Aqueous-phase reforming of hydroxyacetone solution to bio-based H_(2)over supported Pt catalysts

Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,three Pt-based catalysts supported on C,AlO(OH),and ZrO_(2)were investigated for the APR of hydroxyacetone solution in afixed bed reactor at 225℃and 35 bar.Among them,the Pt/C catalyst showed the highest turnover frequency for H_(2)production(TOF of 8.9 molH_(2)molPt^(-1)min^(-1))and the longest catalyst stability.Over the AlO(OH)and ZrO_(2)supported Pt catalysts,the side reactions consuming H_(2),formation of coke,and Pt sintering result in a low H_(2)production and the fast catalyst deactivation.The proposed reaction pathways suggest that a promising APR catalyst should reform all oxygenates in the aqueous phase,minimize the hydrogenation of the oxygenates,maximize the WGS reaction,and inhibit the condensation and coking reactions for maximizing the hydrogen yield and a stable catalytic performance.

Gold/Mg-Al mixed oxides catalysts for oxidative esterification of methacrolein:Effects of support size and composition on gold loading

Gold catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides for oxidative esterification of methacrolein are prepared by impregnation.Effects of the support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and Mg/Al ratio on gold loading and catalytic properties are investigated.The catalysts are characterized by CO_(2)-TPD,EDS,XPS,STEM and XRD techniques.Catalysts with smaller support particle size show more uniform gold distribution and higher gold dispersion,resulting in a higher catalytic performance,and the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalysts with larger support particle size can be improved by decreasing the concentration of HAuCl4 solution.The Mg/Al molar ratio has significant effect on the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalyst,and the optimum Mg/Al molar ratio is 0.1–0.2.This study underlines the importance of engineering support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and density of adsorption sites for efficient gold loading on support by impregnation.

Numerical simulation of the effect of coupling support of bolt-mesh-anchor in deep tunnel

The mechanical effects of bolt-mesh-anchor coupling support in deep tunnels were studied by using a numerical method, based on deep tunnel coupling supporting techniques and non-linear deformation mechanical theory of rock mass at great depths.It is shown that the potential of a rigid bolt support can be efficiently activated through the coupling effect between a bolt-net support and the surrounding rock.It is found that the accumulated plastic energy in the surrounding rock can be sufficiently transformed by the coupling effect of a bolt-mesh-tray support.The strength of the surrounding rock mass can be mobilized to control the deforma-tion of the surrounding rock by a pre-stress and time-space effect of the anchor support.The high stress transformation effect can be realized by the mechanical coupling effect of the bolt-mesh-anchor support, whereby the force of the support and deformation of the surrounding rock tends to become uniform, leading to a sustained stability of the tunnel.

Support effect of the supported ceria-based catalysts during NH_3-SCR reaction

To investigate how the physicochemical properties and NH3‐selective catalytic reduction(NH3‐SCR)performance of supported ceria‐based catalysts are influenced as a function of support type,a series of CeO2/SiO2,CeO2/γ‐Al2O3,CeO2/ZrO2,and CeO2/TiO2catalysts were prepared.The physicochemical properties were probed by means of X‐ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area measurements,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,H2‐temperature programmed reduction,and NH3‐temperature programmed desorption.Furthermore,the supported ceria‐based catalysts'catalytic performance and H2O+SO2tolerance were evaluated by the NH3‐SCR model reaction.The results indicate that out of the supported ceria‐based catalysts studied,the CeO2/γ‐Al2O3catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity as a result of having a high relative Ce3+/Ce4+ratio,optimum reduction behavior,and the largest total acid site concentration.Finally,the CeO2/γ‐Al2O3catalyst also presents excellent H2O+SO2tolerance during the NH3‐SCR process.

Layered double hydroxide-like Mg_3Al_(1–x)Fe_x materials as supports for Ir catalysts: Promotional effects of Fe doping in selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

Supported Ir catalysts were prepared using layered double hydrotalcite‐like materials,such as Mg3Al1-xFex,containing Fe and Al species in varying amounts as supports.These Ir catalysts were applied for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde(CAL).When x was changed from 0(Ir/Mg3Al)to 1(Ir/Mg3Fe),the rate of CAL hydrogenation reached a maximum at approximately x=0.25,while the selectivity to unsaturated alcohol,i.e.,cinnamyl alcohol,monotonously increased from 44.9%to 80.3%.Meanwhile,the size of the supported Ir particles did not change significantly with x,remaining at 1.7-0.2 nm,as determined by transmission electron microscopy.The chemical state of Ir and Fe species in the Ir/Mg3Al1-xFex catalysts was examined by temperature programmed reduction by H2 and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The surface of the supported Ir particles was also examined through the in‐situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform of a probe molecule of CO.On the basis of these characterization results,the effects of Fe doping to Mg3Al on the structural and catalytic properties of Ir particles in selective CAL hydrogenation were discussed.The significant factors are the electron transfer from Fe2+in the Mg3Al1–xFex support to the dispersed Ir particles and the surface geometry.

Insights into support effects on Ce-Zr-O mixed oxide-supported gold catalysts in CO oxidation

Au]Cel_xZrxO2 catalysts （x = 0-0.8） were prepared by a deposition-precipitation method using Cel_xZrxO2 nanoparticles as supports with variable Ce and Zr contents. Their structures were characterized by complimentary means such as X-ray diffraction, Raman, scanning trans- mission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. These Au catalysts possessed similar sizes and crystalline phases of Cel_xZrzO2 supports as well as similar sizes and oxidation states of Au nanoparticles. The oxidation state of Au nanoparticles was dominated by Au~ especially in CO oxidation. Their activities were examined in CO oxidation at different temperatures in the range of 303-333 K. The CO oxidation rates normalized per Au atoms increased with the increasing Ce contents, and reached the maximum value over Au/CeO2. Such change was in parallel with the change in the oxygen storage capacity values, i.e. the amounts of active oxygen species on Au/Cel_zZrzO2 catalysts. The excellent correlation between the two properties of the catalysts suggests that the intrinsic support effects on the CO oxidation rates is related to the effects on the adsorption and activation of O2 on Au/Cel_xZrxO2 catalysts. Such understanding on the support effects may be useful for designing more active Au catalysts, for example, by tuning the redox properties of oxide supports.

Correlation between catalytic activity of supported gold catalysts for carbon monoxide oxidation and metal–oxygen binding energy of the support metal oxides

The effect of a wide variety of metal oxide （MOx） supports has been discussed for CO oxidation on nanoparticulate gold catalysts. By using typical co‐precipitation and deposition–precipitation methods and under identical calcination conditions, supported gold catalysts were prepared on a wide variety of MOx supports, and the temperature for 50%conversion was measured to qualita‐tively evaluate the catalytic activities of these simple MOx and supported Au catalysts. Furthermore, the difference in these temperatures for the simple MOx compared to the supported Au catalysts is plotted against the metal–oxygen binding energies of the support MOx. A clear volcano‐like correla‐tion between the temperature difference and the metal–oxygen binding energies is observed. This correlation suggests that the use of MOx with appropriate metal–oxygen binding energies （300–500 kJ/atom O） greatly improves the catalytic activity of MOx by the deposition of Au NPs.

Effects of carrier and Mn loading on supported manganese oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of methane

Supported manganese oxide catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method for methane catalytic combustion, and effects of the support （Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2） and Mn loading were investigated. These catalysts were characterized with N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reduction techniques. Methane conversion varied in a large range depending on supports or Mn loading. Al2O3 supported 15% Mn catalyst exhibited better activity toward methane catalytic oxidation. The manganese state and oxygen species played an important role in the catalytic performance,

Efficient hydrogen production through the chemical looping redox cycle of YSZ supported iron oxides

The chemical looping process,where an oxygen carrier is reduced and oxidized in a cyclic manner,offers a promising option for hydrogen production through splitting water because of the much higher water splitting efficiency than solar electrocatalytic and photocatalytic process.A typical oxygen carrier has to comprise a significant amount of inert support,to maintain stability in multiple redox cycles,thereby resulting in a trade-off between the reaction reactivity and stability.Herein,we proposed the use of ion-conductive yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)support Fe_(2)O_(3)to prepare oxygen carriers materials.The obtained Fe_(2)O_(3)/YSZ composites showed high reactivity and stability.Particularly,Fe_(2)O_(3)/YSZ-20(oxygen storage capacity,24.13%)exhibited high hydrogen yield of~10.30 mmol g^(-1) and hydrogen production rate of~0.66 mmol g^(-1) min^(-1) which was twice as high as that of Fe_(2)O_(3)/Al_(2)O_(3).Further,the transient pulse test indicated that active oxygen diffusion was the ratelimiting step during the redox process.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurement revealed that the YSZ support addition facilitated oxygen diffusion of materials,which contributed to the improved hydrogen production performance.The support effect obtained in this work provides a potentially efficient route for the modification of oxygen carrier materials.

Producing of cinnamyl alcohol from cinnamaldehyde over supported gold nanocatalyst

Chemoselective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehyde to unsaturated alcohol has attracted growing interests in recent years due to its widespread applications in fine chemicals.However,the hydrogenation of the C=O bond was thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable over the hydrogenation of the C=C bond.Thus,to obtain the unsaturated alcohol from the unsaturated aldehyde is very difficult in most of the catalytic systems.In this work,ZnAl-hydrotalcite-supported cysteine-capped Au25 nanoclusters were used as the precatalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol.The catalyst showed stable high selectivity(~95%)at prolonged reaction time and complete conversion of the substrate.According to the results of the control experiments,the in-situ DRIFTS of the substrate under high pressure of hydrogen and the 27Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy,we proposed that the difference of the preferential adsorption of the C=O bond to that of the C=C bond was derived from the nature of the support of the gold catalysts.

Structural and Kinetics Understanding of Support Effects in Pd-Catalyzed Semi-Hydrogenation of Acetylene

In this study,the support effects on the Pd-catalyzed semi-hydrogenation of acetylene have been investigated from the structural and kinetic perspectives.According to the results of kinetic analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction,temperature-programmed hydride decomposition,and in situ X-ray diffraction measurements,using carbon nanotubes as support for Pd nanocatalysts with various sizes instead of a-Al_(2)O_(3) decreases the Pd^(0)3d binding energy and suppresses the formation of undesirable palladium hydride species,thus increasing the ethylene yield.Furthermore,X-ray absorption spectroscopy,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,and C_(2)H_(4) temperature-programmed desorption studies combined with density-functional theory calculations reveal the existence of a unique Pd local environment,containing subsurface carbon atoms,that produces positive geometric effects on the acetylene conversion reaction.Therefore,tailoring the Pd local environment and electronic properties represents an effective strategy for the fabrication and design of highly active and selective Pd semi-hydrogenation catalysts.

POLYMER SUPPORT EFFECTS OF METAL COMPLEXES FOR CATALYSIS

In the course of investigating the catalytic behavior of metal complexes for ring opening metathesis polymerization of cycloolefins, metathesis, hydroformylation and selective hydrogenation of olefins experimental results time and again indicate the presence of effects of macromolecular supports - the utilization of macromolecular supports increases obviously the activity, selectivity, and stability of the catalysts and so as to increase the conversion of substrates, yields of reactions, properties of formed polymers and so on. Discussed these effects on the basis of the authors' experiments. (Author abstract) 18 Refs.

Effect of Mixed Oxide Support for Ni/ZnO in Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization

The effect of mixed oxide support on the performance of Ni/ZnO in the reactive adsorption desulfurization(RADS) reaction was investigated in a fixed bed reactor by using thiophene as the sulfur-containing compound in the model gasoline. A series of oxide supports for Ni/ZnO were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, N_2-adsorption, TPR and NH_3-TPD techniques. It was found that the desulfurization capacity of Ni/ZnO was enhanced greatly when active components were supported on the proper mixed oxide. Ni/ZnO supported on oxides exhibited much higher desulfurization efficiency and sulfur adsorption capacity than the unsupported Ni/ZnO and the synthesized Ni/ZnO-SA adsorbent exhibited the highest efficiency for thiophene removal. The higher desulfurization activity and sulfur capacity of Ni/ZnO supported on SiO_2-Al_2O_3 with small particle size, high specific surface area and large pore volume could promote the high dispersion of active metal phase and the transfer of sulfur to ZnO with lower mass transfer resistance. γ-Al_2O_3 species could weaken the interaction of active phases and SiO_2 as well as could increase greatly the amount of weak acids. Therefore, these oxides could impose a great influence on the structure and chemical properties of the catalyst.

Physical Diffusion and Electron-transfer Dynamics of Electroactive Solutes in Polymer Electrolytes Ⅱ. Effect of the Ionic Size of Supporting Electrolytes

The ditheion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constan(ks)for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using Steady-stae voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters obeys the Arrhenius equstion. The effect of the ionic size of sir supporting electrolytes on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of fermcene was discussed

Strong support effect induced by MXene for the synthesis of metal sulfides nanosheet arrays with sulfur vacancies towards selective CO_(2)-to-CO photoreduction

Selective CO_(2)-to-CO photoreduction is under intensive research and requires photocatalysts with tuned microstructures to accelerate the reaction kinetics.Here,we report CuInS_(2)nanosheet arrays with sulfur vacancies(VS)grown on the two-dimensional(2D)support of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene for CO_(2)-to-CO photoreduction.Our results reveal that the use of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)induces strong support effect,which causes the hierarchical nanosheet arrays growth of CuInS_(2)and simultaneously leads to charge transfer from CuInS_(2)to Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)support,resulting in VSformed in CuInS_(2).The strong support effect based on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)is proven to be applicable to prepare a series of different metal indium sulfide arrays with VS.CuInS_(2)nanosheet arrays with VSsupported on Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)benefit the photocatalytic selective reduction of CO_(2)to CO,manifesting a remarkable over 14.8-fold activity enhancement compared with pure CuInS_(2).The experimental and computational investigations pinpoint that VSof CuInS_(2)resulting from the support effect of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)lowers the barrier of the rate-limiting step of^(*)COOH→^(*)OH+^(*)CO,which is the key to the photoactivity enhancement.This work demonstrates MXene support effects and offers an effective approach to regulate the atomic microstructure of metal sulfides toward enhancing photocatalytic performance.

Design of Support Effect in the Catalytic Application of Ligand-Protect Gold Clusters

Ligand-protected gold(Au_(n))clusters sometimes need the removal of organic ligands to expose more active sites and reduce steric hindrance in catalytic reactions,and large amount of organic and inorganic materials usually need to be employed as supports to anchor Aun clusters through different interaction mechanisms.Whereas,less comprehensive summaries have been provided about the crucial contribution of various supports to the catalytic performance of the supported Aun clusters.Herein,this review firstly summarizes synthesis methods(e.g.,impregnation and encapsulation processes)for the supported Aun cluster catalysts,and then mainly points out specific contributions of support effect in a great diversity of catalytic reactions,as well as deep interaction mechanisms.Besides,opportunities and challenging issues will be stated towards supported Aun clusters,in terms of improving catalytic performance and structural stability of Aun clusters inthedemand of catalysis.

Enhancing alkyne semi-hydrogenation through engineering metal-support interactions of Pd on oxides

Supported Pd catalysts show superior activities for olefin productions from alkynes through semi-hydrogenation reactions,but over-hydrogenation into alkanes highly decreases olefin selectivity.Using phenylacetylene semi-hydrogenation as a model reaction,here we explore the optimization approaches toward better Pd catalysts for alkyne semi-hydrogenation through investigating support effect and metal-support interactions.The results show that the states of Pd with supports can be tuned by varying oxide reducibility,loading ratios,and post-treatments.In our system,0.06 wt.%Pd on rutile-TiO_(2) nanorods shows the highest activity owing to the synergistic effects of single-atoms and clusters.Support reducibility can change the filling degrees of Pd 4d orbitals through varying interfacial bonding strengths,which further affect catalytic activity and selectivity.

System optimization-oriented spare parts dynamic configuration model for multi-echelon multi-indenture system

In order to optimize the spares configuration project at different stages during the life cycle, the factor of time is considered to relax the assumption of the spares steady demand in multi-echelon technique for recoverable item control (METRIC) theory. According to the method of systems analysis, the dynamic palm theorem is introduced to establish the prediction model of the spares demand rate, and its main influence factors are analyzed, based on which, the spares support effectiveness evaluation index system is studied, and the system optimization-oriented spares dynamic configuration method for multi-echelon multi-indenture system is proposed. Through the analysis of the optimization algorithm, the layered marginal algorithm is designed to improve the model calculation efficiency. In a given example, the multi-stage spares configuration project during its life cycle is gotten, the research result conforms to the actual status, and it can provide a new way for the spares dynamic optimization.

Yield Increasing and Quality Improving Effects of Smash-ridging Method("4453" Effects) and Its Potential in Benefiting the Nation and the People

Yuan Longping proposed that smash-ridging technology could be extend-ed widely nationwide. ln the research, smash-ridging technology reconstruct cultiva-tion layers with loose soils in agricultural fields, creating ＂4453＂ effects, as fol ows： ＂Four increases＂ include to increase loosen soil quantity in cultivation layers, soil nutri-ents use, ＂water pool＂ in soils, and ＂oxygen pool＂ in soils. Four reductions are to reduce soil erosion, carbon emission, salt content and heavy metal in soils. Five resistances refer to improve crop resistance capacity in terms of drought, high tem-perature, lower temperature, disease and lodging. Three improvements indicate to enhance photosynthetic efficiency over 10%, yield in 10%-30% and quality over 5%. lt is researched that without additional chemical fertilizer, yield could increase by 10% by labor force, animal, tractor or smash-ridging machine. What’s more, by smash-ridging cultivation, the depth can be 20 times or higher compared with tractor cultivation, with looser soils. lt is estimated that if smash-ridging cultivation is applied once in agricultural lands in China, present soil layers can be twice as deep as present. Specifical y, the thickness of loose soil-layers could be extended from 10-18 cm at present to 25-35 cm, and natural rainfal would increase by 40 bil ion cm3. After vitalization of soil nutrients, chemical fertilizer would decrease by 7 bil ion kg, and the increased c rops would feed more than 300 mil ion population as per yield at 7 50 kg/hm2.