Suitability Assessment of Mononychellus tanajoa(Acari:Tetranychidae) in Yunnan Based on Maxent Model

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the potential geography distribution of M.tanajoa in Yunnan.[Method] The suitability of M.tanajoa in Yunnan was studied in this paper using Maxent and ArcGIS,based on the biological data and known distribution of M.tanajoa,and meteorological data from years of 1950-2000 in WorldClim.[Result] The results showed that there were four levels of suitability assessment of M.tanajoa in Yunnan,in which western and eastern areas are in the most suitability,including part areas of Simao,Lincang,Baoshan,Nujiang,Diqing,Qujing and Wenshan areas.[Conclusion] The potential geographic distribution of M.tanajoa in Yunnan defined in this paper constructed the theory basis and technical support for scientifically forming of quarantine policy and measure for M.tanajoa in China.

GIS-based Ecological Suitability Assessment for Land Use——A Case Study of an Economic Development Zone in Shenyang

Analysis indices of ecological suitability were selected through literature reviewing and expert consultation. Visualization of assessment course was achieved based on different land use functions with the help of ArcGIS9.0 and GIS layers with different properties were overlapped and computed with GIS grids. Hence, the areas were colored and reclassified（colors representing different ecological suitability degrees）. Finally, land use functions can be readjusted by the evaluation results,providing references for rational planning of economic development zones.

Assessment of habitat suitability of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve based on MaxEnt modeling

Habitat evaluation constitutes an important and fundamental step in the management of wildlife populations and conservation policy planning. Geographic information system （GIS） and species presence data provide the means by which such evaluation can be done. Maximum Entropy （MaxEnt） is widely used in habitat suitability modeling due to its power of accuracy and additional descriptive properties To survey snow leopard populations in Qomolangma （Mt. Everest） National Nature Reserve （QNNR）, Xizang （Tibet）, China, we pooled 127 pugmarks, 415 scrape marks, and 127 non-invasive identifications of the animal along line transects and recorded 87 occurrences through camera traps from 2014-2017. We adopted the MaxEnt model to generate a map highlighting the extent of suitable snow leopard habitat in QNNR. Results showed that the accuracy of the MaxEnt model was excellent （mean AUC=0.921）. Precipitation in the driest quarter, ruggedness, elevation, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and annual mean temperature were the main environmental factors influencing habitat suitability for snow leopards, with contribution rates of 20.0%, 14.4%, 13.3%, 8.7%, and 8.2% respectively The suitable habitat area extended for 7 001.93 km^2, representing 22.72% of the whole reserve. The regions bordering Nepal were the main suitable snow leopard habitats and consisted of three separate habitat patches Our findings revealed that precipitation, temperature conditions, ruggedness, and elevations of around 4 000 m a.s.I, influenced snow leopard preferences at the landscape level in QNNR. We advocate further research and cooperation with Nepal to evaluate habitat connectivity and to explore possible proxies of population isolation among these patches. Furthermore, evaluation of subdivisions within the protection zones of QNNR is necessary to improve conservation strategies and enhance protection.

Assessment of Climate for Agricultural Suitability and Optimal Allocation of Agricultural Production in the Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi Province

Based on spatial climatic data of agriculture and the experiment data, the models of agro-ecological assessment of climate for agricultural suitability in this study were developed using the fuzzy mathematical method. Three coefficients, in- cluding the resource coefficient （Cr）, the efficiency coefficient （Ce）, and the utility co- efficient （K）, were used in the models, which were calculated based on temperature, moisture, and sunshine duration data of Guanzhong region, Shaanxi Province. The results indicated that resource coefficient was higher in west of the region than that in east, and higher in south （especially in the Central Shaanxi Plain） than that in the Weibei plateau. The value of Cr changed from 6.5 to 9.2 from north to plain area. Spatial change of efficiency coefficient was obvious, lower in the northeast than in the central plain, and the value of Ce changed from 2.3 to 6.5 from the northeast to the central plain. As for utility coefficient, it was lower in northeastern part of the Weibei plateau and in southern mountain areas than that in the central plain, showing significant latitudinal zonality. Furthermore, the value of K increased from 0.35 to 0.78 from northeast to the central plain, and decreased from 0.78 to 0.53 from the central plain to southern mountain areas. These indicated that climate resource in the central plain region was more abundant and potential, compared with other regions. GuanZhong region was classified into three larger agricultural zones and three small independent zones, according to agro-ecological assessment. Light, heat and water resources should be made use of in an efficient way in spatial allo- cation of agricultural production. For example, water facilities should also be im- proved in Weibei plateau region where highly-qualified fruit should be enhanced and fruit processing industrial chain should be shaped. Large-scale production area of wheat should be increased in central irrigation region and more vegetable bases should be developed around large and medium-scale cities. Thanks for outstanding water conservation function, the three-dimensional agriculture including medicine and other sideline production should be developed in Qinling Mountains and the special- ized commercial agriculture should be accelerated in independent small zones, ac- cording to local conditions. In the research, different crop varieties were developed in corresponding regions as per current eco-climatic conditions.

Hydrochemical characterization and irrigation suitability of the Ganges Brahmaputra River System:review and assessment

The hydrochemical characterization and irrigation suitability assessment of the GangesBrahmaputra River System(GBRS)has immense importance for the livelihoods of people and ecosystem sustainability in the region.This study aims to assess the hydrochemical characteristics and evaluate the irrigation suitability of water in the GBRS by reviewing published literature of the major tributaries.The studied rivers were categorized into two groups namely Group-1 and Group-2 considering the similarities of climatic patterns,hydrochemical attributes,and drainage characteristics.The hydrochemistry of the river water was characterized by the Piper diagram,Gibbs plot,mixing plots,and ionic ratios.Furthermore,irrigation water qualities were evaluated by electrical conductivity(EC),sodium percentage(Na%),sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),magnesium hazard(MH),and Wilcox diagram.The results indicated that the hydrochemistry of the GBRS was slightly alkaline to alkaline(7.42-8.78)in nature.The average concentrations of most of the chemical attributes showed higher in Group-1,whereas the average concentrations of K^(+) and NO_(3)^(-) were found higher in Group-2.The average concentration of the major ions followed the dominancy order Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>Na^(+)>K^(+) for cations and HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)>NO_(3)^(-) for anions in both groups.Gibbs plot and mixing plot indicated that carbonate rock weathering dominates the hydrochemical process,which was further confirmed by the Piper diagram and the ionic ratios.From the analyses of irrigational water quality,almost all the rivers(except Gomti River in terms of MH and Rangit River in terms of Na%)in the GBRS were found to be suitable based on EC,SAR,Na%,MH,and Wilcox diagram.Finally,the majority of river systems in the GBRS were characterized by carbonate dominated lithology and irrigational water quality is mostly suitable for utilization.This study could be useful for water quality management in the glacial-fed Himalayan river under the context of global climate change.

Reconsidering the Suitability Assessment Method for Glacier Tourism:A Case Study from Tibet,China

Glacier retreat is becoming more widespread and severe due to global warming,and improper exploitation of glacier resources by tourism activities accelerates the destruction of glacier landscapes.Therefore,establishing a set of quantitative assessment tools is critical for guiding the rational utilization of glacier tourism resources.This study selected regional tourism resources,the natural environment of glaciers,service support,and market demand factors to build a suitability assessment method for glacier tourism(SAMGT),and it used the Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)to determine the index weights,and combined them with GIS analysis technology.The Tibet autonomous region was proposed in this study as a case to build the SAMGT and provide scientific support for the rational development,scientific management,and sustainable development of glacier tourism resources.With regard to influencing the suitability of glacier tourism resource development,the results indicate that the weights of glacier resource endowment,ecological vulnerability,and tourism resource combination were high whereas that of market demand-related factors was low.The glacier tourism resource development area in Tibet can be divided into suitable,relatively suitable,barely suitable,and unsuitable exploitation zones,accounting for 5.39%,9.76%,15.28%,and 69.57%of the total area,respectively.Five representative glaciers were selected to verify the validity or test the rationality of SAMGT and prove that the model is reasonable,innovative,and effective from the perspectives of multiple dimensions and the comprehensiveness of the selected indicators.

Business Blockchain Suitability Determinants: Decision-Making through an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Method

Blockchain is one of the innovative and disruptive technologies that has a wide range of applications in multiple industries beyond cryptocurrency.The widespread adoption of blockchain technology in various industries has shown its potential to solve challenging business problems,as well as the possibility to create new business models which can increase a firm’s competitiveness.Due to the novelty of the technology,whereby many companies are still exploring potential use cases,and considering the complexity of blockchain technology,which may require huge changes to a company’s existing systems and processes,it is important for companies to carefully evaluate suitable use cases and determine if blockchain technology is the best solution for their specific needs.This research aims to provide an evaluation framework that determines the important dimensions of blockchain suitability assessment by identifying the key determinants of suitable use cases in a business context.In this paper,a novel approach that utilizes both qualitative(Delphi method)and quantitative(fuzzy set theory)methods has been proposed to objectively account for the uncertainty associated with data collection and the vagueness of subjective judgments.This work started by scanning available literature to identify major suitability dimensions and collected a range of criteria,indicators,and factors that had been previously identified for related purposes.Expert opinions were then gathered using a questionnaire to rank the importance and relevance of these elements to suitability decisions.Subsequently,the data were analyzed and we proceeded to integrate multi-criteria group decision-making(MCGDM)and intuitionistic fuzzy set(IFS)theory.The findings demonstrated a high level of agreement among experts,with the model being extremely sensitive to variances in expert assessments.Furthermore,the results helped to refine and select the most relevant suitability determinants under three important dimensions:functional suitability of the use case,organizational applicability,and ecosystem readiness.

Human Settlement Evaluation in Mountain Areas Based on Remote Sensing,GIS and Ecological Niche Modeling

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the word＇s highest and largest plateau. Due to increasing demands for environment exploration and tourism, a large transitional area is required for altitude adaptation. Hehuang valley, which locates in the transition zone between the Loess Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has convenient transportation and relatively low elevation. Our question is whether the geographic conditions here are appropriate for adapted stay before going into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, in this study, we examined the potential use of ecological niche modeling （ENM） for mapping current and potential distribution patterns of human settlements. We chose the Maximum Entropy Method （Maxent）, an ENM which integrates climate, remote sensing and geographical data, to model distributions and assess land suitability for transition areas. After preprocessing and selection, the correlation between variables and spatial auto- correlation input data were removed and 106 occurrence points and 9 environmental layers were determined as the model inputs. The threshold- independent model performance was reasonable according to lO times model running, with the area under the curve （AUC） values being 0.917± 0.01, and 0.923±0.002 for test data. Cohen＇s kappa coefficient of model performance was 0.848. Results showed that 82.22% of the study extent was not suitable for human settlement. Of the remaining areas, highly suitable areas aceounted for 1.19%, moderately for 5.3% and marginally for 11.28%. These suitable areas totaled 418.79 km2, and 86.25% of the sample data was identified in the different gradient of suitable area.The decisive environmental factors were slope and two climate variables： mean diurnal temperature range and temperature seasonality. Our model showed a good performance in mapping and assessing human settlements. This study provides the first predicted potential habitat distribution map for human settlement in Ledu County, which could also help in land use management.

Intelligent Identification of Building Patches and Assessment of Roof Greening Suitability in High-density Urban Areas:A Case Study of Chengdu

With the expansion of a city,the urban green space is occupied and the urban heat island effect is serious.Greening the roof surfaces of urban buildings is an effective way to increase the area of urban green space and improve the urban ecological environment.To provide effective data support for urban green space planning,this paper used high-resolution images to(1)obtain accurate building spots on the map of the study area through deep learning assisted manual correction;and(2)establish an evaluation index system of roof greening including the characteristics of the roof itself,the natural environment and the human society environment.The weight values of attributes not related to the roof itself were calculated by Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).The suitable green roof locations were evaluated by spatial join,weighted superposition and other spatial analysis methods.Taking the areas within the Chengdu city’s third ring road as the study area,the results show that an accurate building pattern obtained by deep learning greatly improves the efficiency of the experiment.The roof surfaces unsuitable for greening can be effectively classified by the method of feature extraction,with an accuracy of 86.58%.The roofs suitable for greening account for 48.08%,among which,the high-suitability roofs,medium-suitability roofs and low-suitability roofs represent 45.32%,38.95%and 15.73%.The high-suitability green buildings are mainly distributed in the first ring district and the western area outside the first ring district in Chengdu.This paper is useful for solving the current problem of the more saturated high-density urban area and allowing the expansion of the urban ecological environment.

Study on Energy-saving Technology and Design Optimization of Facade in Cold and Severe Cold Area

This article take cold regions of nlral residential building envelope as the research object, suitability technical theory as the theoretical basis, we evaluation of rural residential energy envelope because China＇s rural areas is chmacterized by large regional differences and to find a solution for the envelope. It could be considered as the useful reference for retrofit design of similar projects.

Development and Application of a Tyrosinase-Based Time-Temperature Indicator(TTI) for Determining the Quality of Turbot Sashimi

Time-temperature indicators(TTIs) are convenient intuitive devices that are widely used to predict food quality. The aim of this study is to develop a new simple device which can be attached to food packages as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi. In this study, a solid TTI based on the reaction between tyrosinase and tyrosine was developed. The Arrhenius behavior of this enzymatic TTI was studied. The kinetics of the tyrosinase-based TTI was investigated in the form of color change from colorless to dark black induced by the enzymatic reaction. The mathematical formula for the color alterations as a function of time and temperature was established. The longest indication time for the developed TTI was 50 hours at 4℃. The activation energy of the tyrosinase-based TTI was 0.409 k J mol^(-1). The suitability of the tyrosinase-based TTI was validated for turbot sashimi using total plate count. The feasibility of using this TTI as a quality indicator for turbot sashimi was assessed based on the activation energy and indication time. Therefore, the tyrosinasebased TTI system developed in this study could be used as an effective tool for monitoring the quality changes of turbot sashimi during the distribution and storage.

Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China

China＇s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were as- sessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecol- ogically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been imple- mented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approxi- mately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （Jing-Jin-Ji）, Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality eco- system and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as af- forestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.

AN EXAMINATION OF RETAIL CLIENTS＇ INVESTOR SUITABILITY RULES IN THE COBS AND THE LESSONS FOR CHINA

Nowadays, the complexity of financial products makes it difficult for retail clients to identify investment risks, and there is an increasing tendency for firms, stipulated by the maximum profits, to recommend or enter into unsuitable transactions to or for retail clients while providing services of investment advice and portfolio management, which causes great losses to a significant number of investors. So, in the contemporary society, the investor suitability rules through which retail clients can purchase suitable financial products are the indispensable legal basis of investor protection. Currently, the regulations concerning investor suitability management in China have several problems, including the chaotic legal system, low effectiveness level and defective contents, which may make it difficult for suitability to be applied in justice and managed effectively. Since the UK＇s investor suitability rules in the Conduct of Business Sourcebook that apply to retail clients whose contents include requirements of obtaining retail clients＇ information, requirements of information to be provided to retail clients and criteria of assessing suitability are clear and comprehensive, the authors believe that the UK＇s experiences can provide a great enlightenment for China to better investor suitability management rules, including integrating legal documents and optimizing effectiveness level, rationalizing application scope, adding criteria of assessing suitability and revising specific clauses.