Relation between sea surface temperature anomaly in the Atlantic and summer precipitation over the Northeast China

Based on global monthly average data set of sea surface temperature (SST) during 1950 - 1992 and global monthly average 500 hPa height during 1930- 1997 offered by NCARINCEP, the feature of SST anomaly in the Atlantic and its relation with summer precipitation over the Northeast China are analyzed. The results show that, the second eigenvector of the SST’s empirical orthogonal expanssion in winter season over the North Atlantic suggests that dist-ibution of SST anomaly has unusual meridional difference; The location of its center is basically identical to center of significant correlation region be- tween summer precipitation over the Northeast China and winter SST in the Atlantic. When winter SST in the North Atlantic is hot in south and cold in north, the blocking situation is stronger in the middle- high latitude. Correspondingly, the blocking high pressure in the northern North Pacific is also getting stronger, the westerlies circulation index in East Asia in next summer would be lower,as a result,more precipitation in the summer would be experienced over Northeast China and vice versa.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA AND THE GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (SSTA) IN PRECEDING SEASONS

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis global SST, 500-hPa geopotential height, 850-hPa wind monthly mean data and summer precipitation from 80 observation stations of Northeast China for the period 1961-2000, the summer precipitation field of Northeast China was decomposed by using the principal component analysis method, then the relationships between the first three precipitation leading modes and the global SSTA in preceding seasons were studied, and the responses of the 500-hPa atmospheric circulation in East Asia to the preceding winter SSTA in north Pacific and its influence on the summer precipitation in Northeast China were probed. The results show that the SSTA, especially the ENSO event in preceding seasons has really very important influence on the occurrence of the whole coincident precipitation episode in Northeast China, and relates to the precipitation episodes of the reverse variation in south-north and in west-east direction closely. The north Pacific SST anomalies in preceding winters are associated with the summer precipitation in Northeast China through its influence on the western Pacific subtropical high and the East Asia subtropical monsoon in summer. Therefore, taking the global SSTA distribution in preceding seasons, especially the ENSO event, as the precursor signal to predict the precipitation anomaly in Northeast China has good reliability and definite indicative significance.

Statistical Downscaling Prediction of Summer Precipitation in Southeastern China

A statistical downscaling approach based on multiple-linear-regression(MLR) for the prediction of summer precipitation anomaly in southeastern China was established,which was based on the outputs of seven operational dynamical models of Development of a European Multi-model Ensemble System for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction(DEMETER) and observed data.It was found that the anomaly correlation coefficients(ACCs) spatial pattern of June-July-August(JJA) precipitation over southeastern China between the seven models and the observation were increased significantly;especially in the central and the northeastern areas,the ACCs were all larger than 0.42(above 95% level) and 0.53(above 99% level).Meanwhile,the root-mean-square errors(RMSE) were reduced in each model along with the multi-model ensemble(MME) for some of the stations in the northeastern area;additionally,the value of RMSE difference between before and after downscaling at some stations were larger than 1 mm d-1.Regionally averaged JJA rainfall anomaly temporal series of the downscaling scheme can capture the main characteristics of observation,while the correlation coefficients(CCs) between the temporal variations of the observation and downscaling results varied from 0.52 to 0.69 with corresponding variations from-0.27 to 0.22 for CCs between the observation and outputs of the models.

IMPACTS OF ANTARCTIC OSCILLATION ON SUMMER MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN CHINA

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and monthly precipitation over 160 conventional stations in China, analyses of moisture transport characteristics and corresponding precipitation variation in the east part of China in summer are made, and studies are carried out on possible influence on moisture transport and precipitation in summer by the variation of Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). The results show that the abnormal variation of the AAO affected the summer precipitation in China significantly. The variation of AAO can cause the variation of intension and location of Northwestern Pacific High, which in turn cause the variation of summer monsoon rainfall in the eastern China.

Relationship between Reduction of Summer Precipitation in North China and Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

Based on Reanalysis datasets from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and summer rainfall datasets from China National Climate Center (NCC), by using trend analysis and composite analysis methods, the relationship between the reduction of summer precipitation in North China and northern hemispheric circulation changes was investigated. The results show that summer rainfall in North China had a significant decreasing tendency, especially true since 1965 in which an abrupt change occurred. The northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation at 500 hPa had a remarkable change after 1965, from outstanding meridional circulation to outstanding zonal circulation, leading to upper trough activity to decrease, resulting in the rainfall weather processes caused by upward motion behind trough significantly to reduce. At 500 hPa in Mongolian region, air temperature decreased, resulting in lower troposphere pressure to increase, leading to low pressure activity significantly to decrease and rainfall weather processes influencing North China to reduce. At the same time, the decreased air temperature in 500 hPa would caused the upper troposphere geopotential height to reduce, resulting in high–altitude jet southerly location, the East Asian summer monsoon to weaken, then it was difficult for water vapor transport to cross the Yangtze River valley and reach the North China region, with a southerly summer monsoon rainfall zone. The summer precipitation reduction in North China had a good correlation with the northern hemispheric circulation changes.

Time-lagged Effects of the Spring Atmospheric Heat Source over the Tibetan Plateau on Summer Precipitation in Northeast China during 1961–2020:Role of Soil Moisture

The spring atmospheric heat source(AHS)over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has been suggested to affect the Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation over South China.However,its influence on the summer precipitation in Northeast China(NEC)remains unknown.The connection between spring TP AHS and subsequent summer precipitation over NEC from 1961 to 2020 is analyzed in this study.Results illustrate that stronger spring TP AHS can enhance subsequent summer NEC precipitation,and higher soil moisture in the Yellow River Valley-North China region(YRVNC)acts as a bridge.During spring,the strong TP AHS could strengthen the transportation of water vapor to East China and lead to excessive rainfall in the YRVNC.Thus,soil moisture increases,which regulates local thermal conditions by decreasing local surface skin temperature and sensible heat.Owing to the memory of soil moisture,the lower spring sensible heat over the YRVNC can last until mid-summer,decrease the land–sea thermal contrast,and weaken the southerly winds over the East Asia–western Pacific region and convective activities over the South China Sea and tropical western Pacific.This modulates the East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern,which leads to a cyclonic anomaly and excessive summer precipitation over NEC.

Relationship between Tropical Indian Ocean SSTA in Spring and Precipitation of Northeast China in Late Summer

Sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)is a major signal for prediction of summer precipitation in East Asia.The relationship between SSTA in the tropical oceans and summer precipitation in East Asia has been documented in many studies.However,the relationship between SSTA and late summer(July–August)precipitation(JAP)over Northeast China(NEC)on the interannual timescale has received little attention.In this study,we examine the relationship between Indian Ocean Basin warming(IOBW)anomalies in spring and the JAP in NEC since the early1960 s.A significant positive correlation is found between the spring IOBW index and JAP over NEC.The positive spring IOBW anomaly is followed by an anomalous anticyclone from Northwest Pacific to the Korean Peninsula.This anomalous anticyclone favors a significantly strong and northward western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),which facilitates anomalous southerly winds over NEC and the transport of more water vapor into this region.Further analysis indicates that the spring IOBW anomalies have important impacts on the vertical air motion in the tropics and subtropics during the summer.Significant anomalous upward(downward)motion covering Indonesia(Northwest Pacific to the southern Korean Peninsula)occurs when the IOBW is in its positive phase,which favors the northward movement of the WPSH in late summer and more precipitation over NEC in July–August.Modulation of the atmospheric circulation by this mechanism further influences the JAP over NEC.

中高纬瞬变涡旋活动对我国东部夏季降水的影响

基于1981—2020年日本气象厅(Japanese Meteorological Agency,JMA)再分析资料JRA-55(Japanese 55-year Reanalysis)以及美国国家气候中心(Climate Prediction Center,CPC)卫星降水资料,分析了瞬变涡旋活动特征及其对我国东部夏季降水异常的影响,并对其可能机制展开讨论。研究表明,蒙古国至我国东北和华北地区既是瞬变涡旋活动的活跃区域,也是其输送的大值区域,其中瞬变涡旋对热量和水汽的经向输送占主导地位,是中高纬热量和水汽的重要来源。根据瞬变涡旋经向热量和水汽输送变率的强度确定了瞬变热量和水汽输送的关键区域,分别为(45°~60°N,100°~130°E)和(35°~50°N,100°~120°E),并定义了瞬变热量和水汽指数,其与我国东部夏季降水异常的回归结果表明,瞬变涡旋活动对我国东部夏季降水存在显著影响。中高纬天气尺度瞬变涡旋对热量、水汽和动量的输送异常,通过波流相互作用过程,对平均流形成了反馈,导致季节平均环流、水汽分布和水汽输送的异常,从而在热力、动力和水汽条件的共同作用下引起降水异常。

2021年5月江西降水异常偏多特征及成因分析

2021年5月江西省降水异常偏多,多项降水指数突破历史极值,异常的降水在累计降水量、降水强度、日降水量等方面表现出极端性。利用1961—2021年江西省83站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2021年5月江西降水异常偏多的主要原因。结果表明:5月大气环流异常是造成江西降水偏多的直接原因,欧亚中高纬500 hPa层环流呈“两脊一槽”的分布特征,受北大西洋三极子正位相影响,中国东北及周围地区位势高度为负距平,东北冷涡异常活跃,中高纬环流经向度增加,冷空气不断南下为降水提供了环流条件。西太平洋副热带高压月内加强西伸,为降水提供充足的水汽条件。此外,南海夏季风爆发偏晚和5月在印度洋活跃的热带季节内振荡对5月江西降水偏多有一定的指示意义。

Variations in Regional Mean Daily Precipitation Extremes and Related Circulation Anomalies over Central China During Boreal Summer

The variations of regional mean daily precipitation extreme （RMDPE） events in central China and associated circulation anomalies during June, July, and August （JJA） of 1961-2010 are investigated by using daily in-situ precipitation observations and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The precipitation data were collected at 239 state-level stations distributed throughout the provinces of Henan, Hubei, and Hunan. During 1961-2010, the 99th percentile threshold for RMDPE is 23.585 mm day-1. The number of RMDPE events varies on both interannual and interdecadal timescales, and increases significantly after the mid 1980s. The RMDPE events happen most frequently between late June and mid July, and are generally associated with anomalous baroclinic tropospheric circulations. The supply of moisture to the southern part of central China comes in a stepping way from the outer-region of an abnormal anticyclone over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. Fluxes of wave activity generated over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau converge over central China, which favors the genesis and maintenance of wave disturbances over the region. RMDPE events typically occur in tandem with a strong heating gradient formed by net heating in central China and the large-scale net cooling in the surrounding area. The occurrence of RMDPE events over central China is tied to anomalous local cyclonic circulations, topographic forcing over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and anomalous gradients of diabatic heating between central China and the surrounding areas.

基于CEEMDAN-SE-ARIMA组合模型的东北夏季降水预测

针对传统时间序列模型无法有效预测模态混叠数据的不足,本文提出了一种基于CEEMDAN-SE-ARIMA的组合模型,并且对东北地区2016—2020年夏季降水量进行了实证分析。首先,基于完全自适应集合经验模态分解方法,将降水时间序列分解为多个本征模态分量,并根据不同分量样本熵的计算结果进行分量序列重构。然后,针对每一个重构分量,构建自回归移动平均预测模型。最后,将各分量的预测值进行叠加,得到组合模型的预测值。此外,还构建了ARIMA单一模型和其他组合模型,旨在与CEEMDAN-SE-ARIMA组合模型对比。结果表明:CEEMDAN-SE-ARIMA组合模型考虑了时间序列的模态混叠特征,能有效提高东北地区夏季降水时序模型的预测能力,具有良好的预测应用价值。预测结果较单一模型和其他组合模型均有所提高,MASE降低了0.02~0.91 mm,RMSE降低了0.80~130.49 mm,MAE降低了2.52~129.84 mm,MAPE降低了1.08~35.53 mm。CEEMDAN-SE-ARIMA模型在降水变率较小的西北部区域预测效果更好,对东南部区域的极值分布中心预测较为准确。

华北夏季降水异常与华南前汛期降水异常的关系

为改进华北夏季降水异常的预测能力、寻找前期异常信号的监测预测指标,本文利用1961-2020年华北、华南夏季降水资料,美国环境预报中心和大气科学研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)的再分析环流资料、向外长波辐射资料(Outgoing Longwave Radiation,OLR),采用相关、合成和环流异常回归重构等方法,分析了华南前汛期(5-6月)降水异常与华北夏季(7-8月)降水异常的联系。结果表明:(1)华北夏季(7-8月)降水异常通常与华南前汛期(5-6月)降水异常呈反位相关系,即如果华南前汛期降水偏多,对应华北夏季降水就会偏少,反之亦然。华南前汛期降水异常可以作为华北夏季降水异常监测预测的一个前期指标。东亚夏季风造成对流层低层水汽输送异常和北半球夏季热带低频信号传播造成对流层中低层环流异常是两地降水呈反位相变化的联系机制。(2)在水汽输送方面,如果5-6月东亚副热带夏季风偏强,即东亚西南南风(SSW)显著偏强,华南水汽来源会偏少,造成华南前汛期(5-6月)降水异常偏少。到7-8月,印度夏季风显著偏强、东亚副热带夏季风进一步增强,华北水汽来源显著偏多,造成华北夏季(7-8月)降水异常偏多。反之,华南前汛期(5-6月)降水异常偏多,华北夏季(7-8月)降水异常偏少。(3)在动力环流方面,如果5-6月,热带印度洋低频信号活跃、西北太平洋低频信号不活跃,伴随印度洋低频信号向东北方向传播,在850 hPa层华南沿海附近形成反气旋性环流异常,对流减弱,造成华南前汛期(5-6月)降水偏少。到7-8月,热带印度洋低频信号仍然十分活跃,原来位于华南沿海的反气旋性环流异常向东北方向传播到长江下游至东部海上,反气旋北侧的华北地区为气旋性环流,对流偏强;另一方面,伴随低频扰动在对流层中高层向高纬传播,会形成沿高空西风急流传播的扰动波列,扰动位置相对固定,在贝加尔湖附近为负距平、朝鲜半岛附近为正距平,造成贝加尔湖高空槽加深、副热带高压在朝鲜半岛附近加强,形成“东高西低”的阻挡形势,有利于华北产生上升运动。即华北夏季对流上升运动增强,造成华北夏季(7-8月)降水偏多。反之,华南前汛期(5-6月)降水偏多,华北夏季(7-8月)降水偏少。(4)华南前汛期降水异常对华北夏季降水异常有很好的指示意义。但在有些年份关系并不好,这可能是因为这种关系还受到其他因子如海温变化、热带环流、青藏高原以及中高纬环流变化的调节与影响。

华北近60年夏季降水年际异常与大气动力、水汽条件关系的研究

本文基于华北夏季降水数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析环流数据,采用了相关、合成和环流异常回归重构等方法,分析了东亚副热带夏季风指数、华北大气动力上升指数与华北夏季降水的关系。主要结果如下:1)东亚副热带夏季风指数、华北大气动力上升指数与华北夏季降水有很好的对应关系。当两个指数偏强时,华北夏季降水会异常偏多;两个指数偏弱,华北夏季降水异常偏少;如果两个指数强弱不一致时,华北会出现区域性降水偏多情况,但全区整体降水量基本为正常值。2)华北夏季降水异常是东亚副热带夏季风和华北大气动力上升运动协同作用的结果。在东亚副热带夏季风指数、华北大气动力上升指数偏强年,夏季500 hPa层贝加尔湖槽会加深、西北太平洋副热带高压会偏北,华北处于“东高西低”的环流型控制下,西部低槽东移受阻,在华北维持较长时间的大气上升运动;850 hPa层印度夏季风、东亚副热带夏季风会偏强,这时热带印度洋西风水汽输送以及东亚副热带地区偏南风水汽输送或东南风水汽输送会加强,华北水汽来源充足。这种高、低空环流配置非常有利于造成华北夏季降水异常偏多。反之,华北夏季降水会异常偏少。3)前期4—5月,东亚副热带夏季风指数、华北大气动力上升指数偏强,可以作为华北夏季降水异常偏多的一个气候监测预测指标。

东北冷涡气候特征及其对海河流域夏季降水的影响

东北冷涡是对流层发生在东北亚区域深厚的冷性低压系统,它的活动异常往往会给夏季降水预测带来很大的不确定性。为改进降水预测技术,使用1961—2021年中国2400多站降水数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析环流数据等资料,采用机器自动识别、相关分析和回归重构等方法,分析了东北冷涡气候特征及其对海河流域夏季降水的影响。主要结果如下:(1)东北冷涡发生时间和地理位置具有明显的气候特征。东北冷涡一年四季均可出现,夏季冷涡天数最多。月份上,5—9月冷涡过程明显偏多,其中6月过程和天数最多。夏季,冷涡中心位置在6月最偏南,7月最偏西,8月最偏东北。(2)海河流域夏季降水与全年或夏季的东北冷涡天数整体上不存在明显相关,但与夏季西涡(<120°E)天数存在显著的正相关,与夏季东涡(≥120°E)天数存在显著的负相关。夏季西涡活动多,有利于海河流域夏季降水偏多;夏季东涡活动多,可能会造成海河流域夏季降水偏少。(3)东北冷涡可通过动力环流异常和水汽输送异常影响海河流域夏季降水。西涡出现时,会造成200 hPa层西风急流在海河流域上空显著增强,500 hPa层海河流域处于“东高西低”环流型槽前的上升区,850 hPa层东亚地区出现偏南风异常,增强了向海河流域的水汽输送。东涡出现时,200 hPa层西风急流在海河流域上空无明显异常,500 hPa层海河流域处于“东低西高”环流型高压脊前的辐散区,850 hPa东亚地区无明显水汽输送异常。

中国东北地区夏季旱涝的分析研究

利用东北三省及内蒙东北部均匀分布的 80个测站 4 0年 (196 1～ 2 0 0 0年 )夏季 (6～ 8月 )月降水资料以及正态化Z指数变换、小波分析和正交旋转主成份分析等方法 ,对东北地区夏季降水进行了旱涝等级划分 ,并探讨了旱涝发生的时间演变规律和空间分布特征。结果表明 ,东北地区夏季不同级别旱涝出现的几率存在着一定的差异 ,并且旱涝异常还具有明显的年际、年代际和周期性变化以及阶段性和群发性特征 ,地理分布上 ,可将东北地区夏季降水分为 7个旱涝型 (或敏感区 ) 。

近50a东北地区降水异常的气候特征分析

用诊断分析的方法对近 5 0 a东北地区降水异常的气候特征进行了分析。结果表明 ,东北地区降水异常的季节变化明显 ,异常在 6— 8月最大 ,尤其是 7— 8月 ,异常峰值所在月有较明显的年际变化 ;近 5 0 a东北地区夏季降水异常呈现出明显的年际和年代际变化特征 ,存在 3.1a的显著年际周期和 12 .5 a的显著年代际周期 ,同时还存在 2 6～ 2 8a、4～ 6 a的多尺度振荡周期 ;东北地区夏季多、少雨年全国降水异常的分布表现出了东北与华北东部同位相 ,与淮河及长江中下游地区反位相的特征。夏季降水异常的空间分布及与全国降水异常的分布既有一致的时候 (5 0、70、90年代 ) ,也存在地域差异 (6 0、80年代 )

2014年春季我国主要气候特征及成因简析

2014年春季(3—5月),我国大部气温偏高,与2013年春季并列为1961年以来历史同期第二高值。全国平均降水量较常年同期略偏多,其中东北地区降水显著偏多。分析表明,东北降水偏多时段主要发生在5月2—28日,这期间较强的东北冷涡活动是导致东北地区降水偏多的重要原因,其水汽主要来源于东北冷涡从日本海带来的水汽以及偏强偏西的西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)西侧的转向水汽输送。文章还初步探讨了2014年春末南海夏季风爆发偏晚的可能原因。2014年南海夏季风于6月2候爆发,是历史上南海夏季风爆发最晚年之一。导致其爆发偏晚的直接因素是西太副高在4月下旬至5月底持续偏强偏西。进一步的分析结果表明,西太副高在此期间的偏强偏西可能主要由热带印度洋海表迅速增暖所致。

初夏东北地区冷涡降水“累积效应”

采用1960~2012年5~6月中国东北地区实况降水资料,依据东北冷涡活动客观识别方法,研究东北冷涡活动对东北地区初夏降水的影响,结果表明:5~6月每次东北冷涡过程维持时间以3~7天为主,且具有频发特征,东北冷涡降水累计量占总降水量的62.5%,给出冷涡降水月强度指数,与同期月降水量年际变化具有很好一致性;东北地区初夏降水与东北冷涡降水EOF分解主要模态十分相近,前两个模态分别为全区一致和东北、西南降水相反分布,各占方差贡献的46.8%与42.7%。冷涡降水具有显著"累积效应",该累计效应可总体反映初夏东北地区降水异常分布特征,进一步揭示东北冷涡活动的气候学特征。

中国东北地区夏季降水异常的气候分析

利用中国东北三省 69个测站 ,1 961～ 1 995年 6～ 8月降水量资料 ,采用 EOF、REOF、小波分析及突变分析等方法 ,对夏季降水量的空间异常特征和时间变化规律进行了诊断研究。结果表明 :东北地区夏季降水异常的空间分布既有整体一致的性质 ,也存在着南部和北部及东部和西部相反变化的差异 ,并且可以把整个东北地区划分为 7个主要的降水异常型 :辽东半岛型、西部平原型、中南部型、东部山区型、三江平原型、辽西型和东北北部型。近 90 a来 ,东北地区夏季降水主要呈多雨、少雨或是波动等阶段性变化 ,没有明显的变干或是变湿倾向。各异常型代表站资料反映出近 35～ 45a中 ,东北地区 1 960年代中期至 1 980年代初降水的减少比较明显 ,具有突变性质 ,1 980年代总体上讲降水有一定程度的增加 ,1 990年代处于旱涝交替出现的波动状态。东北地区夏季降水主要有 34,2 2 ,1 1 a以及 2～ 4a左右的周期变化 ,但各异常区所盛行的主要周期以及同一异常区在不同年代所盛行的主要周期均有所差异。

北太平洋海温异常对中国东北地区旱涝的影响

文中利用 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年中国东北地区 80个测站 4 0a的月降水和同一时期的北太平洋海温资料以及奇异值分解 (SVD)技术 ,分析了北太平洋海温异常对中国东北地区夏季旱涝的影响。结果表明 :东北地区夏季降水与北太平洋海温异常之间存在着较为密切的联系 ,当前期冬季和春季甚至是前一年夏季赤道中东太平洋海温如果处于异常偏暖 (或偏冷 )状态 ,并且西风漂流区具有较明显的SST负 (或正 )距平分布时 ,则东北大部分地区夏季降水具有整体偏多 (或偏少 )的倾向。当然 。