Diversity and abundance of mangrove fiddle crabs, genus Uca(Decapoda, Ocypodidae) at a mangrove in Kema,North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Mangrove ecosystems are sites with high biodiversity of benthic fauna, and fiddler crabs(genus Uca) are common benthic fauna in mangroves. The North Sulawesi in Indonesia has a good condition of mangrove while the information of the fiddler crabs is still limited. Manual samplings were conducted in wet, dry and transient seasons at a mangrove in Kema, North Sulawesi to investigate the species composition, density and distribution pattern of fiddler crabs. A total of 168 individuals, subjected to eight species of genus Uca crabs were collected at the mangrove, with U. triangularis having the highest abundance and U. annulipes having the lowest abundance.The densities of fiddle crabs were 27.56 ind./m2, 32.89 ind./m2and 14.22 ind./m2at the seaward, middle and landward zones, respectively, and the density was higher in dry and wet seasons than in transient season.

The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to conserve Kalappia celebica,an endangered endemic legume on gold mine tailings in Sulawesi,Indonesia

Kalapi(Kalappia celebica)is an endemic legume of Sulawesi and has been included in the endangered category since the early 1980s.Conservation of the species is possible through ex situ culture techniques.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can accelerate plant growth which in turn supports the conservation of endangered species.This study aimed to assess the efficacy of local AMF to accelerate the growth of kalapi and increase nutrient uptake in kalapi grown in gold mine tailing media.There were three AMF treatments,Glomus claroideum,Glomus coronatum,and a mixture of both,plus the control.Each treatment was replicated three times,each consisting of five plants.The results show that the highest AMF colony was obtained by kalapi seedlings inoculated with Glomus coronatum and the mixture of AMF.The range of mycorrhizae inoculation effect values was 59.7–71.3%.AMF inoculation increased growth and dry weight of 4-month-old seedlings compared to controls.Dry and total weights of kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum were significantly different from those inoculated with the AMF mixture.However,they are not significantly different from kalapi inoculated with G.claroideum.The results also show that AMF increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake by the roots,as well as nitrogen,phosphorous,potassium,manganese and iron by the shoots.All AMF treatments decreased potassium uptake in the roots,except in kalapi inoculated with G.coronatum.The AMF mixture decreased iron contents the roots by 15%.AMF can be developed into biofertilizer to support the conservation of kalapi in tropical Indonesia.

Land use balance determination using satellite imagery and geographic information system:case study in South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

This study was conducted to produce a GIS-based land use/land cover(LULC)balance map for a certain period as a reference for policymakers in planning their future regional development.This study also measures supervised classification accuracy based on remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)integration with field conditions.In June 2005 satellite imagery 7 ETM+was used as asset maps to assess land-use changes(LUC).Although in March 2019,the liability maps used satellite imagery 8 OLI/TIRS.Methods analysis consists of pre-image processing,image interpretation,random point,field check,and accuracy assessment.The image processing results were overlaid with an Indonesian topographic map to draw a LULC balance map.The findings indicate that in June 2005 and March 2019,each LULC had an assessment accuracy value of 82%and 86%,with a predicted assessment accuracy value of 18.05%and20.50%,respectively.These findings are checked to determine the suitability performance of field-based imaging approaches based on the Cohen Kappa coefficient criteria of 0.45 and 0.48 for June 2005 and March 2019.Based on these results,the image processing precision and suitability were excellent since they are more than 80%and satisfy the Cohen Kappa performance criterion.Furthermore,geospatial data on the LULC balance map is essential as a guide for planners and decision-makers to plan their regional development.

Phylogenetic Position of North Sulawesi <i>Tarsius sp</i>. Based on Partial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

Cyt b gene of North Sulawesi Tarsius sp., T. tumpara, T. sangirensis and T. tarsier (T. spectrum) had been partially sequenced. The homologous sequence of three groups had been compared to describe the phylogenetic position among them, as well as several other species accessed from the Genbank. Total DNA extracted from the muscular tissue had been obtained through tail cut sampling using the innuPREP DNA micro kit, and amplified using a pair of universal primer, L14841 and H15149. The size of the cyt b gene sequence amplified was 307 bp long. Sequence aligned using CLUSTAL-X program and diversity analysis were done using version 5.2.2. MEGA5 program. Genetic distance had been calculated by Tamura 3 parameter method and phylogenetic tree had been built using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods. Genetic distance based on cyt b gene nucleotide was found from 0 to 0.240 with an average of 0.080. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods indicated that T. tarsier, T. sangirensis and T. tumpara were closely related with Tarsius tarsier-complex, and distantly related with Cephalopachus bancanus and Carlito syrichta. The genetic distance and the phylogenetic tree had been constructed on the base of partial cyt b gene sequence of T. tarsier, T. sangirensis, T. tumpara and 5 other tarsier species and their accession. Those results are consistent with taxonomy based on morphology and vocal acoustic form.

Handedness found in a wild group of moor monkeys Macaca maurus in the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi,Indonesia

Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca mounts was investigated in food reaching situations at the KaraentaNature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mouth by either hand ofmonkeys was counted directly at the feeding ground where sweet-corn grains were scattered for monkeys. Among the 20 monkeysexamined, 8 were right-handed, 8 were left-handed, and 4 were ambilateral. The results indicated the prevailed hand preferenceon individual level but not either trends of left- or right-hand preference on population level. The trend toward a higher proportionof left-handed monkeys found in Japanese and rhesus monkeys was not found. Some other characteristics found in moormonkeys are discussed in comparison with those previous findings in Japanese and Tibetan macaques in order to evaluate variationswithin the genus

Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation and palaeogeographic reconstruction in the Poso Depression,Central Sulawesi,Indonesia:from a sea channel to a land bridge

The Poso Depression provides a record of Plio-Pleistocene environments and palaeogeography of Central Sulawesi.Outcrop-based sedimentological and provenance studies suggest that during the Pliocene the Poso Depression was a sea channel connecting Gorontalo and Bone bays formed in an asymmetric half-graben.The Pliocene history began with deposition of the Puna Formation with fan deltas at the eastern basin margin and channel complexes in the deep-water basin further east.Analyses of light and heavy minerals indicate the main sediment source was ultrabasic rocks in East Sulawesi with minor and intermittent magmatic and metamorphic input from West Sulawesi.Later,in the Middle to Late Pliocene,carbonates of the Poso Formation accumulated on the eastern basin margin.They are unconformably overlain by shallow marine glaucophane-rich siliciclastics of the Pleistocene Lage Formation that are associated with the rapid exhu-mation and uplift of the Pompangeo metamorphic complex.This uplift led to the development of a land bridge connecting western and eastern Sulawesi.The terrane evolution favoured increasing the area of exposed land due to rapid tectonic uplift,which when combined with the tropical climate,contributed to faunal speciation and dispersal in Sulawesi.

Newly discovered youngest UHT metamorphism on Earth,Western Sulawesi,Indonesia

Ultrahigh-temperature(UHT)metamorphism represents an extreme crustal thermal event with peak conditions exceeding 900C at 7–13 kbar.In the modern-style plate tectonic system,records of the UHT metamorphism are relatively rare due to the secular cooling of Earth.In the Palu region of Western Sulawesi,we newly discovered a series of HT-UHT metamorphic rocks including amphibolite,granulite,eclogites and gneiss.Of them,two granulite samples(18CS14-2,18CS14-4)with high garnet content(>50 mol%)are chosen for petrographic observation,phase equilibrium modelling,and zircon U-Pb dating.These rocks are characterized by a relic M1 assemblage of Grt+Ky+Bt+Rt and a M2 assemblage of Grt+Sil+Pl+Spl+Crd±Qtz+Ilm+melt.Phase equilibrium modelling based on effective bulk compositions yields UHT conditions of 7.2–8.5 kbar/940–1080C(18CS14-2)and 7.0–7.3 kbar/1000–1040C(18CS14-4).U-Pb analysis reveals two generations of metamorphic zircon with evolving REE content that is intimately related to garnet growth and decomposition.Zircon age of 36–5.3 Ma is ascribed to syn-to post-M1 metamorphism,whereas the young zircon age of 5.1–3.8 Ma is linked to syn-and post-M2 stage.The UHT metamorphism was probably the consequence of the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle triggered by post-collisional delamination of lithosphere in the MiocenePliocene(ca.5 Ma).It could represent the youngest known UHT metamorphism on Earth.

苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化及其机制分析

本文利用1993-2022年卫星高度计观测数据,分析苏拉威西海海面高度多频率季节内变化信号的时空特征,利用罗斯贝标准模理论给出动力解释。谱分析显示,苏拉威西海海面高度变化存在很强的30~90 d的季节内信号,其平均功率谱密度为半年内信号平均功率谱密度的13倍。这些季节内信号具有离散、不连续的谱峰周期,其中54.0 d和64.4 d的峰值最大,分别为30~90 d信号平均谱值的28倍和23倍。罗斯贝标准模态理论分析显示,近封闭的苏拉威西深海盆存在离散的罗斯贝标准模态。卫星高度计观测的季节内变化与罗斯贝标准模态结果的二维空间结构演化、周期以及西传速度一致,罗斯贝标准模态解的叠加呈现出与海面高度变化相似的方差分布,这说明苏拉威西海海盆的固有振荡是其季节内变化特征形成的重要机制之一。

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements(REE) in the Weathered Crusts from the Granitic Rocks in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

We report for the first time the geochemistry of rare earth elements（REE） in the weathered crusts of I-type and calc-alkaline to high-K（shoshonitic） granitic rocks at Mamasa and Palu region, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The weathered crusts can be divided into horizon A（lateritic profile） and B（weathered horizon）. Quartz, albite, kaolinite, halloysite and montmorrilonite prevail in the weathered crust. Both weathered profiles show that the total REE increased from the parent rocks to the horizon B but significantly decrease toward the upper part（horizon A）. LREE are enriched toward the upper part of the profile as shown by La/YbN value. However, HREE concentrations are high in horizon B1 in Palu profile. The total REE content of the weathered crust are relatively elevated compared to the parent rocks, particularly in the lower part of horizon B in Mamasa profile and in horizon B2 in Palu profile. This suggests that REE-bearing accessory minerals may be resistant against weathering and may remain as residual phase in the weathered crusts. The normalized isocon diagram shows that the mass balance of major and REE components between each horizon in Mamasa and Palu weathering profile are different. The positive Ce anomaly in the horizon A of Mamasa profile indicated that Ce is rapidly precipitated during weathering and retain at the upper soil horizon.

Investigation of geothermal structure of the Sulawesi,using gravity and magnetic method

The Sulawesi Sea and Sulawesi Island are located in the western Pacific area where volcanic activity,plate subduction,and seismic activity are very active.The Sulawesi basin formed during the Middle Eocene-Late Eocene and nearly half of the Eocene oceanic crust has subducted below the North Sulawesi Trench.The Sulawesi Island was spliced and finalized in the Early Pliocene-Pleistocene during volcanic activity and is recently very active.This area is an optimal location to study volcanic geothermal conditions and subduction initiation mechanisms in the southern part of the western Pacific plate margin,which are important in geothermal and geodynamic research.In this study,we combined 133 heat flow data with gravity and magnetic data to calculate the Moho structure and Curie point depth of the Sulawesi Sea and periphery of the Sulawesi Island,and analyze the distribution characteristics of the geothermal gradient and thermal conductivity.The results show that the average depths of the Moho and Curie surfaces in this area are 18.4 and 14.3 km,respectively,which is consistent with the crustal velocity layer structure in the Sulawesi Basin previously determined by seismic refraction.The average geothermal gradient is 4.96°C(100 m)-1.The oceanic area shows a high geothermal gradient and low thermal conductivity,whereas the land area shows a low geothermal gradient and high thermal conductivity,both of which are consistent with statistical results of the geothermal gradient at the measured heat flow points.The highest geothermal gradient zone occurs in the transition zone from the Sulawesi Sea to Sulawesi Island,corresponding to the spreading ridge of the southward-moving Sulawesi Basin.Comprehensive gravity,magnetic,and geothermal studies have shown a high crustal geothermal gradient in the study area,which is conducive to the subduction initiation.The northern part of the Palu-koro fault on the western side of Sulawesi is likely the location where subduction initiation is occurring.During the process of moving northwest,the northern and eastern branches of Sulawesi Island have different speeds;the former is slow and the latter is fast.These branches also show different deep tectonic dynamic directions;the northern branch tilts north-up and the eastern branch tilts north-down.

地震面波与重力联合成像分析苏拉威西周缘壳幔热-流变学结构

苏拉威西岛位于苏拉威西海、班达海之间,是研究海陆耦合、俯冲后撤等地球动力学问题的重要地区.本文利用这一地区24台宽频带地震台站记录的地震面波和背景噪声数据中提取出的面波频散数据和来自卫星的重力异常数据,开展了地震面波与重力联合层析成像反演,获得了苏拉威西周缘地区深至240 km深度的三维VS速度模型.基于三维波速模型,本文利用热-流变学方法,计算了该区岩石圈底界的热流变学边界层厚度、黏性变化特征,结果表明:(1)苏拉威西岛岩石圈流变边界层东南厚、西北薄,这可能导致新生代苏拉威西岛在陆壳碎块位移与重组过程中,岛东支的东部北向速率最大,岛北支西部北向速率次之;(2)北苏拉威西海沟俯冲后撤板片上覆地壳对应S波波速低值异常区,可能代表了富含流体的软弱板片,推测苏拉威西俯冲带是一个慢速俯冲带,且后撤过程不连续.

印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛弧岩浆作用及其对板块俯冲起始的制约

板块俯冲起始是板块构造理论的核心内容,但却研究最为薄弱。印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛弧是始新世期间开始发育的一个印度洋洋内弧,其记录了多期次(包括印度洋、马鲁古海和西里伯斯海)的且处于不同演化阶段的俯冲作用及相应的俯冲起始过程,因此该岛弧是研究板块俯冲起始的天然实验室。本文通过回顾板块俯冲起始研究进展,结合北苏拉威西岛弧内已有的野外调查、锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征等,以厘清区域内岛弧岩浆的岩石类型、形成时代、空间分布和岩浆活动节律,制约岛弧岩浆的构造背景和岩浆源区性质等,并着重关注该岛弧内可能与板块俯冲起始相关的地质和岩石记录,如弧前玄武岩、玻安岩、俯冲带(SSZ)型蛇绿岩、变质底板等。在此基础上,综合限定北苏拉威西岛弧记录的印度洋洋壳俯冲历史,探讨其俯冲起始的时间与地球动力学机制。本文仅抛砖引玉,期待更多学者参与到北苏拉威西岛弧板块俯冲起始的研究中来。

苏拉威西岛北部左旋走滑与俯冲后撤的动力学分析

苏拉威西岛北部属于马鲁古海板块,其主体是北苏拉威西海沟俯冲带与帕卢-科洛左旋走滑断裂所围限的岛北支和岛东支。大约5 Ma前,苏拉群岛沿Sorong断层与苏拉威西岛东支碰撞,导致北苏拉威西海沟俯冲后撤,引起了岛北支顺时针旋转约20°~25°,同时,西侧的帕卢-科洛断层发生了约4 cm/a的左旋走滑。本文利用综合地球物理方法,计算了该区三维温度、速度、黏性特征,认为:苏拉威西岛北部在左旋走滑、俯冲后撤过程中,地壳以脆性变形为主,但由于北苏拉威西海沟俯冲带在地壳内形成南向倾斜的软弱层,Moho面和地形“镜像”区域内形成脆、韧变形共存的组合。地幔变形为韧性变形,深度约100 km的上地幔低速流变层是地幔韧性变形的主控层位。在周边板块边界不断移动的动力学背景中,苏拉威西岛北部在地壳尺度以收缩-伸展变形为主,在岩石圈尺度以旋转变形为主。

苏拉威西埃达克岩、类埃达克岩分布与特征

在东南亚一带的地质研究工作中,查阅了近10多年来地质文献上发表的有关印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛弧的岩石化学数据,查出符合埃达克岩条件的中、酸性岩岩石样品25个。样品分布于南苏拉威西、中苏拉威西、北西苏拉威西和北苏拉威西,构成巽他古大陆边缘新生代埃达克岩分布带。埃达克岩岩石类型分别属于岛弧拉斑系列、钙碱性系列和高钾钙碱性系列,以重稀土元素Y、Yb含量低和高Sr值为特征。微量元素蛛网图上有明显的Th,Sr峰。大离子亲石元素(LILE)和高场强元素(HFSE)相对富集。本区埃达克岩和埃达克质岩可划分为两种类型:第一种为岛弧拉斑/钙碱性系列,见于大洋岛弧和陆缘火山弧,其REE配分模式属于大洋岛弧型(O型);另一种产于大陆板块内部,与陆-陆碰撞和后碰撞构造环境有成因联系,属于大陆型(C型)埃达克岩。

末次冰消期以来苏拉威西海颗石藻化石记录与古海洋变化

通过对苏拉威西海MD98-2178柱状样(3.62°N、118.70°E)颗石藻化石属种相对含量的统计,重建了2万年来海水古生产力、营养跃层的变化。其中Emiliania huxleyi、Gephyrocapsa oceanica、Florisphaera profunda占颗石藻群落的80%～90%。由于G.oceanica与F.profunda存在于两种完全不同的生态环境中,两者的变化趋势完全相反。前者代表高生产力以及高营养物质的海水,后者则代表低生产力与较深的营养跃层。推测冰消期颗石藻对环境变化具有两种响应模式:以约13.5ka的生产力峰值期为界,13.5ka之前颗石藻古生产力变化主要响应于径流对海洋营养物质的输入,而13.5ka之后则主要响应于海水-大气之间水循环的强度。全新世F.produnda含量及其所反映的营养跃层变化具有明显的百年尺度波动,与太阳活动的100～260a周期具有良好的相关性。推测全新世苏拉威西海区营养跃层变化受百年尺度的类似厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino-Southern Osillation,ENSO)的变化及太阳活动的驱动。

末次盛冰期以来苏拉威西海区上层海水对快速气候变化的响应

通过对苏拉威西海MD98-2178站位浮游有孔虫定量分析、表层浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber壳体镁钙(Mg/Ca)比值反演海表温度(SST),并结合表层和次表层浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素,探讨末次盛冰期以来,苏拉威西海区温度、盐度、生产力、温跃层深度变化及其对快速气候变化的响应。研究发现:末次盛冰期苏拉威西海区,海表温度存在明显降温,较现代海表温度下降了2.9℃,但缺乏对快速气候波动明显响应。MD98-2178站位盐度、生产力以及温跃层深度等记录,则明显响应快速气候波动,在H1,YD等变冷事件期间,盐度变高、生产力上升、温跃层深度变浅,指示东亚冬季风加强,热带辐合带(TCZ)南移以及印度尼西亚穿越流(ITF)减弱。末次盛冰期以来,MD98-2178站位属种组合、生产力、盐度以及温跃层深度在11 ks b.P.左右存在明显的突变,且在南海、印尼海区普遍存在,指示了该海域在11kaB.P.左右存在重要的气候变化过程。

An ecological survey of the abundance and diversity of benthic macrofauna in Indonesian multispecific seagrass beds

Seagrasses are one of the most productive ecosystems in coastal areas and support a wide variety of associated fauna. The tropical Indo-Pacific region is considered to have the highest diversity of seagrass plant species and the largest distribution areas of seagrass, yet the seagrass macrofauna in this region are poorly understood. To help fill this gap in our knowledge, an ecological survey was conducted to describe the abundance and diversity of benthic macrofauna from tropical seagrass beds and to determine between-station variations within a transect and between-site variations in macrofaunal abundance, taxa richness and community structure. Benthic macrofaunal samples associated with seagrass beds were collected with a core sampler on the east coast of North Sulawesi in May 2014 and on the west coast in October 2015. A total of 149 species from 14 higher taxa was collected. The most species-rich groups were polychaetes（56 species, 26% of total individual numbers）, decapods（20 species, 9% of total numbers） and amphipods（18 species, 35% of total numbers）. Between-station variations within a transect displayed different patterns between the east coast and the west coast. On the east coast, there were marked variations in abundance between stations within a transect for the macrofauna and amphipod assemblages. Both taxa richness and abundance varied with station for the macrofauna and polychaete assemblages on the west coast, resulting from the heterogeneity of the substrate along a transect. One-way ANOSIM together with MDS ordination indicated that macrofaunal community structure in seagrasses differed significantly between the east coast and the west coast, corresponding with the division of seagrasses into two broad categories of habitats, i.e.,mangrove-seagrass-reef continuum and seagrass-reef continuum. Compared with other studies in tropical areas,the abundance and diversity of benthic macrofauna in the present study were moderate. The reason for the two markedly distinct macrofaunal communities might be attributed to multiple factors, including sediment pattern,seagrass structure and temporal changes.

Species delimitation in the White-faced Cuckoo-dove(Turacoena manadensis) based on bioacoustic data

Background: The White-faced Cuckoo-dove(Turacoena manadensis) is a poorly-known Wallacean endemic with a limited distribution on Sulawesi and its satellites, including the Togian, Banggai and Sula archipelagoes. In 1900, populations from the Sula archipelago were awarded subspecies status T. manadensis sulaensis based on smaller size and minor differences in plumage; however, this distinction has not been corroborated subsequently, and T. manadensis is considered by most modern sources to be monotypic across its range.Methods: We conducted vocal analysis of the cuckoo-doves' main song using recordings collected from across the taxon's natural range. Descriptive information on the songs was obtained from the recordings using bioacoustic analysis software, after which several statistical methods were used to investigate differences in vocalizations among populations.Results: We report deep bioacoustic divergences in vocal trait pattern from across the cuckoo-doves' range, with birds from Peleng and Taliabu in the east having a different vocal trait pattern from birds from Sulawesi, Buton, and Togian in the west. These patterns agree with changes in landmass that accompanied the sea level fluctuations caused by Pleistocene glacial cycles, and indicate that eastern and western cuckoo-dove populations are at the level of different biological species.Conclusions: We propose that the eastern taxon be elevated to species level as T. sulaensis. Given the rampant degree of habitat destruction in its limited range, this taxonomic change will have important implications on the conservation status of T. sulaensis.

2018年印度尼西亚帕鲁M_W7.5地震构造背景与区域地震活动

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超基性砾岩有关的科拉卡红土镍矿床地质特征与成因

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