The available SMD(Sauter mean diameter) correlations on pressure-swirl injectors predict droplet sizing very different from each other, especially for heavy fuels. Also there was a lack in the literature for comparing...The available SMD(Sauter mean diameter) correlations on pressure-swirl injectors predict droplet sizing very different from each other, especially for heavy fuels. Also there was a lack in the literature for comparing available correlations. So an experimental study was conducted on a heavy fuel oil(HFO) spray, Mazut 380. A pressure swirl injector was designed and fabricated. The experiments for Mazut at 40℃ and 80℃ were compared with the results for water, including spray half cone angle, breakup length and mean droplet diameter,at different injection pressures. Lower spray angle, higher breakup length and larger droplets were observed for lower injection pressures and higher liquid viscosity. SMD was about 75 μm for water and about 87 μm for Mazut at 80℃. The results for droplet mean diameter were also compared with correlations from previous studies on pressure swirl atomizers. The SMD results show that for water spray, LISA method was in good agreement,also Babu and Ballester correlations were successful when high viscosity fluid was injected.展开更多
The atomization dynamic characteristics of a simplex swirl injector was investigated experimentally by using a hydrodynamic mechanical pulsator and the shadow photography technique. The frequency response characterist...The atomization dynamic characteristics of a simplex swirl injector was investigated experimentally by using a hydrodynamic mechanical pulsator and the shadow photography technique. The frequency response characteristics of the fluid film and atomization fluctuations and their correlations with pressure fluctuations were obtained by using an in-house code of image processing. It is demonstrated that the klystron effect induced by periodic pressure fluctuations results in periodic liquid film fluctuation with large amplitudes, periodic superposition of droplets and reduction of the breakup length. It was found that the atomization of the simplex swirl injector only responds to the pressure fluctuation in frequency range approximately from 0 to 300 Hz, and it is particularly sensitive to pressure fluctuations at frequencies from 100 to 200 Hz. According to this experiment, the responsive frequency limitation is merely affected by injector configuration, rather than the supply line.展开更多
Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, signific...Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment(DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations(LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling(emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection.For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.展开更多
In order to investigate the flow characteristics of swirl injectors for gelled propellants,which actually behaved as non-Newtonian power-law fluid,a swirl axisymmetric model was established to solve Navier-Stokes equa...In order to investigate the flow characteristics of swirl injectors for gelled propellants,which actually behaved as non-Newtonian power-law fluid,a swirl axisymmetric model was established to solve Navier-Stokes equations and VOF(volume of fluid) equation,and the power-law constitutive equation was used to describe the rheology characteristics of the gelled propellants.The film thickness and velocity distribution in the swirl injector under different flow conditions were studied numerically.The simulation results show that the increased geometry characteristic parameter of the swirl injector contributes to the decrease of liquid film thickness.The liquid film thickness is almost independent of the pressure drop.The rheologic parameters have great influences on the inner flow of swirl injector: by increasing the fluid consistency index K and power index n,both the axial and the swirl velocities decrease dramatically;higher fluid consistency index K and power index n make the liquid film thickness increase.When the viscosity is large enough,the air core in the injector would vanish.展开更多
During the experiment of gas/liquid coaxial swirl injector conducted with air and water under atmosphere environment, it is observed that the injector may selfoscillate. The self oscillation periodically occurs and va...During the experiment of gas/liquid coaxial swirl injector conducted with air and water under atmosphere environment, it is observed that the injector may selfoscillate. The self oscillation periodically occurs and vanishes with the increasing velocity of the gas flow.A theoretical model is presented based on the experiment investigation. Simulation of the acoustic process has been performed and conclusions consistent with the experiment can be drawn from the theoretical model, which explains the exPeriment phenomena quite well. At last, the comparison between phenomena of the self oscillation and some experiments of LRE indicates that some instability phenomena in oxygen/hydrogen propellant rocket engine may be the related to self oscillation in coaxial injectors展开更多
为了揭示敞口式离心喷嘴液膜填充及打开过程,采用两相界面追踪方法 VOF(volume of fluid)模拟了喷嘴内部及近喷口区域流动过程,计算得到的喷雾角和试验结果偏差不超过2%。计算结果表明:喷嘴内部填充过程中,自切向孔下游至喷嘴出口液膜...为了揭示敞口式离心喷嘴液膜填充及打开过程,采用两相界面追踪方法 VOF(volume of fluid)模拟了喷嘴内部及近喷口区域流动过程,计算得到的喷雾角和试验结果偏差不超过2%。计算结果表明:喷嘴内部填充过程中,自切向孔下游至喷嘴出口液膜厚度缓慢增加,在喷嘴出口处液膜厚度大幅度降低,呈非线性发展;相应地,切向孔截面空心涡经历了正方形-花瓣形-圆形的演化历程;喷口边缘处表面张力占主导,此时液膜较厚,因此液膜刚流出喷嘴时并没有立刻打开,而后变薄、失稳、脱落、破碎并部分聚合,随着时间推移,喷嘴出口液膜形态依次经历了铅笔形、洋葱形、郁金香形和完全发展形四种形态,与稳态下喷注压降改变时喷雾形态变化相一致。展开更多
文摘The available SMD(Sauter mean diameter) correlations on pressure-swirl injectors predict droplet sizing very different from each other, especially for heavy fuels. Also there was a lack in the literature for comparing available correlations. So an experimental study was conducted on a heavy fuel oil(HFO) spray, Mazut 380. A pressure swirl injector was designed and fabricated. The experiments for Mazut at 40℃ and 80℃ were compared with the results for water, including spray half cone angle, breakup length and mean droplet diameter,at different injection pressures. Lower spray angle, higher breakup length and larger droplets were observed for lower injection pressures and higher liquid viscosity. SMD was about 75 μm for water and about 87 μm for Mazut at 80℃. The results for droplet mean diameter were also compared with correlations from previous studies on pressure swirl atomizers. The SMD results show that for water spray, LISA method was in good agreement,also Babu and Ballester correlations were successful when high viscosity fluid was injected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11502186 and 51606138)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)and National Key Scientific Instrumentthe Equipment Development Projects of China(No.2012YQ04016408)
文摘The atomization dynamic characteristics of a simplex swirl injector was investigated experimentally by using a hydrodynamic mechanical pulsator and the shadow photography technique. The frequency response characteristics of the fluid film and atomization fluctuations and their correlations with pressure fluctuations were obtained by using an in-house code of image processing. It is demonstrated that the klystron effect induced by periodic pressure fluctuations results in periodic liquid film fluctuation with large amplitudes, periodic superposition of droplets and reduction of the breakup length. It was found that the atomization of the simplex swirl injector only responds to the pressure fluctuation in frequency range approximately from 0 to 300 Hz, and it is particularly sensitive to pressure fluctuations at frequencies from 100 to 200 Hz. According to this experiment, the responsive frequency limitation is merely affected by injector configuration, rather than the supply line.
基金sponsored by the William RT Oakes Endowment of the Georgia Institute of Technology
文摘Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment(DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations(LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling(emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection.For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.
文摘In order to investigate the flow characteristics of swirl injectors for gelled propellants,which actually behaved as non-Newtonian power-law fluid,a swirl axisymmetric model was established to solve Navier-Stokes equations and VOF(volume of fluid) equation,and the power-law constitutive equation was used to describe the rheology characteristics of the gelled propellants.The film thickness and velocity distribution in the swirl injector under different flow conditions were studied numerically.The simulation results show that the increased geometry characteristic parameter of the swirl injector contributes to the decrease of liquid film thickness.The liquid film thickness is almost independent of the pressure drop.The rheologic parameters have great influences on the inner flow of swirl injector: by increasing the fluid consistency index K and power index n,both the axial and the swirl velocities decrease dramatically;higher fluid consistency index K and power index n make the liquid film thickness increase.When the viscosity is large enough,the air core in the injector would vanish.
文摘During the experiment of gas/liquid coaxial swirl injector conducted with air and water under atmosphere environment, it is observed that the injector may selfoscillate. The self oscillation periodically occurs and vanishes with the increasing velocity of the gas flow.A theoretical model is presented based on the experiment investigation. Simulation of the acoustic process has been performed and conclusions consistent with the experiment can be drawn from the theoretical model, which explains the exPeriment phenomena quite well. At last, the comparison between phenomena of the self oscillation and some experiments of LRE indicates that some instability phenomena in oxygen/hydrogen propellant rocket engine may be the related to self oscillation in coaxial injectors
文摘为了揭示敞口式离心喷嘴液膜填充及打开过程,采用两相界面追踪方法 VOF(volume of fluid)模拟了喷嘴内部及近喷口区域流动过程,计算得到的喷雾角和试验结果偏差不超过2%。计算结果表明:喷嘴内部填充过程中,自切向孔下游至喷嘴出口液膜厚度缓慢增加,在喷嘴出口处液膜厚度大幅度降低,呈非线性发展;相应地,切向孔截面空心涡经历了正方形-花瓣形-圆形的演化历程;喷口边缘处表面张力占主导,此时液膜较厚,因此液膜刚流出喷嘴时并没有立刻打开,而后变薄、失稳、脱落、破碎并部分聚合,随着时间推移,喷嘴出口液膜形态依次经历了铅笔形、洋葱形、郁金香形和完全发展形四种形态,与稳态下喷注压降改变时喷雾形态变化相一致。
