Effects of Different Exogenous Hormones on Rooting of Syringa microphylla Cuttings and Change in Related Enzyme Activity During the Rooting Process

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exoge- nous hormones on the rooting of Syringa microphylla cuttings and the change in related enzymes activity during the rooting process. [Method] Three different exoge- nous hormones IBA, NAA and ABT, each with concentrations of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 mg/L were used to treat S. microphylla cuttings, and changes in the ac- tivities of peroxidase （POD）, poiyphenol oxidase （PPO） and indoleacetic acid oxidase （IAAO） during the rooting process were also investigated. [Result] The most appro- priate concentrations of IBA, ABT and NAA were 1 500, 1 000 and 1 000 mg/L, respectively, and the 1 500 mg/L IBA treatment exhibited the best effect on rooting. Throughout the rooting process, POD and PPO activities showed the same trends in the treatment groups as those in the control group, but the POD and PPO activi- ties in the treatment groups were increased significantly, with greater amplitude of variation; at the early stage, IAAO activity exhibited an opposite trend between the control group and the treatment groups, which increased slowly in the former, but decreased rapidly in the latter, and it was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared to the control; additionally, higher POD and IAAO activities were con- ducive to the induction of adventitious roots, and lower POD and IAAO activities fa- vored their formation and elongation. [Conclusion] This study has preliminarily clari- fied the rooting mechanism of S. microphylla cuttings.

Effect of Different Factors on Rooting Characteristics and Survival of Lonicera japonica Thunb

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of different factors on rapid propagation and seedling survival of Lonicera japonica Thunb. [Method] The cuttings of 1, 2 or 3 years old, with different length, were soaked in different hormones at different concentrations for different time and planted at different dates. Finally, their rooting rate and survival rate in different treatments were measured and compared. [Result] The rooting rate and survival rate of one-year old cuttings with length of 10-13 cm and planted on September 20 and October 20, 2012 were relatively higher among all the treatments. Hormone treatment could significantly promote the callus formation and accelerate the rooting of the cuttings, and improve their survival rate. The cuttings treated with 120-200 mg/L ABT1 or NAA for 35-45 min had higher rooting rate and survival rate. Among them, the survival rate of cuttings treated with 160 mg/L ABT1 for 35 min was the highest, up to 92.5%. [Conclusion] The study provided basis for improving the survival rate of L. japonica by cuttage, and for optimizing the rapid propagation technique.

Study on the Cutting Rooting of Syriga Microphylla with Tender Branches

[Objective] The study was carried out in order to find out the best method of rapid cutting rooting of Syriga microphylla with tender branches.[Method] Effect of rooting reagent with different concentrations on the rapid cutting rooting of Syriga microphylla with tender branches was studied in our paper.[Result] There was great difference between cuttings with auxin and without auxin.[Conclusion] Tender branches treated by 90 mg/L indole butyric acid（IBA）had the best cutting rooting.

Effects of Remaining Leaf Combining with IBA on Rooting,Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Leaves from Bougainvillea spectabilis Cuttings

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the effects on rooting,physiological and biochemical indicators of Bougainvillea spectabilis cuttings by remaining leaf combining with soaking cuttings in IBA.[Method] Effects of remaining leaf combining with IBA on rooting,physiological and biochemical indicators of B.spectabilis cuttings were studied under the regulation and control of intelligent seed propagation system,and then set four treatments：remaining leaf combining with soaking in clean water,remaining leaf combining with soaking in IBA,defoliation combining soaking in clean water,and defoliation combining with soaking in IBA.[Result] The soluble sugar content was high,but indoleacetic acid oxidase activity was lower in the initial stage of adventitious root differentiation in treatment of remaining leaf.While the rooting number,root length,the root mass growth and survival rate of cutting were obviously higher than that in treatment of defoliation.Compared to the treatment soaking in clean water,the treatment soaking in 500×10^-6 IBA increased the soluble sugar content in leaves of cuttings and enhanced rooting of cuttings.[Conclusion] The survival rate and rooting of cuttings improved obviously in the treatment of remaining leaf combining with soaking in 500×10^-6 IBA before cutting under the regulation and control of intelligent seed propagation system.

Research on Plantlet Rooting of Lagerstroemia indica

Tissue culture plantlets of Lagerstroemia indica were used to study the effects of different auxins on in-vitro rooting, and the effects of various media in transplanting of rooted plantlets and ex-vitro rooting. For in-vitro rooting of test-tube plantiets of Lagerstroemia indica, 0.5 mg/L IBA is a suitable growth regulator; in the case of transplanting of rooted plantlets, the medium ratio of peat soil to perlite at 7：3 is better; and as to ex-vitro rooting of Lagerstroemia indica plantlets, the medium ratio of peat soil to perlite at 3：7 is more suitable.

Effect of Water Control before Transplanting and Rooting Powder Treatment on Tobacco Seedling Quality and Physiological Properties at Green Stage

Cultivating strong seedlings is an important guarantee for the production of high-quality flue-cured tobacco, while there are many disadvantages in tobacco floating system that is commonly adopted in China. To improve the tobacco floating system, with Xiangyan No.3 as experimental material, the effects of water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatment on tobacco seedling quality and physiological properties at green stage were investigated. The results showed that： （1） water control showed small influence on tobacco seedling quality, while rooting powder treatment and water control ＋ rooting powder treatment showed great influence on tobacco seedling quality, mainly represented by reduced plant height, thickened stem and increased dry matter accumulative amount; （2） water control before transplanting and rooting powder treatment all improved leaf chlorophyll content and root vigor of tobacco seedlings, and the effect of water control ＋ rooting powder treatment was best, followed by rooting powder treatment and water control; （3） all treatments increased the nitrate reductase and invertase activity, and reduced the MDA content of tobacco seedlings, and the effect of water control ＋ rooting powder treatment was best, followed by rooting powder treatment and water control. Mean- while, the treatment effect 10 d before the transplanting was better than that 5 d before the transplanting. In overall, the improvement effects of water control 10 d before transplanting ＋ rooting powder treatment on tobacco seedling quality and physiological properties at green stage were the best.

Study on Multiplication, Rooting and Transplanting of Tissue Culture Plantlets of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall

[Objective] This study aimed to shorten the multiplication culture and root- ing culture periods of Rh. chrysanthum Pall. [Method] The Rh. chrysanthum Pall tis- sue culture plantlets collected from Changbai Mountain were used as material, and the effects of different hormone combinations and coconut milk on the proliferation and differentiation of Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets were investigated. In addition, the rooting medium and transplanting matrix for Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets were explored. [Result] The medium composed of modified MS, iBA （3 mg/L） and ZT （1.5 mg/L） was the optimum medium for subculture mul- tiplication of Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets. The multiplication multiple and average plant height were significantly improved by adding coconut milk into the medium （150 mg/L）. [Conclusion] For Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets, the optimum rooting culture medium was composed of modified MS （1/4） and IBA （5.0 mg/L）, and the tissue culture plantlets began to root 8 d after the inoculation. The root induction treatment was carried out after a 15-d sand culture, and the suitable matrix was composed of tufty soil, humus soil and perlite （2：1：1） with a survival rate of 95.66%.

Polynomial rooting based frequency offset estimation for MIMO OFDM systems

Based on the frequency domain training sequences, the polynomial-based carrier frequency offset （CFO） estimation in multiple-input multiple-output （ MIMO ） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （ OFDM ） systems is extensively investigated. By designing the training sequences to meet certain conditions and exploiting the Hermitian and real symmetric properties of the corresponding matrices, it is found that the roots of the polynomials corresponding to the cost functions are pairwise and that both meger CFO and fractional CFO can be estimated by the direct polynomial rooting approach. By analyzing the polynomials corresponding to the cost functions and their derivatives, it is shown that they have a common polynomial factor and the former can be expressed in a quadratic form of the common polynomial factor. Analytical results further reveal that the derivative polynomial rooting approach is equivalent to the direct one in estimation at the same signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） value and that the latter is superior to the former in complexity. Simulation results agree well with analytical results.

Research on Rooting Cuttings of Hard Branch of Hippophae rhamnoides

Objective] In order to improve the survival rate of Hippophae rhamnoides hardwood cuttings, cultivate high-quality sea buckthorn seedlings. [Method] This pa-per took hard branches of Russian big fruit H. rhamnoides as material. The days of striking roots, rate of striking roots,root length and number of adventitious root were determined. [Result] The cuttings col ected from upper treetops were obviously inferi-or to the lower ones. Three years cutting is obviously better than one or two years. Cuttings from lower branches were not so good as the cuttings from upper branch-es. Base oblique incisions were clearly superior to paper-cover incision. The optimal length of cuttings was 20-25 cm. The rooting rate of cuttings was the highest by fast dipping with NAA of 50 mg/L. [Conclusion] The study provides theoretical basis for H. rhamnoides artificial cultivation.

Technology Research of Plantlets Rooting and Transplanting on Tissue Culture of Ilex centrochinensis

Plantlets of Ilex centrochinensis were used in its tissue culture to study the effect of auxin and gibberellin in vitro rooting, and the effect of various matrix in transplanting rooted plantlets and in rooting outside the tube. The highest fre- quency of rooting was obtained when growth regulator combination was IBA 0.2 mg/L ＋ GA3 0.4 mg/L in vitro rooting, and when the ratio of sand and humus soil was 5 to 5 in rooting outside the tube. When the ratio of perlite and peat soil was 3 to 7, the highest survival of rooted plantlets in transplanting was obtained. This study may provide the basis for improving the factory system of tissue culture of llex centrochinensis.

Effects of mother tree ages, different rooting mediums, light conditions and auxin treatments on rooting behaviour of Dalbergia sissoo branch cuttings

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. is one of the promising multipurpose tree species of South Asia. Most of the plantations of D. sissoo from seeds are facing severe threats due to the die-back disease, which ultimately causes death of this potential tree-species within a few months. Vegetative propagation could avoid the die-back disease. Thirty mother trees of different age-groups of D. sissoo were selected for evaluating the rooting behaviour of branch cuttings from D. sissoo as influenced by auxins （IAA or IBA at 100, 200, 500 mg·L^-1）, ages of mother trees （10, 4 and 2 years old） and different environment conditions, i.e., different mediums （soil and sand） or light conditions （in shade and open condition）. The results show that application of IAA and IBA induced more numbers of cuttings （collected from 10-year-old mother trees） to root compared to control. Branch cuttings of D. sissoo collected from 10-year-old mother trees and planted in soil bed in open conditions had 100.0% of cuttings to root in IAA （100 mg·L^-1） and IBA （200 mg·L^-1） treatments. Both rooting medium （Soil and sand） influenced significantly （p〈0.05） on rooting response of branch cuttings. Soil medium was found to achieve maximum no. of branch cuttings to root, compared to sand medium.

Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients(soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA(abscisic acid) and GA(gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR(zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth.Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.

Effects of Lanthanum and Europium on Rooting of Plantlet Eriobotrya Japonica Lindl. in vitro

The effect of La 3+ and Eu 3+ on the rooting of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. plantlet in vitro was studied with adding La 3+ and Eu 3+ to the rooted medium. The rooting rate, the number of root and the length of root were studied after transplanting 20 d. The activity of peroxidase, nitrate reductase and fresh weight of roots were determined after transplanting 44 d. The results show that the optimum concentration range of La 3+ (1.0～3.0 μmol·L -1), Eu 3+ (2.0～3.0 μmol·L -1) in the rooted medium can increase the rooting rate and the fresh weight of roots, and promote the length of root and raise the activities of peroxidase and nitrate reductase significantly. La 3+ has more effect in improving the rooting rate, root length and the activities of peroxidase and less effect in promoting root fresh weight and the activities of nitrate reductase than Eu 3+.