Surface Patterning of Metal Zinc Electrode with an In‑Region Zincophilic Interface for High‑Rate and Long‑Cycle‑Life Zinc Metal Anode

The undesirable dendrite growth induced by non-planar zinc(Zn)deposition and low Coulombic efficiency resulting from severe side reactions have been long-standing challenges for metallic Zn anodes and substantially impede the practical application of rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries(ZMBs).Herein,we present a strategy for achieving a high-rate and long-cycle-life Zn metal anode by patterning Zn foil surfaces and endowing a Zn-Indium(Zn-In)interface in the microchannels.The accumulation of electrons in the microchannel and the zincophilicity of the Zn-In interface promote preferential heteroepitaxial Zn deposition in the microchannel region and enhance the tolerance of the electrode at high current densities.Meanwhile,electron aggregation accelerates the dissolution of non-(002)plane Zn atoms on the array surface,thereby directing the subsequent homoepitaxial Zn deposition on the array surface.Consequently,the planar dendrite-free Zn deposition and long-term cycling stability are achieved(5,050 h at 10.0 mA cm^(−2) and 27,000 cycles at 20.0 mA cm^(−2)).Furthermore,a Zn/I_(2) full cell assembled by pairing with such an anode can maintain good stability for 3,500 cycles at 5.0 C,demonstrating the application potential of the as-prepared ZnIn anode for high-performance aqueous ZMBs.

Ultrasonic-based surface patterning and interfacial reaction of ZrO_(2)ceramics

We demonstrate a process to achieve selective surface metallization of ZrO_(2)ceramics using ultrasound technology in atmospheric environments at 350℃,which bestows good weldability of ZrO_(2)to achieve rapid and reliable connections with other metals as well as ceramic materials.The challenge is that brazing or diffusion welding processes to accomplish metallurgical connections for ZrO_(2) typically require holding at elevated temperatures for minutes to hours,while the selective ultrasonic metallization process requires only a few seconds of processing without the application of covering films or solder resists.In this study,the selected Sn-2Ti alloy could effectively wet and spread on ZrO_(2)substrate under ultrasonication,and continuous interphase layers were rapidly formed in situ between ZrO_(2)and Sn-2Ti.The bonding strength for the ZrO_(2)/Sn-2Ti interface was well established with the highest shear strength of 37.1 MPa,and the fracture location occurred at the filler metal.The interfacial reaction layer thickened remarkably with the prolongation of sonication,accompanied by the partial crystallization of amorphous TiO and the formation of irregularly striped Ti_(11.31)Sn_(3)O_(10)nanocrystals.

Bacterial anti-adhesion surface design:Surface patterning,roughness and wettability:A review

Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation impose a heavy burden on the medical system. Bacterial adhesion on implant materials would induce inflammation and result in implant failure. The adhesion of bacteria on food-processing and handling equipment may lead to food-borne illness. To reduce and even prevent bacterial adhesion, some bacterial anti-adhesion surface designs have been developed. However,the effect of some surface properties(including surface patterning, roughness and wettability) on bacterial adhesion has not been systematically summarized. In this review, a comprehensive overview of bacterial anti-adhesion surface design is presented. Modifying the surface pattern and roughness could reduce the contact area between bacteria and surfaces to weaken the initial adhesion force. Fabricating superhydrophobic surface or modifying hydrophilic functional groups could hinder the bacterial adhesion. The analysis and discussion about influencing factors of bacterial anti-adhesion surfaces provide basic guidelines on antibacterial surface design for future researches.

Surface Patterning of Self-healing P(MMA/nBA)Copolymer for Dynamic Control Cell Behaviors

Cell behaviors are regulated by a dynamic and complex environment characterized by biophysical,mechanical and biochemical properties.However,most works regulate cell behaviors under static conditions or by external factors.To control cell adhesion and proliferation with a dynamic and mechanical environment,we pattern the surface on self-healing copolymer P(MMA/nBA).The copolymer P(MMA/nBA)with the composition of 48/52(MMA/nBA)recovers nearly 100%of its original tensile strains after 86 h of recovery from deformation.The physical patterns on P(MMA/nBA)film are obtained over large areas and the size of the hole and the width of connecting bar are in line with the copper grid specifications.The patterned surface tends to be fiat after 12 h with almost 75%-80%recovery.Compared with cell incubation on polystyrene fiat and patterned surface of P(MMA/nBA)film without self-healing capability,the number and morphology of cells are well manipulated on the patterned surface of self-healing P(MMA/nBA)film.This approach provides a convenient method for dynamically regulating the cell behaviors on the surface of self-healing materials without chemical or biological modifications.

A new nano-scale surface marking technique for the deformation analysis of Mg-based alloys

In this work a new nanoscale surface marking technique,namely electron beam damage induced surface marking(EBDISM),is developed and tested for the first time on a fine-grained pure Mg surface.This technique utilizes focused high-energy electron beam of a scanning electron microscope to“burn”dense arrays of nano-scale grid patterns on the sample surface,and it is proved to be very effective for identifying and measuring localised deformation behaviours.However,the surface marking deposited by EBDISM is not permanent and it tends to deteriorate overtime.Cheap,easy to use and versatile,the EBDISM technique has a huge potential for quantitative measurement of strain field and nano-scale deformation analysis.

Dominant patterns of winter Arctic surface wind variability

Dominant statistical patterns of winter Arctic surface wind （WASW） variability and their impacts on Arctic sea ice motion are investigated using the complex vector empirical orthogonal function （CVEOF） method. The results indicate that the leading CVEOF of Arctic surface wind variability, which accounts for 33% of the covariance, is characterized by two different and alternating spatial patterns （WASWP1 and WASWP2）. Both WASWP1 and WASWP2 show strong interannual and decadal variations, superposed on their declining trends over past decades. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with WASWPI and WASWP2 exhibit, respectively, equivalent barotropic and some baroclinic characteristics, differing from the Arctic dipole anomaly and the seesaw structure anomaly between the Barents Sea and the Beaufort Sea. On decadal time scales, the decline trend of WASWP2 can be attributed to persistent warming of sea surface temperature in the Greenland--Barents--Kara seas from autunm to winter, reflecting the effect of the Arctic warming. The second CVEOF, which accounts for 18% of the covariance, also contains two different spatial patterns （WASWP3 and WASWP4）. Their time evolutions are significantly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） index and the central Arctic Pattern, respectively, measured by the leading EOF of winter sea level pressure （SLP） north of 70~N. Thus, winter anomalous surface wind pattern associated with the NAO is not the most important surface wind pattern. WASWP3 and WASWP4 primarily reflect natural variability of winter surface wind and neither exhibits an apparent trend that differs from WASWP1 or WASWP2. These dominant surface wind patterns strongly influence Arctic sea ice motion and sea ice exchange between the western and eastern Arctic. Furthermore, the Fram Strait sea ice volume flux is only significantly correlated with WASWP3. The results demonstrate that surface and geostrophic winds are not interchangeable in terms of describing wind field variability over the Arctic Ocean. The results have important implications for understanding and investigating Arctic sea ice variations： Dominant patterns of Arctic surface wind variability, rather than simply whether there are the Arctic dipole anomaly and the Arctic Oscillation （or NAO）, effectively affect the spatial distribution of Arctic sea ice anomalies.

Propagation of Surface Wave Along a Thin Plasma Column and Its Radiation Pattern

Propagation of the surface waves along a two-dimensional plasma column and the far-field radiation patterns are studied in thin column approximation. Wave phase and attenuation coefficients are calculated for various plasma parameters. The radiation patterns are shown. Results show that the radiation patterns are controllable by flexibly changing the plasma length and other parameters in comparison to the metal monopole antenna. It is meaningful and instructional for the optimization of the plasma antenna design.

Preparation of La-Ti Composite Oxide Nanocrystal and Examination of Their Surface Topography with Atomic Force Microscope

With sol-gel method, nanometer La-Ti composite oxide was successfully prepared at a low temperature (750～800C) using polyethylene glycol as dispersant. By means of atomic force microscope, the surface pattern, particle size distribution, and specific surface area were studied. The compound particle surface appears as a smooth sheet, the mean size of the compound is 25.38 nm. On the specific surface, the particle erects at a height of 4.69 nm. The surface area is 58.90 nm2. The La-Ti composite oxide nanocrystal prefers to narrow and even particle size distribution and the homogeneity of surface topography.

A radar-infrared compatible broadband absorbing surface:Design and analysis

A radar-infrared compatible stealth surface is designed and analyzed.Without modifying the radar absorbing material(RAM),the design can theoretically achieve radar-infrared compatibility and broadband radar absorption through surface patterns and structures.A transmission-line-based model(TLM)is developed to analyze the radar absorbing performance of the surface.Optimization of the structure geometries is conducted aiming to maximize the-10 d B absorption bandwidth in 2–18 GHz.Surface with optimized structure geometries exhibits a superior absorption bandwidth,more than twice the bandwidth of the original 1.5 mm RAM slab,while maintaining a relatively low infrared emissivity.

Hollow hexagonal pattern with surface discharges in a？dielectric barrier discharge

The hollow hexagonal pattern involved in surface discharges is firstly investigated in a？dielectric barrier discharge system. The spatiotemporal structures of the pattern are studied using an intensified charge-coupled device and photomultiplier. Instantaneous images taken by an intensified charge-coupled device and optical correlation measurements show that the surface discharges are induced by volume discharges. The optical signals indicate that the discharge filaments constituting the hexagonal frame discharge randomly at the first current pulse or the second pulse, once？or twice. There is no？interleaving of several sub-lattices, which indicates that the ‘memory＇ effect is no longer in force due to surface discharges. By using the emission spectrum method, both the molecule vibration temperature？and electron density of the surface discharges are larger than that of the volume discharges.

Reconfigurable and orthogonal stiffness-structure patterning of dynamically crosslinked amphigels

Patterning diversified properties and surface structure of polymer materials are of great importance toward their potential in biology,optics,and electronics.However,achieving both the patternability of stiffness and microstructure in a reconfigurable manner remains challenging.Here,we prepare amphigels crosslinked by dynamic disulfide bonds,which can be reversibly swollen by immiscible water or liquid paraffin.In the paraffingel form,the materials exhibited a high modulus of 130 MPa due to densified hydrogen bonds.Whereas swollen by water,the modulus fell over two orders of magnitude owing to the destruction of the hydrogen bonds.Via regionalized swelling of the solvents,well-controlled and rewritable soft/stiff mechanical patterns can be created.On the other hand,the dynamic exchange of the disulfide crosslinking enables mechanophoto patterning to fabricate sophisticated macrogeometries and microstructures.The reconfigurable stiffness-structure patterning can be manipulated orthogonally,which will create more application opportunities beyond conventional hydrogels and organogels.

Biomaterial–Related Cell Microenvironment in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

An appropriate cell microenvironment is key to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Revealing the factors that influence the cell microenvironment is a fundamental research topic in the fields of cell biology,biomaterials,tissue engineering,and regenerative medicine.The cell microenvironment consists of not only its surrounding cells and soluble factors,but also its extracellular matrix(ECM)or nearby external biomaterials in tissue engineering and regeneration.This review focuses on six aspects of bioma-terial-related cell microenvironments:①chemical composition of materials,②material dimensions and architecture,③material-controlled cell geometry,④effects of material charges on cells,⑤matrix stiff-ness and biomechanical microenvironment,and⑥surface modification of materials.The present chal-lenges in tissue engineering are also mentioned,and eight perspectives are predicted.

Advances in micro cutting tool design and fabrication

Microcutting is a precision technology that offers flexible fabrication of microfeatures or complex three-dimensional components with high machining accuracy and superior surface quality.This technology may offer great potential as well as advantageous process capabilities for the machining of hard-to-cut materials,such as tungsten carbide.The geometrical design and dimension of the tool cutting edge is a key factor that determines the size and form accuracy possible in the machined workpiece.Currently,the majority of commercial microtools are scaled-down versions of conventional macrotool designs.This approach does not impart optimal performance due to size effects and associated phenomena.Consequently,in-depth analysis and implementation of microcutting mechanics and fundamentals are required to enable successful industrial adaptation in microtool design and fabrication methods.This paper serves as a review of recent microtool designs,materials,and fabrication methods.Analysis of tool performance is discussed,and new approaches and techniques are examined.Of particular focus is tool wear suppression in the machining of hard materials and associated process parameters,including internal cooling and surface patterning techniques.The review concludes with suggestions for an integrated design and fabrication process chain which can aid industrial microtool manufacture.

Controlling the Cassie-to-Wenzel Transition: an Easy Route towards the Realization of Tridimensional Arrays of Biological Objects

In this paper we provide evidence that the Cassie-to-Wenzel transition, despite its detrimental effects on the wetting properties of superhydrophobic surfaces, can be exploited as an effective micro-fabrication strategy to obtain highly ordered arrays of biological objects. To this purpose we fabricated a patterned surface wetted in the Cassie state, where we deposited a droplet containing genomic DNA. We observed that, when the droplet wets the surface in the Cassie state, an array of DNA filaments pinned on the top edges between pillars is formed. Conversely, when the Cassie-to-Wenzel transition occurs, DNA can be pinned at different height between pillars. These results open the way to the realization of tridimensional arrays of biological objects.

Doubly periodic patterns of modulated hydrodynamic waves:exact solutions of the Davey-Stewartson system

Exact doubly periodic standing wave patterns of the Davey-Stewartson （DS） equations are derived in terms of rational expressions of elliptic functions.In fluid mechanics,DS equations govern the evolution of weakly nonlinear,free surface wave packets when long wavelength modulations in two mutually perpendicular,horizontal directions are incorporated.Elliptic functions with two different moduli （periods） are necessary in the two directions.The relation between the moduli and the wave numbers constitutes the dispersion relation of such waves.In the long wave limit,localized pulses are recovered.

Self-erasable dynamic surface patterns via controllable elastic modulus boosting multi-encoded and tamper-proof information storage

Dynamic surface patterns(DSPs)have attracted significant interest in anti-counterfeiting,enabling information to be stored,encrypted and decrypted in response to external stimuli.However,creating dynamic surface patterns,capable of controlling wrinkling time and independently modulating different information in both wrinkled and fluorescent states,remains a tremendous challenge.These limit DSPs to further enhance tamper-proofing capacity and extend the information storage density.Here,a rationally designed patterning strategy based on controllable elastic modulus was demonstrated to fabricate self-erasable dynamic surface patterns(S-DSPs)that increase information storage density.These novel S-DSPs strategically integrated amino co-oligomers(ACOs)with the 9-anthracenemethanol(9-AM)as skin layers,designing a bilayer multi-encoding system which could carry several different types of information with wrinkled and fluorescent patterns.The ACOs with relatively low molecular weight can endow the elastic modulus of skin layers with a wide range of regulation.As a result,the difference between the compressive strain and the critical wrinkle strain in the bilayer system would be precisely modulated by photo-dimerization to form quick-response(minimum<1 min)and self-erasable(3 min–8 days)wrinkled patterns for S-DSPs.Meanwhile,the fluorescence pattern could be independently erased and reprogrammed without affecting the change in the wrinkle pattern under modulus-controlled conditions.Moreover,controllable self-erasure in S-DSPs significantly develops tamper-proof capabilities in a supply chain.This original strategy could provide a new approach to the tamper-proof,high-density,and multi-encoded information storage in the product security or inkless printing.

Influence of structural depth of laser-patterned steel surfaces on the solid lubricity of carbon nanoparticle coatings

Carbon nanoparticle coatings on laser-patterned stainless-steel surfaces present a solid lubrication system where the pattern's recessions act as lubricant-retaining reservoirs.This study investigates the influence of the structural depth of line patterns coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and carbon onions(COs)on their respective potential to reduce friction and wear.Direct laser interference patterning(DLIP)with a pulse duration of 12 ps is used to create line patterns with three different structural depths at a periodicity of 3.5μm on AISI 304 steel platelets.Subsequently,electrophoretic deposition(EPD)is applied to form homogeneous carbon nanoparticle coatings on the patterned platelets.Tribological ball-on-disc experiments are conducted on the as-described surfaces with an alumina counter body at a load of 100 mN.The results show that the shallower the coated structure,the lower its coefficient of friction(COF),regardless of the particle type.Thereby,with a minimum of just below 0.20,CNTs reach lower COF values than COs over most of the testing period.The resulting wear tracks are characterized by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.During friction testing,the CNTs remain in contact,and the immediate proximity,whereas the CO coating is largely removed.Regardless of structural depth,no oxidation occurs on CNT-coated surfaces,whereas minor oxidation is detected on CO-coated wear tracks.

Advances in the surface modification techniques of bone-related implants for last 10 years

At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body,a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state.The commonly used biomaterials(e.g.titanium and its alloy,Co–Cr alloy,stainless steel,polyetheretherketone,ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates)have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties.As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems,a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated.This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating,radiation grafting,plasma surface engineering,ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques.The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials,and typical examples are also described.

Generating Nanodot Structures on Stainless-Steel Surfaces by Cross Scanning of a Picosecond Pulsed Laser

Ultrashort pulsed laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)can be generated on difFerent kinds of materials,which are widely utilized for modifying surface properties such as wettability,adhesion,and tribological,as well as optical performances.Previous studies have focused mainly on one-dimensional LIPSS(i.e.,line structure)generation.In this study,a picosecond pulsed laser was used to irradiate stainless-steel surfaces for generating two-dimensional LIPSS,namely nanodot structures,by cross-scanning the laser beam for a different number of times.The obtained nanodot structures were found to be super hydrophilic just after laser irradiation,but turned to be hydrophobic after exposure in air for a few days.By cross・scanning the laser beam for the same number of times,local LIPSS rewriting was realized.This study showed the possibility of improving the homogeneity of the surface properties of steel materials through laser-induced nanodot structuring.