Theoretical Modeling and Surface Roughness Prediction of Microtextured Surfaces in Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Milling

Textured surfaces with certain micro/nano structures have been proven to possess some advanced functions,such as reducing friction,improving wear and increasing wettability.Accurate prediction of micro/nano surface textures is of great significance for the design,fabrication and application of functional textured surfaces.In this paper,based on the kinematic analysis of cutter teeth,the discretization of ultrasonic machining process,transformation method of coordinate systems and the cubic spline data interpolation,an integrated theoretical model was established to characterize the distribution and geometric features of micro textures on the surfaces machined by different types of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling(UVAM).Based on the theoretical model,the effect of key process parameters(vibration directions,vibration dimensions,cutting parameters and vibration parameters)on tool trajectories and microtextured surface morphology in UVAM is investigated.Besides,the effect of phase difference on the elliptical shape in 2D/3D ultrasonic elliptical vibration-assisted milling(UEVAM)was analyzed.Compared to conventional numerical models,the method of the cubic spline data interpolation is applied to the simulation of microtextured surface morphology in UVAM,which is more suitable for characterizing the morphological features of microtextured surfaces than traditional methods due to the presence of numerous micro textures.The prediction of surface roughness indicates that the magnitude of ultrasonic amplitude in z-direction should be strictly limited in 1D rotary UVAM,2D and 3D UEVAM due to the unfavorable effect of axial ultrasonic vibration on the surface quality.This study can provide theoretical guidance for the design and fabrication of microtextured surfaces in UVAM.

Influence of Surface Ice Roughness on the Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbines

The focus of this research was on the equivalent particle roughness height correction required to account for the presence of ice when determining the performances of wind turbines.In particular,two icing processes(frost ice and clear ice)were examined by combining the FENSAP-ICE and FLUENT analysis tools.The ice type on the blade surfaces was predicted by using a multi-time step method.Accordingly,the influence of variations in icing shape and ice surface roughness on the aerodynamic performance of blades during frost ice formation or clear ice formation was investigated.The results indicate that differences in blade surface roughness and heat flux lead to disparities in both ice formation rate and shape between frost ice and clear ice.Clear ice has a greater impact on aerodynamics compared to frost ice,while frost ice is significantly influenced by the roughness of its icy surface.

Mechanical properties and fracture surface roughness of thermally damaged granite under dynamic splitting

In order to understand the mechanical properties and the fracture surface roughness characteristics of thermally damaged granite under dynamic splitting,dynamic Brazilian splitting tests were conducted on granite samples after thermal treatment at 25,200,400,and 600℃.Results show that the dynamic peak splitting strength of thermally damaged granite samples increases with increasing strain rate,showing obvious strain‐rate sensitivity.With increasing temperature,thermally induced cracks in granite transform from intergranular cracks to intragranular cracks,and to a transgranular crack network.Thermally induced damages reduce the dynamic peak splitting strength and the maximum absorbed energy while increasing the peak radial strain.The fracture mode of the thermally damaged granite under dynamic loads is mode Ⅱ splitting failure.By using the axial roughness index Z2 a,the distribution ranges of the wedge‐shaped failure zones and the tensile failure zones in the fracture surfaces under dynamic Brazilian splitting can be effectively identified.The radial roughness index Z_(2)^(r)is sensitive to the strain rate and temperature.It shows a linear correlation with the peak splitting strength and the maximum absorbed energy and a linear negative correlation with the peak radial strain.Z_(2)^(r)can be used to quantitatively estimate the dynamic parameters based on the models proposed.

Effect of Surface Roughness on Lubrication Performance of Bump-Type Gas Foil Bearings

Taking bump-type gas foil bearings as the research object,a deformation model of bump foil and a thin-plate finite element model of top foil were proposed.By solving Reynolds equation and energy equation,the pressure distribution and the temperature distribution of gas films in foil bearings were obtained.Further,a numerical method for calculating the lubrication performance of gas foil bearings with considering the surface roughness was proposed.With a specific example,effects of the surface roughness on the bearing lubrication performance were parametrically studied.The results indicate that rougher journal surface can lead to larger fluctuation of the lubrication performance,while surface roughness of top foil has few effects on the fluctuation.Moreover,the mean values of performance parameters almost remain constant at different values of surface roughness.

Impact of surface roughness,surface charge,and temperature on sandstone wettability alteration by nanoparticles

The wettability of rocks affects the balance between capillary and viscous forces during multiphase flow through porous media,which in turn determines the fluid displacement process governing the recovery of oil from subsurface formations.In this work,the mechanism of wettability reversal of aged synthetic sandstones by metal oxide nanoparticles(SiO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3))was investigated with particular focus on the impact of surface roughness,zeta potential,and temperature.The synthetic surfaces were prepared from powders of Berea sandstone with known grain size ranges and their average roughness and roughness ratio were obtained from the 3D surface reconstruction of their microscope images.Each surface was subsequently aged in Permian crude oil to alter its wettability.For surfaces with larger grain sizes and lower surface roughness ratios,the lower capillary pressure allowed stronger oil/surface interactions,leading to enhanced oil-wetness.The wettability alteration effects of nanoparticles were then examined through real-time top view imaging and dynamic front view contact angle experiments.The negatively charged SiO_(2) nanoparticles rapidly reversed the sandstone wettability,indicating their potential applicability as wettability alteration agents.By contrast,the positively charged Al_(2)O_(3) counterpart caused no wettability reversal.The mechanism of wettability alteration was further studied by microscale interaction analyses and nanoscale transmission electron microscopy.Because nanoparticles were only a few nanometers large,the microscale roughness had a negligible effect on the wettability reversal.Instead,the combined effect of van der Waals dispersion forces and surface-charge-induced electrostatic forces were recognized as the two key factors affecting the wettability of sandstone particles.Such interactions may be curbed at elevated temperatures due to a decrease in the zeta potential and colloidal stability of the particles.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Aluminum Alloy in Burnishing Process Based on Chaos Theory

Burnishing experiments with different burnishing parameters were performed on a computer numerical control milling machine to characterize the surface roughness of an aluminum alloy during burnishing.The chaos theory was employed to investigate the nonlinear features of the burnishing system.The experimental results show that the power spectrum is broadband and continuous,and the Lyapunov exponentλis positive,proving that burnishing has chaotic characteristics.The chaotic characteristic parameter,the correlation dimension D,is sensitive to the time behavior of the system and is used to establish the corresponding relationship with the surface roughness.The correlation dimension was the largest,when the surface roughness was the smallest.Furthermore,when the correlation dimension curve decreases,the roughness curve increases.The correlation dimension and surface roughness exhibit opposite variation trends.The higher the correlation dimension,the lower the surface roughness.The surface roughness of the aluminum alloy can be characterized online by calculating the correlation dimension during burnishing.

Effects of surface roughness on bending properties of rolled AZ31 alloy

This study investigated the effects of mechanical-polishing-induced surface roughness and the direction of polishing lines on the bending properties of a rolled AZ31 alloy.To this end,three-point bending tests were performed on one sample without polishing lines(SS sample)and two samples with polishing lines—one in which the polishing lines were parallel to the rolling direction(RS-RD sample)and the other in which they were parallel to the transverse direction(RS-TD sample).In all three samples,macrocracks were formed in the width direction on the outer surface,where tensile stress was predominantly generated in the longitudinal direction.However,the macrocracks formed in the SS sample were curved because of the merging of uniformly formed fine microcracks,whereas those formed in the RS-TD sample were linear owing to the formation of relatively coarse microcracks along the polishing lines.The bendability of the samples was in the order of SS>RS-RD>RS-TD,and their limiting bending depths were 4.8,4.6,and 4.4 mm,respectively.In the presence of mechanical-polishing-induced surface roughness,polishing lines perpendicular to the direction of the major stress(i.e.,tensile stress along the longitudinal direction)resulted in a greater degree of stress concentration on the outer surface of the bending specimen.This higher stress concentration promoted the formation of undesirable{10–11}contraction and{10–11}–{10–12}double twins—which typically act as crack initiation sites—and thereby facilitated crack generation and propagation.Consequently,the surface roughness caused premature fracture during bending deformation,which,in turn,caused deterioration of the bendability of the rolled Mg alloy.

Unraveling the influence of surface roughness on oil displacement by Janus nanoparticles

Janus nanoparticles(JNPs)possess great potential in recovering the residual oil from reservoirs,however,the fundamental interaction mechanisms among nanoparticles,the oil,and reservoir wall characteristics remain to be elucidated.In this work,models of oil trapping grooves with different geometric features are subjected to molecular dynamics simulations for investigating the influences of roughness parameters on oil displacement dynamics by JNPs.Four key surface geometry parameters and different degrees of surface hydrophobicity are considered.Our results indicate that JNPs hold an outstanding performance in displacing residual oil on weakly to moderately hydrophobic surfaces.Overall,smaller entry and exit angles,the larger aspect ratio of the oil trapping grooves,and a bigger tip length of the rough ridges lead to superior oil recovery.Among the key geometric parameters,the aspect ratio of the oil trapping grooves plays the dominant role.These insights about the interaction of surface properties and JNPs and the resulting trapped oil displacement could serve as a theoretical reference for the application of JNPs for targeted reservoir conditions.

Precipitates Generation Mechanism and Surface Quality Improvement for Aluminum Alloy 6061 in Diamond Cutting

To improve the surface quality for aluminum alloy 6061(Al6061) in ultra-precision machining, we investigated the factors affecting the surface finish in single point diamond turning(SPDT)by studying influence of the precipitates generation of Al6061 on surface integrity and surface roughness.Based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami solid phase transformation kinetics equation, theoretical and experimental studies were conducted to build the relationship between the aging condition and the type, size and number of the precipitates for Al6061. Diamond cutting experiments were conducted to machine Al6061 samples under different aging conditions. The experimental results show that, the protruding on the chip surface is mainly Mg_(2)Si and the scratches on the machined surface mostly come from the iron-containing phase(α-, β-AlFeSi).Moreover, the generated Mg_(2)Si and α-, β-AlFeSi affect the surface integrity and the diamond turned surface roughness. Especially, the achieved surface roughness in SPDT is consistent with the variation of the number of AlFeSi and Mg_(2)Si with the medium size(more than 1 μm and less than 2 μm) in Al6061.

Influence of Input Factors on Surface Roughness and Material Removal Speed when Wire-EDM a Hardened SKD11 Steel Curve Profile

The goal of this research is to identify the best set of process machining parameters for wire-EDM(Electrical Discharge Machining)cutting of hardened SKD11 steel when machining a curve profile.The multi-objective function includes reducing surface roughness and increasing MRR(Material Removal Rate).The optimization process is prepared by using Taguchi method coupled Grey Relational Analysis.The obtained results revealed that Toff has the greatest influence on the average grey value(48.30%),followed by the influence of WF(Wire Feed,15.99%),VM(Cutting Voltage,9.33%),SV(Server Voltage,5.05%),Ton(Pulse on Time,1.81%),while SPD(Cutting Speed)has a negligible effect(0.89%).Moreover,using the optimal set of machining parameters generates in surface roughness of 1.25399mm and MRR of 26.5562 mm^(2)/min.The verification experiment and Anderson-Darling method demonstrate the validity of the proposed model,which can be utilized for estimating surface roughness and MRR.

An ensemble learning method to retrieve sea ice roughness from Sentinel-1 SAR images

Sea ice surface roughness(SIR)affects the energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean,and it is also an important indicator for sea ice characteristics.To obtain a small-scale SIR with high spatial resolution,a novel method is proposed to retrieve SIR from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,utilizing an ensemble learning method.Firstly,the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform is applied to obtain the spatial information of sea ice,including the scale and direction of ice patterns.Secondly,a model is developed using the Adaboost Regression model to establish a relationship among SIR,radar backscatter and the spatial information of sea ice.The proposed method is validated by using the SIR retrieved from SAR images and comparing it to the measurements obtained by the Airborne Topographic Mapper(ATM)in the summer Beaufort Sea.The determination of coefficient,mean absolute error,root-mean-square error and mean absolute percentage error of the testing data are 0.91,1.71 cm,2.82 cm,and 36.37%,respectively,which are reasonable.Moreover,K-fold cross-validation and learning curves are analyzed,which also demonstrate the method’s applicability in retrieving SIR from SAR images.

High-order Bragg forward scattering and frequency shift of low-frequency underwater acoustic field by moving rough sea surface

Acoustic scattering modulation caused by an undulating sea surface on the space-time dimension seriously affects underwater detection and target recognition.Herein,underwater acoustic scattering modulation from a moving rough sea surface is studied based on integral equation and parabolic equation.And with the principles of grating and constructive interference,the mechanism of this acoustic scattering modulation is explained.The periodicity of the interference of moving rough sea surface will lead to the interference of the scattering field at a series of discrete angles,which will form comb-like and frequency-shift characteristics on the intensity and the frequency spectrum of the acoustic scattering field,respectively,which is a high-order Bragg scattering phenomenon.Unlike the conventional Doppler effect,the frequency shifts of the Bragg scattering phenomenon are multiples of the undulating sea surface frequency and are independent of the incident sound wave frequency.Therefore,even if a low-frequency underwater acoustic field is incident,it will produce obvious frequency shifts.Moreover,under the action of ideal sinusoidal waves,swells,fully grown wind waves,unsteady wind waves,or mixed waves,different moving rough sea surfaces create different acoustic scattering processes and possess different frequency shift characteristics.For the swell wave,which tends to be a single harmonic wave,the moving rough sea surface produces more obvious high-order scattering and frequency shifts.The same phenomena are observed on the sea surface under fully grown wind waves,however,the frequency shift slightly offsets the multiple peak frequencies of the wind wave spectrum.Comparing with the swell and fully-grown wind waves,the acoustic scattering and frequency shift are not obvious for the sea surface under unsteady wind waves.

Effects of surface roughness of substrate on properties of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings

Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings were deposited on Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates with different surface roughnesses by vacuum cathodic arc deposition method. Microstructure, micro-hardness, adhesion strength and cross-sectional morphology of the obtained multilayer coatings were investigated. The results show that the Vickers hardness of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coating, with a film thickness of 11.37 μm, is 29.36 GPa. The erosion and salt spray resistance performance of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates can be evidently improved by Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coating. The surface roughness of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates plays an important role in determining the mechanical and erosion performances of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings. Overall, a low value of the surface roughness of substrates corresponds to an improved performance of erosion and salt spray resistance of multilayer coatings. The optimized performance of Ti/TiN/Zr/ZrN multilayer coatings can be achieved provided that the surface roughness of Cr_17Ni_2 steel substrates is lower than 0.4μm.

Effect of surface roughness on plasticity of Zr_(52.5)Cu_(17.9)Ni_(14.6)Al_(10)Ti_5 bulk metallic glass

Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulk metallic glass （BMG） rods were abraded to different surface roughnesses using different types of waterproof abrasive papers and sometimes polishing pastes, and the compressive deformation behavior was examined. The results show that the yield strength of the BMG is hardly affected while the compressive plasticity increases from 2.3% to 4.5% with decreasing the surface roughness. Observation of the fractured samples under a scanning electron microscope indicates that the rise in plasticity is accompanied with an increase in shear band density. The results suggest that it is necessary to reduce the surface roughness of BMGs for achieving a large plasticity.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS EVOLUTION AND FORMABILITY OF INTERSTITIAL FREE SHEET STEEL TO GRAIN SIZE AND SHEET THICKNESS

Experimental study has been conducted for an interstitial free(IF) sheet steel on its surface roughness evolution and formability with respect to grain size and sheet thickness effect. The surface roughness of IF sheet steel is proportional to effective strain, grain size and inversely proportional to sheet thickness; the larger grain reduces the formability by accelerating the surface roughening rate and enhance formability by raising the workhardening rate, while the latter effect plays the dominate role. The grain size effect on surface roughening and formability is more obvious when the sheets are thinner.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON TYRE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE IN AUTOMOTIVE BRAKING

Using a nonlinear time varying tyre model, this paper simulatively analyzes the influence of road surface roughness amplitude and road spatial frequency on automobile ground adhesion ability. The result shows that with the increase of road surface roughness, the tyre adhesion ability declines, and the automotive braking distance increases. Moreover, the reliability of the nonlinear time varying tyre model in reflecting the influence of the road surface roughness is validated. It is testified that this model is an effective dynamic one in the simulation of automotive braking performance on uneven road.

Sea Surface Roughness Derivation from Wind Speed Estimated by Satellite Altimeter

For open sea conditions the sea surface roughness is described as a function of surface stress and wind speed over sea surface by Charnock relation. The sea surface roughnessn in the North-west Pacific Ocean is derived successfully using wind speed data estimated by the TOPEX satellite altimeter. From the results we find that： （1） the mean sea surface roughness in winter is greater than in summer; （2） compared with other sea areas, the sea surface roughness in the sea area east of Japan （ N30°- 40°, E135°- 150°） is larger than in other sea areas; （3） sea surface roughness in the South China Sea changes more greatly than that in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea.

Soil surface roughness change and its effect on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

As an important parameter in the soil erosion model, soil surface roughness（SSR） is used to quantitatively describe the micro-relief on agricultural land. SSR has been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically; however, no studies have focused on understanding SSR on the Loess Plateau of China. This study investigated changes in SSR for three different tillage practices on the Loess Plateau of China and the effects of SSR on runoff and erosion yield during simulated rainfall. The tillage practices used were zero tillage（ZT）, shallow hoeing（SH） and contour ploughing（CP）. Two rainfall intensities were applied, and three stages of water erosion processes（splash erosion（I）, sheet erosion（II） and rill erosion（III）） were analyzed for each rainfall intensity. The chain method was used to measure changes in SSR both initially and after each stage of rainfall. A splash board was used to measure the splash erosion at stage I. Runoff and sediment data were collected continuously at 2-min intervals during rainfall erosion stages II and III. We found that SSR of the tilled surfaces ranged from 1.0% to 21.9% under the three tillage practices, and the order of the initial SSR for the three treatments was ZT〈SH〈CP. For the ZT treatment, SSR increased slightly from stage I to III, whereas for the SH and CP treatments, SSR decreased by 44.5% and 61.5% after the three water erosion stages, respectively, and the greatest reduction in SSR occurred in stage I. Regression analysis showed that the changes in SSR with increasing cumulative rainfall could be described by a power function（R2〉0.49） for the ZT, SH and CP treatments. The runoff initiation time was longer in the SH and CP treatments than in the ZT treatment. There were no significant differences in the total runoff yields among the ZT, SH and CP treatments. Sediment loss was significantly smaller（P〈0.05） in the SH and CP treatments than in the ZT treatment.

The Simulation of Grinding Wheels and Ground Surface Roughness Based on Virtual Reality Technology

The paper describes the feasibility and method of the application of virtual reality technology to grinding process, and introduces the modeling method of object entity in the environment of virtual reality. The simulation process of grinding wheels and ground surface roughness is discussed, and the computation program system of numerical simulation is compiled with Visual C++ programming language. At the same time, the three-dimensional simulation models of grinding wheels and ground surface roughness are made with OpenGL tool. The choice of grinding wheels, the forecast of ground surface quality and some simulation results can be realized by interactively inputting grinding parameters. The paper applies virtual reality technology to grinding process,makes the model of virtual grinding wheel and simulates the grinding process. The roughness of ground surface is showed in three-dimensional images, and therefore the grinding technology is studied. Computer simulation can not only be used as a shortcut to analyze and research the grinding process, but also increase the research scope and content. The virtual reality technology used in the paper is an advanced visualized simulation with interaction. The surface roughness Ra on simulated ground workpiece can be calculated by the arithmetic average of contour warp absolute value in sampling length of simulated ground workpiece. The parameters of virtual wheel and simulated grinding process can be changed by interaction input, so the simulated results in the desired grinding condition are gained. The effect of each parameter to ground surface can be analyzed by comparing the grinding results in different condition.

Surface Roughness Around a 325-m Meteorological Tower and Its Effect on Urban Turbulence

Based on slow- and fast-response measurements under neutral stratification conditions from a 325-m meteorological tower located in a built-up area of north-central Beijing as well as a descriptive survey of surface roughness elements (i.e., buildings and trees) around the tower site, urban roughness lengths, zo, with zero-plane displacement height are estimated using logarithmic wind profile and morphometric methods in eight 45° directional sectors. When comparing their results with each other, the slow-response method tends to give smaller zo values. At a given location, considerable directional variations in values are observed. The effect of surface roughness on urban turbulence characteristics in terms of non-dimensional standard deviations of three-component velocity, σi/u*1 (where i = u, v, w and u*1 is local friction velocity), is investigated.