Mulching with plastic film improved the root quality of summersown sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas(L).Lam.)in northern China

The root quality of sweet potato cultivated during the summer season is poor in northern China;thus,this study was conducted to determine whether root quality could be improved through mulching with plastic film(MPF).The effect of MPF on root starch and its composition,the activity of starch synthesis enzymes,and other quality-related parameters were investigated in two purple flesh sweet potato cultivars,Jishu 18 and Ayamurasaki(Aya).The results indicated that root dry matter,anthocyanin content,adenosine triphosphate(ATP),and starch content were higher in both cultivars under the MPF treatment than those under the control treatment.The root adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase/uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPPase/UDPGPPase)activity and adenosine triphosphatease(ATPase)activity were increased using MPF.However,under the MPF treatment,the amylose content,soluble sugar content,and granule-bound synthase(GBSS)activity increased in Jishu 18 but decreased in Aya,and the amylopectin content,protein content,and soluble starch synthase(SSS)activity decreased in Jishu 18 but increased in Aya.Therefore,MPF seems benifit to improve the quality of sweet potato,but the effects of this treatment condition may be dependent on the cultivar.

Effects of different ridge-furrow mulching systems on yield and water use efficiency of summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China

Ridge-furrow film mulching has been proven to be an effective water-saving and yield-improving planting pattern in arid and semi-arid regions.Drought is the main factor limiting the local agricultural production in the Loess Plateau of China.In this study,we tried to select a suitable ridge-furrow mulching system to improve this situation.A two-year field experiment of summer maize(Zea mays L.)during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 was conducted to systematically analyze the effects of flat planting with no film mulching(CK),ridge-furrow with ridges mulching and furrows bare(RFM),and double ridges and furrows full mulching(DRFFM)on soil temperature,soil water storage(SWS),root growth,aboveground dry matter,water use efficiency(WUE),and grain yield.Both RFM and DRFFM significantly increased soil temperature in ridges,while soil temperature in furrows for RFM and DRFFM was similar to that for CK.The largest SWS was observed in DRFFM,followed by RFM and CK,with significant differences among them.SWS was lower in ridges than in furrows for RFM.DRFFM treatment kept soil water in ridges,resulting in higher SWS in ridges than in furrows after a period of no water input.Across the two growing seasons,compared with CK,RFM increased root mass by 10.2%and 19.3%at the jointing and filling stages,respectively,and DRFFM increased root mass by 7.9%at the jointing stage but decreased root mass by 6.0%at the filling stage.Over the two growing seasons,root length at the jointing and filling stages was respectively increased by 75.4%and 58.7%in DRFFM,and 20.6%and 30.2%in RFM.Relative to the jointing stage,the increased proportions of root mass and length at the filling stage were respectively 42.8%and 94.9%in DRFFM,63.2%and 115.1%in CK,and 76.7%and 132.1%in RFM,over the two growing seasons,showing that DRFFM slowed down root growth while RFM promoted root growth at the later growth stages.DRFFM treatment increased root mass and root length in ridges and decreased them in 0-30 cm soil layer,while RFM increased them in 0-30 cm soil layer.Compared with CK,DRFFM decreased aboveground dry matter while RFM increased it.Evapotranspiration was reduced by 9.8%and 7.1%in DRFFM and RFM,respectively,across the two growing seasons.Grain yield was decreased by 14.3%in DRFFM and increased by 13.6%in RFM compared with CK over the two growing seasons.WUE in CK was non-significantly 6.8%higher than that in DRFFM and significantly 22.5%lower than that in RFM across the two growing seasons.Thus,RFM planting pattern is recommended as a viable water-saving option for summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China.

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau, China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity（WP）. In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting（ARH） techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year（2013–2015） field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling（108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.）, Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching（same for summer maize and winter wheat） on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges（M1）, a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M2）, a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M3）, a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows（M4）, and a control with no mulch（CK）. Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity（PP）, with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield（maize and wheat yields combined） and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.

Effects of Different Gravel Mulched Years on Soil Microbial Flora and Physical and Chemical Properties in Gravelsand Mulched Fields

Soil microbial flora and influencing factors of soil microbes in soil and gravel-sand mixed layer（ SGSML）,roots denseness layer（ RDL）,eluviate layer（ EL） and calcium accumulation layer（ CAL） in gravel-sand mulched fields（ GSMFs） with different gravel mulched years（ 1,6,12,19 and 25 years） were studied. The results showed that in the composition of soil microbes in the GSMFs,the quantity of bacteria was the largest,followed by actinomycetes,while the number of fungi was the smallest. The total quantity of soil microorganisms in the GSMFs dropped rapidly with the increase of soil depth,which was related to the sudden decrease in the quantity of bacteria. The number of microbes in the RDL was larger than that in the SGSML with few roots due to the effects of root distribution. The number of bacteria and actinomycete in the growing season was larger than that in the non-growing season,while the quantity of fungi in the growing season was smaller than that in the non-growing season. The quantity of bacteria and fungi was the largest in the GSMFs which had been mulched with gravel for 6-12 years. With the increase of mulching time,the GSMFs aged gradually,so their quantity reduced gradually. The quantity of actinomycetes was the smallest in the GSMFs which had been mulched with gravel for 6-12 years and increased with the increase of mulching time. The number of soil microbes in the GSMFs had a good correlation with soil moisture content,p H and mulching time. Soil total carbon content was an important factor restricting the quantity of soil microbes in the GSMFs.

SOME FEATURES OF SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE CHANGE IN THE COOL AND WANM SUMMER OVER EAST CHINA SEA

Based on the definition of cool summer and warm summer, statistical characteristics of severe tropical cyclones are studied over East China Sea using 1951-1994 typhoon and temperature data. It is foundthat the frequency, tracks, intensity and moving speed 0f the tropical cyclone between c0ld summer andwarm summer were much different. The backgtound features 0f the difference were also discussed incontrast.

Effects of Different Gravel Mulching on Soil Moisture Status and Regression Model Prediction in Arid Regions

Drought is one of the main factors limiting the agricultural planting and production;gravel mulching is an effective inhibiting evaporation and water-saving planting pattern in the arid regions. In this study, experiments were conducted to study soil moisture effect and regression model with different gravel mulching, the soil moisture content and evaporation were compared that gravel mulched with different particle sizes, different thickness layer and different mulched years. The results showed that: 1) The cumulative soil evaporation of gravel mulched was only 29.3% of that bare fields. Mulching gravel could significantly reduce soil moisture evaporation. 2) The effects of inhibiting soil moisture evaporation are the best when mulch gravel thickness is 10 - 15 cm. 3) The particle size of gravel mulched is smaller, the evaporation inhibition effect will be better. Considering the water holding capacity and material economy, it is the most suitable to mulch gravel with the particle size of 3 - 5 cm. 4) Mulching gravel on the soil surface for 1 - 3 years can improve the soil moisture content. However, the gravel was mulched for more than five years, the soil moisture content decreased significantly. 5) The quadratic polynomial regression fitting model can better simulate and predict the cumulative evaporation on different gravel mulched, and the regression fitting degree R2 is more than 0.98.

Remote forcing of Indian Ocean warming on Northwest Pacific during El Nio decaying years:a FOAM model approach

This paper attempts to analyze in detail the remote influence of the Indian Ocean Basin warming on the Northwest Pacific （NWP） during the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Observation data and the Fast Ocean- Atmosphere coupled Model 1.5 were used to investigate the triggering conditions under which the remote influence is formed between the positive sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly in the North Indian Ocean and the Anomalous Northwest Pacific anticyclone （ANWPA）. Our research show that it is only when there is a contributory background wind field over the Indian Ocean, i,e., when the Indian Summer Monsoon （ISM） reaches its peak, that the warmer SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean incites significant easterly wind anomalies in the lower atmosphere of the Indo-West tropical Pacific. This then produces the remote influence on the ANWPA. Therefore, the SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean might interfere with the prediction of the East Asia Summer Monsoon in the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Both the sustaining effect of local negative SST anomalies in the NWP, and the remote effect of positive SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean on the ANWPA, should be considered in further research.

不同PDO位相下El Nino发展年和La Nina年东亚夏季风的季节内变化

基于1957~2017年观测和再分析资料,合成分析了北太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)不同位相下El Ni?o发展年和La Nina年东亚夏季风的环流、降水特征及季节内变化。结果表明,PDO正、负位相作为背景场,分别对El Ni?o发展年、La Nina年东亚夏季风及夏季降水具有加强作用。PDO正位相一方面可增强El Ni?o发展年夏季热带中东太平洋暖海温异常信号,另一方面通过冷海温状态加强中高纬东亚大陆与西北太平洋的环流异常,从而在一定程度上增强了东亚夏季风环流的异常程度;反之,PDO负位相则增强了La Nina年热带海气相互作用以及中高纬环流(如东北亚反气旋)的异常。在季节内变化方面,El Ni?o发展年6月贝湖以东反气旋性环流为东亚地区带来稳定的北风异常,东北亚位势高度减弱;7月开始,环流形势发生调整,日本以东洋面出现气旋性异常,东亚大陆偏北风及位势高度负异常均得到加强;8月,随着东亚夏季风季节进程和El Ni?o发展,西太平洋出现气旋性环流异常,东亚副热带位势高度进一步降低,西北太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)明显东退。La Nina年6月异常较弱,主要环流差异自7月西北太平洋为大范围气旋性异常控制开始,东亚-太平洋遥相关型显著,副高于季节内始终偏弱偏东。上述两种情况下,均造成东亚地区夏季降水总体上偏少,尤其是中国北方降水显著偏少。

水分及秸秆覆盖对夏玉米土壤呼吸及碳平衡的影响

【目的】充分发挥秸秆覆盖与适宜灌溉对作物增产及土壤固碳减排的各自优势及二者协同效应,建立减排增产节水的高效农田管理模式。【方法】以豫东地区夏玉米为研究对象,设置覆盖方式(秸秆覆盖(S)和无覆盖(N))和灌水控制下限(田间持水率(FC)的50%(W1)、60%(W2)、70%(W3)、80%(W4))两因素试验,系统研究水分及秸秆覆盖对土壤碳排放总量、土壤微生物异氧呼吸碳释放量和农田净初级生产力固碳量影响。【结果】秸秆覆盖和灌水增加了土壤呼吸、农田净初级生产力固碳量和土壤微生物异氧呼吸碳释放量,其中SW4处理均最高,与SW3、NW4处理差异不显著。SW3处理净生态系统生产力(NEP)和碳排放效率均最高,分别较其他处理高3.99%~245.74%和2.35%~138.80%。与SW4处理相比,SW3处理在节约灌水的前提下,农田净生态系统生产力提高2.99%,碳排放效率提高2.35%。【结论】综合考虑农田净生态系统生产力和碳排放效率,SW3处理(灌水控制下限为70%FC+秸秆覆盖)可以作为节水、减排、增产的农田管理模式。

地膜覆盖对夏直播垄作花生的温度效应和产量的影响

为探究地膜覆盖对夏直播垄作花生的温度效应,以及对花生生长发育和产量的影响,以露地为对照,研究了普通白膜、降解黑膜处理下土壤温度的动态变化以及对花生主要经济性状和产量的影响,并探讨温度效应与气温的关系。结果表明,普通白膜覆盖提高了土下10 cm的日最低温度和日平均温度,降低土下10 cm的日最高温度;降解黑膜覆盖降低土下10 cm的日最低温度,增加土下10 cm的日最高温度和日平均温度。不同气温区间普通白膜处理土下10 cm最低温度均值高于土表1.8~3.2℃,降解黑膜则低0.7~2.0℃;普通白膜处理土下10 cm最高温度均值低于土表1.6~6.0℃,降解黑膜则高3.1~6.3℃。土表和土下10 cm平均温度均值随气温升高而增加,不同气温区间对土表和土下10 cm平均温度均值的影响不同,普通白膜和降解黑膜间也有差异。地膜覆盖的增温效应促进了植株的生长发育,整体上有利于单株叶面积和植株干质量的增加,但生长后期有早衰现象。地膜覆盖对花生主要经济性状的影响不显著,普通白膜、降解黑膜和露地种植的花生产量分别为4286、4247和4028 kg/hm^(2),差异不显著。此外,地膜覆盖对花生根瘤数量也有影响。本研究对夏直播垄作花生高产栽培及地膜覆盖技术的应用具有指导意义。

近50a青藏高原东部夏半年强降水事件的气候特征

基于青藏高原东部47个站点1963-2012年的5-9月逐日降水资料,分析了近50 a该区夏半年强降水的时空分布特征和相对强度。结果表明：青藏高原东部夏半年强降水事件在7月出现的频次最多,以持续1 d的单站暴雨为主;强降水量和频次在近50 a呈弱增长趋势,其存在准12 a的年代际震荡,且在1978年之后,强降水量同时存在大致准3 a的演变周期,在各自然分带强降水量和频次的变化趋势存在差异;夏半年强降水量和频次呈现出自东南向西北阶梯性递减的分布特征;青藏高原东部夏半年强降水的相对强度与强降水量呈反向特征,其中以柴达木地区相对强度为最大,藏东川西区为最少;各自然分带的强降水量和频次与夏半年降水量有很好的相关关系,而强降水的相对强度与夏半年降水量表现出不同的正负相关性。

长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分演变规律

为探索棉田长期采用覆膜滴灌技术是否存在土壤积盐的问题,2009—2013年对新疆玛纳斯河灌区5块不同膜下滴灌年限盐碱地棉田土壤可溶性总盐和离子进行了连续定点监测.分析并呈现了现行灌溉制度下应用膜下滴灌技术1—16 a盐碱地棉田可溶性总盐和离子时空演变规律及盐分组成变化.结果表明:滴灌4 a内棉田属于盐土,可溶性总盐由最初的20.44 g/kg快速下降至7.98 g/kg,棉花产量及成活率快速增加.滴灌12 a以后,棉田可溶性总盐小于2.57 g/kg,棉田属于非盐化土,棉花成活率基本稳定在84.53%以上,单产超过5100 kg/hm^(2).随着滴灌年限的延长,棉田土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)和w(Cl-/SO^(2-)_(4))(Cl-与SO^(2-)_(4)质量比的比值)逐年降低,说明现行灌溉制度下土壤碱化度逐年降低,阴、阳离子的组成也逐年发生变化,Cl-的淋洗效果优于SO^(2-)_(4).

青藏高原东北侧初夏干湿年500hPa环流场特征分析

使用NCEP/NCAR 1 958～ 1 997年 40年再分析全球月平均网格点资料以及青藏高原东北侧地区同期 1 7个站降水量观测资料 ,选取了初夏最干旱的 3个年份 (1 962 ,1 995 ,1 997年 )和最湿润的 3个年份 (1 967,1 984,1 985年 ) ,分析计算了初夏典型干湿年东亚范围内 50 0hPa平均位势高度场、风矢场、涡度场和散度场 ,指出青藏高原东北侧初夏干旱和多雨与中高纬环流特征有关 ,表现在物理量场上有显著差异。

El Ni?o发展年和La Ni?a年东亚夏季风季节内变化的比较

基于1979~2013年多种再分析资料,合成分析了El Ni?o发展年和La Ni?a年东亚夏季风的季节内变化。结果表明,东亚夏季风在两种情况下呈现出不同的季节内变化特征。在El Ni?o发展年,初夏期间高纬度地区出现偏北风异常,造成东亚地区位势高度场偏低,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,但均不显著。盛夏期间,El Ni?o强迫造成中太平洋对流增强,副热带西太平洋出现气旋异常,位势高度显著降低,副热带高压明显偏东。与此不同的是,La Ni?a年春季暖池海温偏高,造成夏季对流偏强,西太平洋地区位势高度场偏低,副热带高压减弱东退。此外,La Ni?a年东亚夏季风的季节内变化较为复杂,6月异常较弱,7月达到最强,8月又开始减弱。因此,虽然El Ni?o发展年和La Ni?a年夏季平均副高异常有一定的相似性,但季节内变化则有很大差异,其成因也完全不同。

海河流域盛夏降水预测模型的研发和适用性分析

海河流域初夏(6月)和盛夏(7~8月)的降水有显著的年代际变化差异,尤其在2002年之后,海河流域初夏和盛夏的年代际变化特征相反,因此有必要分别针对夏季不同阶段建立预测模型。本文基于年际增量的思想,寻找影响海河流域盛夏降水异常的预测因子,以突出年际变化异常的影响信号。前冬欧亚中高纬度关键区域海平面气压指数SLPI(Sea Level Pressure Index)、6月热带中东太平洋海温Niño3指数以及表征厄尔尼诺—南方涛动现象(El Niño–Southern Oscillation,简称ENSO)演变速度的Niño3指数在6月与1月之差的年际增量作为三个关键预测因子,建立回归方程。进一步利用多模式的2022年6月Niño3指数的预报结果代入预测模型,对海河流域2022年盛夏降水进行预报试验。相对各动力气候模式3月起报的盛夏降水异常预测,基于年际增量的回归模型对海河流域盛夏降水异常拟合和回报的准确率更高,尤其是降水显著偏多年份,预测技巧更突出。进一步对预报偏差较大的年份复盘归因发现,前冬海平面气压指数对冬季风和夏季风转换关系的描述可能受到后期春夏热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常演变的干扰。当前冬海平面气压指数预示的后期海温演变与实际海温演变信号差异较大时,需关注动力模式对临近热带海温尤其是热带印度洋海表温度距平的预报以及海温变化对海河流域盛夏降水的可能影响。

季风区环流季节变化及其在El Nino年的异常

该文用ＥＯＦ分析方法研究了１９８１～１９８３年５～９月印度洋、西太平洋季风区环流的季节变化及其年际异常。所得第１特征向量是季风分量。其１９８３年的时间系数曲线与１９８１、１９８２年的差异表明，ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年夏季风环流弱，且其向北半球夏季型的转变期较正常年推迟。在西太平洋地区它表现为副高北进的滞后，用ＩＡＰＧＣＭ作的一个相应的数值试验证实了上述结果的正确。

西风异常及其与北太平洋海表温度准10a周期变率的联系

用中纬度各经度上最小位势高度梯度(绝对值最大)的纬度位置作为西风指数,能反映出西风异常的位置和强弱信息,能较好地代表中纬度环流变率。利用54 a的再分析资料研究了北太平洋准10年周期时间尺度的海气耦合的时空特征,并简要分析了前期西风异常与中国夏季降水的关系。结果表明:海洋上准10 a周期时间尺度的SST异常表现为北太平洋中西部与北美西岸SST异常的反相变化,大气异常表现为中纬度西风带上三槽三脊的纬向波列分布,并且与北极涛动有关;中纬度准10 a周期的年代际海气相互作用由大气主导,当大气超前SST一个月时,海气耦合相关最强;中纬度年代际海气相互作用的实质在1990年代末发生了根本性的转变,1990年代末以来由于极区和北太平洋上的大气环流异常变化,使阿留申低压和太平洋高压减弱,中纬度北太平洋上的西风减弱、海表温度升高;本文给出的西风异常指数,能较好地指示中国夏季降水的变化,前期冬春季的西风异常对后期中国夏季降水有明显的影响。

基于覆膜积温补偿效应的AquaCrop模型优化模拟

基于2013—2018年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田间试验数据,分析冬小麦和夏玉米覆膜积温补偿效应的特征,估算黄土高原南部覆膜积温补偿效应系数的值域范围,分析利用模型自带参数(方法一)和覆膜积温补偿系数(方法二)两种方法在AquaCrop模型中引入覆膜积温补偿效应的优劣性。结果表明:冬小麦在播种至越冬期,覆膜处理主要表现出增加土壤温度的作用;在返青期至成熟期,覆膜处理增加土壤温度的作用逐步消失,随之出现降低土壤温度的作用;夏玉米整个生育期内,覆膜处理均表现出较好的增加土壤温度的作用;冬小麦生育期内覆膜积温补偿效应在越冬后期出现一定的作用时间阈值。冬小麦播种~出苗阶段覆膜积温补偿系数平均值为1.08,出苗~越冬期阶段平均值为0.54;夏玉米播种~出苗阶段覆膜积温补偿系数平均值为0.81,出苗~抽雄期阶段平均值为0.63;在作物生长前期,覆膜增加地温加速作物生长的效果较好,覆膜积温补偿效应更明显。在AquaCrop模型中,相比方法一,方法二在冠层覆盖度、地上部生物量、作物产量和土壤贮水量模拟方面均表现出了一定的优势,且其能更好地解释覆膜措施对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物发育进程的影响。

The critical role of Indian summer monsoon on the remote forcing between Indian and Northwest Pacific during El Nio decaying year

Recent studies have found a connection between Indian Ocean Basin Warming and the anomalous Northwest Pacific Anticy- clone （ANPWA） during El Nifio decaying year. This study focuses on the necessary condition for this connection by using ob- servation and numerical simulation. The seasonal transition of the Indian Ocean sea surface wind is critical to the climatic ef- fect of Indian Ocean Basin Warming. When the South Asian Summer Monsoon reaches its peak, the background wind be- comes desirable for basin warming, which then affects the climate in the Northwest Pacific. Via the Kelvin waves and Ekman divergence, the wind anomalies exist in the lower atmosphere east of the Indian Ocean warm Sea Surface Temperature （SST） anomalies, and intensify and sustain the ANWPA throughout the E1 Nifio decaying summer. This impact plays an important role in the inter-annual variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon.

Seasonal Prediction of Summer Temperature over Northeast China Using a Year-to-Year Incremental Approach

We present a model for predicting summertime surface air temperature in Northeast China（NESSAT） using a year-to-year incremental approach.The predicted value for each year＇s increase or decrease of NESSAT is added to the observed value within a particular year to yield the net forecast NESSAT.The seasonal forecast model for the year-to-year increments of NESSAT is constructed based on data from 1975- 2007.Five predictors are used：an index for sea ice cover over the East Siberian Sea,an index for central Pacific tropical sea surface temperature,two high latitude circulation indices,as well as a North American pressure index.All predictors are available by no later than March,which allows for compilation of a seasonal forecast with a two-month lead time.The prediction model accurately captures the interannual variations of NESSAT during 1977-2007 with a correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed NESSAT of 0.87（accounting for 76%of total variance） and a mean absolute error（MAE） of 0.3℃.A cross-validation test during 1977-2008 demonstrates that the model has good predictive skill,with MAE of 0.4℃and a correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed NESSAT of 0.76.