Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Studies on the Relationship Between Grain-yield and Climatic Ecological Factors in Summer Corn Under Super-high-yielding Cultivation Conditions

Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.

Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Super High Yield Cultivar of Winter Wheat During Late Growth Period

The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Effects of Plant Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Super Hybrid Rice

The nitrogen uptake, yield and its components for two super-high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Guodao 6 and Eryou 7954 were investigated under different plant densities （15, 18, and 21 plants/m^2） and different nitrogen application rates （120, 150, 180, and 210 kg/hm^2）. The experiment was conducted on loam soil during 2004-2006 at the experimental farm of the China National Rice Research Institute in Hangzhou, China. In these years, the two hybrid rice cleady showed higher yield at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Guodao 6 produced an average grain yield of 10 215.6 kg/hm^2 across the three years, while the yield of Eryou 7954 was 9 633.0 kg/hm^2. With fewer plants per unit-area and larger plants in the plots, the two hybrid rice produced more panicles per plant in three years. The highest nitrogen uptake of the two hybrid rice was at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Further increasing nitrogen application rate was not advantageous for nitrogen uptake in super-high-yielding rice under the same plant density.

南粳系列超级稻品种灌浆期光合产物的分配特性

【目的】研究南粳系列超级稻灌浆期光合产物转运和分配及相关基因表达量的变化特性及其与对照品种的差异,总结南粳系列超级稻高产的生理优势,为优质高产粳稻的培育提供理论依据。【方法】采用南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908和南粳5055为研究对象,以淮稻5号为对照,在孕穗期、开花期以及开花后每隔7 d至成熟期测定剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质分配和转运,以及剑叶和籽粒发育不同时期物质转运相关基因的表达量,统计产量差异。【结果】南粳系列超级稻产量和千粒重高于淮稻5号,其剑叶净光合速率在孕穗期和花后28 d显著高于淮稻5号。在物质转运方面,南粳系列超级稻开花后茎叶干重、叶片输出量、输出率和转运率显著高于淮稻5号,其中南粳5718叶片输出量和输出率最高。南粳5718剑叶中与淀粉降解和糖类代谢相关基因(OsSPS1,OsSUT2,OsGWD1)的表达比其他品种启动早,最高表达量也高于其他品种。籽粒中SWEET基因在灌浆早期的蔗糖转运过程中扮演重要角色,中后期OsPK3、OsSUT1、OsSUT2基因在糖类的运输卸载中发挥重要作用,OsAGPL2和OsDPE1基因在中后期淀粉合成中发挥重要作用,南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908籽粒中与淀粉合成和糖类运输的相关基因在不同时期的表达量显著高于淮稻5号。【结论】南粳系列超级稻较高的产量在物质转运方面主要有以下特征:茎秆和叶片物质积累量多,穗积累量大,叶片和茎秆物质转运率高;叶片中蔗糖代谢和转运相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在源端的合成、装载和转运;籽粒中蔗糖转运和淀粉合成相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在库端的卸载及籽粒中淀粉的合成。

豫东平原‘郑麦1860’不同播期播量试验的超高产效应

为了实现豫东平原小麦主产区超高产栽培良种良法配套,充分发挥优质中强筋小麦新品种‘郑麦1860’的超高产潜力,运用裂区试验及统计分析方法,研究确定‘郑麦1860’在豫东平原小麦主产区超高产条件下适宜的播期播量指标。结果表明‘:郑麦1860’的适宜播期为10月10日-10月15日,最佳播期为10月15日;适宜播量为187.5~225.0 kg/hm^(2),最佳播量为225.0 kg/hm^(2)。最佳播期播量组合为10月15日与187.5 kg/hm^(2),折合单产12326 kg/hm^(2)。本项试验所取得的适宜播期播量技术指标,可在豫东平原小麦主产区‘郑麦1860’超高产栽培条件下推广应用。

Relationship between leaf photosynthetic function at grain filling stage and yield in super high-yielding hybrid rice (Oryza sativa.L)

The characteristics of dry matter production before and after heading and tne relationships between photosynthesis of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation in panicles were investigated on super high-yielding rice cv. Xieyou 9308 (the yield of up to 12 t/ha) with rice cv. Xieyou 63 as a control. The results showed that (i) the capacity of dry matter production before and after heading in Xieyou 9308, i.e. biomass and daily dry matter production, was remarkably higher than that in Xieyou 63, especially after heading; (ii) CO2 assimilation capacity in flag leaves in Xieyou 9308, namely Leaf Source Capacity (LSC), was also significantly higher than that in Xieyou 63, and the supply of photosynthate in leaves and the demand of grain filling were completely synchronous in Xieyou 9308, but photosynthetic function in flag leaves in Xieyou 63 declined sharply 20 days after heading and it was not enough to meet the demand of grain filling. These results confirmed that high efficient photosynthetic function in leaves after heading and its complete synchronization with grain filling are the key approaches to super high yield of rice.

杂交粳稻13.5t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号,以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0hm2连片与6.67hm2连片超高产攻关方为依托,研究了13.5thm-2超高产群体特征,并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明,较之12.0thm-2左右群体,13.5thm-2群体的穗型大,群体颖花量多(60000×104hm-2以上),有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长,至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量少,为预期穗数的1.3倍左右,此后群体平缓下降,至抽穗期达适宜穗数,成穗率高(>75%);群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢,最大值出现在孕穗期,为8.5左右,此后下降缓慢,成熟期仍保持在4.0以上;群体光合势生育前期较小,中、后期较大,总光合势为675×104m2dhm-2以上,抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上;群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5thm-2以上,抽穗后积累量亦高,一般为9.75thm-2以上,总干物重高达23.25thm-2以上。13.5thm-2超高产群体形成机制为,依靠精苗,发大蘖,及时够苗,提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期),为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础;依靠合理的群体动态及其规模,培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗,于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体;依靠平稳消退的光合系统,提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力,增大群体库容的总充实量,并维持较大的茎鞘强度,增强群体的安全抗倒力。

四川盆地单产9000 kg hm^(-2)以上超高产小麦品种产量结构与干物质积累特点

选择3个典型超高产品种和7个一般高产品种(对照)在4个环境(年份×地点)下考察其产量、产量构成因素和干物质积累、转运特点,以揭示四川盆地高温、高湿、弱光照生态条件下超高产小麦品种的产量形成特性,为超高产育种和生产提供依据。超高产品种在4个环境下的平均产量达9338 kg hm 2,比对照品种高24.2%;其穗数(449×104hm–2)、穗粒数(42.3)、粒数(18 825 m–2)、千粒重(47.8 g)分别比对照高8.2%、10.7%、18.3%和0.6%。超高产品种在各个生育阶段的干物质积累速率、干物质积累量都高于对照品种,尤其是生育前期,如在分蘖盛期和拔节期干物质积累量分别高11.1%和18.2%;同时,其干物质转运量、转运效率和对籽粒的贡献率也高于对照品种,成熟时非籽粒器官干物质所占比重较对照品种低1.2~3.5个百分点。小麦籽粒产量与各个生育阶段的群体干重和分蘖、拔节期的个体干重呈极显著正相关,超高产品种具有分蘖力强,前期生长旺盛、干物质积累多,后期分配到籽粒的干物质比例较高等特点,这是高产的生理基础。

水稻小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126的高产特征

[目的]挖掘杂交水稻产量潜力,培育超高产品种,既是一道科学难题,也是“藏粮于技”安全战略。本研究旨在解析小粒不育系卓201S配组的杂交稻卓两优1126高产形成规律,为优质高效超级杂交稻培育提供理论支撑。[方法]2022年选用小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126和对照品种超级稻两优培九、Y两优900和湘两优900为试验材料,在湖南省隆回县统一高产栽培,系统比较卓两优1126与其他3个超级杂交稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、根系发育和抗倒性,探究小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126高产特征。[结果]卓两优1126产量极显著高于对照,较超级杂交稻第1期代表品种两优培九增产35.07%,较超级杂交稻第4期代表品种Y两优900增产17.84%,较超级杂交稻新代表品种湘两优900增产14.52%。卓两优1126产量的提高主要原因是在保持稳定千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升。与对照相比,卓两优1126单茎地上部干质量、根干质量和根冠比均极显著高于对照,表明卓两优1126根系具有显著的生长优势,能够很好地协调植株地下和地上部分的生长,有助于超高产的形成。卓两优1126株高适中,基部3节间总长和穗下节间长度都极显著高于对照,但基部第2节间的弯曲力矩和抗折力与湘两优900的差异未达到显著水平,卓两优1126在增加株高的同时保持了较强的抗倒性。卓两优1126耐低氮,稻米品质综合评级为部标优质2级,极端高温下较对照Y两优1928增产5.53%。[结论]卓两优1126在保持稳定的千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升,从而实现超高产。卓两优1126亲本间粒型存在显著差异,可以实现父母本混播混收的全程机械化制种,降低种子生产成本。另外,小粒型不育系千粒重仅为常规不育系的1/2,在制种产量保持不变的前提下,单位制种面积的杂交稻种子粒数比普通不育系多1倍,大幅降低杂交稻的用种成本。因此,以卓两优1126为代表的“小粒种高产稻”模式,能为解决杂交水稻当前困境提供新思路,是新的发展方向。

河北吴桥小麦-玉米一年两作超高产探索

本文报道了吴桥超高产探索研究的主要内容和结果.本区小麦-玉米一年两作超高产研究仍有潜力可挖.水资源不足是本区的主要限制因素,小麦节水高产技术体系对作物持续高产具有重要意义.

不同栽培模式早稻-再生稻头季稻分蘖动态及生理生化特性研究

试验研究超高产栽培模式和常规栽培模式对再生稻头季稻分蘖动态及生理生化特性影响的结果表明，与常规栽培模式相比，头季生育期间，超高产栽培模式稻株的根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮含量、Ca^2＋-ATPase和Mg^2＋-ATPase活性从分蘖期到成熟期分别高出20．60％～38．65％、5．16％～23．26％、18．91％～63．29％、18．22％～76．76％、34．88％～48．35％、1．25％～17．94％和4．09％～17．87％，有效分蘖期缩短5d，低节位分蘖多51．61％；不同生育期超高产栽培模式氮素累积量是常规栽培模式的1．43～2．44倍，磷素累积量是常规栽培模式的1．21～1．48倍，孕穗期后的钾素累积量是常规栽培模式的1．55—2．21倍，为优化群体质量，提高后期群体光合效率，实现高产奠定了基础。

江西绿肥-双季稻超高产种植模式与调控技术研究——Ⅰ.不同移栽方式对早稻生长发育及产量的影响

对2005年早稻的不同移栽方式进行了比较研究,揭示并阐明了抛秧早稻的生态生理特征如下:秧苗带土抛秧不伤根,返青快,促进了水稻分蘖的早生快发,以及有效穗的形成;抛秧水稻的单株叶面积要低于手插稻,但是群体的叶面积指数高,提高了水稻群体的光合速率;抛秧稻的根数、根重、根系活力都要比手插稻的显著要高,为水稻的灌浆结实积累了大量的物质。抛秧稻最终获得超高产的有效途径是在有效穗,穗粒数提高的前提下,保证结实率不下降。

不同栽培模式早稻-再生稻头季干物质积累运转特性研究

试验研究不同栽培模式（超高产栽培模式和常规栽培模式）对再生稻头季稻株叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、干物质积累运转及产量构成的影响结果表明，秧苗移栽大田后，超高产栽培模式头季稻株的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数从分蘖期到成熟期均比常规栽培模式的高，在生长中、后期尤其显著，分别高10．77％和63．29％；超高产栽培模式的群体干物质累积总量在头季稻整个生育期比常规栽培模式高24．83％-38．17％，茎鞘物质运转率、茎鞘物质转换率分别比常规栽培模式高10．60％和13．88％，单位面积有效穗数比常规栽培模式多21．43％，穗粒数多1．88％，产量比常规栽培模式高24．22％。

95-2重穗型小麦品系生长动态分析

对重穗型小麦品系95－2生长动态分析结果表明，95－2较一般概念上的栽培品系株型粗壮、高大．在整个生育期保持较高的有效光合面积，形成较高的生物学产量，根系发达，形成大穗大粒，体现了源大、库大的特点，茎拜系统也具良好的输导性能。在下一步超高产、稳产品种培育中，植株叶型及其合理配置是一个着重要考虑和解决的问题。

超高产小麦新种质HS Z6-06-56性状表现及分析

通过对普通小麦(T.aestivum)、四倍体硬粒小麦(T.durum)种间杂交超高产新种质HS Z6-06-56性状表现分析表明:该种质与受体亲本石4185相比,挑旗期、抽穗期及成熟期分别提早1,1及2 d,株高、穗长、小穗数三性状等同于受体。在产量构成三因素中,株穗数、穗粒数等同于受体,方差分析差异不显著;千粒重是构成该种质超高产的主要因素,本试验中单项指标超受体幅度达27.72%。利用种间杂种优势,是创造小麦超高产新种质的有效途径。