Linear Operators Preserving Symplectic Group over a Field Consisting of at Least Four Elements

Suppose F is a field consisting of at least four elements. Let Mn（F） and SP2n（F） be the linear space of all n × n matrices and the group of all 2n × 2n symplectic matrices over F, respectively. A linear operator L ： M2n（F） → M2n（F） is said to preserve the symplectic group if L（SP2n（F）） = SP2n（F）. It is shown that L is an invertible preserver of the symplectic group if and only if L takes the form （i） L（X） = QPXP^-1 for any X ∈ M2n（F） or （ii） L（X） = QPX^TP^-1 for any X ∈M2n（F）, where Q ∈ SP2n（F） and P is a generalized symplectic matrix. This generalizes the result derived by Pierce in Canad J. Math., 3（1975）, 715-724.

ON HARMONIC MAPS INTO SYMPLECTIC GROUPS Sp(N)

By means of the theory of harmonic maps into the unitary group U(N), the authors study harmonic maps into the symplectic group Sp(N). The symplectic uniton and symplectic ex--tended uniton are introduced. The method of the symplectic Backlund transformation and the Darboux transformation is used to construct new symplectic unitons from a known one.

Topological Structures of ω-subsets in Symplectic Groups

All the symplectic matrices possessing a fixed eigenvalue ω on the unit circle form a hypersurface in the real symplectic group Sp(2n). This paper is devoted to the study of the topological structures of this hypersurface and its complement in Sp(2n).

Lattices Generated by Joins of the Flats in Orbits under Finite Affine-singular Symplectic Group and its Characteristic Polynomials

Let ASG（2v ＋ l, v; Fq） be the （2v ＋l）-dimensional affine-singular symplectic space over the finite field Fq and ASp2v＋l,v（Fq） be the affine-singular symplectic group of degree 2v ＋ l over Fq. Let O be any orbit of flats under ASp2v＋l,v（Fq）. Denote by J the set of all flats which are joins of flats in O such that O LJ and assume the join of the empty set of flats in ASG（2v ＋ l, v;Fq） is φ. Ordering LJ by ordinary or reverse inclusion, then two lattices axe obtained. This paper firstly studies the inclusion relations between different lattices, then determines a characterization of flats contained in a given lattice LJ, when the lattices form geometric lattice, lastly gives the characteristic polynomial of LJ.

Conjugacy Classes of Torsion in 4×4 Integral Symplectic Group

A complete list of representatives of conjugacy classes of torsion in 4×4 integral symplectic group is given in this paper. There are 55 distinct such classes and each torsion element has order of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12.

Full automorphism group of the generalized symplectic graph

Let Fq be a finite field of odd characteristic, m, v the integers with 1 ≤ m ≤ v and K a 2v × 2v nonsingular alternate matrix over Fq. In this paper, the generalized symplectic graph GSp2v（q, m） relative to K over Fq is introduced. It is the graph with m-dimensional totally isotropic subspaces of the 2v-dimensional symplectic space Fq（2v） as its vertices and two vertices P and Q are adjacent if and only if the rank of PKQw is 1 and the dimension of P ∩ Q is m - 1. It is proved that the full automorphism group of the graph GSp2v（q, m） is the projective semilinear symplectic group P∑p（2v, q）.

NEW NON-NATURALLY REDUCTIVE EINSTEIN METRICS ON Sp(n)

In this paper, we consider a class of left invariant Riemannian metrics on Sp(n),which is invariant under the adjoint action of the subgroup Sp(n-3) × Sp(1) × Sp(1) × Sp(1).Based on the related formulae in the literature, we show that the existence of Einstein metrics is equivalent to the existence of solutions of some homogeneous Einstein equations. Then we use a technique of the Gr?bner basis to get a sufficient condition for the existence, and show that this method will lead to new non-naturally reductive metrics.

Squeezing in Representation by Quadratic Combinations of Canonical Operators

The technique of integration within an ordered product of operators and the coherent-state representation are used to convert exponential operators of basis operators (P2, Q2, PQ + QP) to those of the basis operators (a2, a?2, a?a). The coherent state representation of unitary squeezing operators in the factorized form and their normal product form are thus derived. The squeezing engendered by operators of the general form is also obtained.

The Essential 2-rank for Classical Groups

Let G be a symplectic or orthogonal group defined over a finite field with odd characteristic and let D≤G be a Sylow 2-subgroup.In this paper,we classify the essential 2-subgroups and determine the essential 2-rank of the Frobenius category FD(G).Together with the results of An–Dietrich and Cao–An–Zeng,this completes the work of essential subgroups and essential ranks of classical groups.

The Relation of the Morse Index of Closed Geodesics with the Maslov-type Index of Symplectic Paths

In this paper, we consider the relation of the Morse index of a closedgeodesic with the Maslov-type index of a path in a symplectic group. More precisely, for a closedgeodesic c on a Riemannian manifold M with its linear Poincare map P (a symplectic matrix), weconstruct a symplectic path γ(t) starting from identity I and ending at P, such that the Morseindex of the closed geodesic c equals the Maslov-type index of γ. As an application of this result,we study the parity of the Morse index of any closed geodesic.

Automorphisms of a Class of Finite p-groups with a Cyclic Derived Subgroup

Let p be an odd prime,and let k be a nonzero nature number.Suppose that nonabelian group G is a central extension as follows1→G’→G→Z_(pK)×…×Z_(pK),where G’≌Zpk,andζG/G’is a,direct factor of G/G’.Then G is a central product of an extraspecial pkgroup E andζG.Let|E|=p(2n+1)k and|ζG|=p(m+1)k.Suppose that the exponents of E andζG are pk+l and pk+r,respectively,where 0≤l,r≤k.Let AutG’G be the normal subgroup of Aut G consisting of all elements of Aut G which act trivially on the derived subgroup G’,let AutG/ζG,ζG G be the normal subgroup of Aut G consisting of all central automorphisms of G which also act trivially on the centerζG and let AutG/ζG,ζG/G’G be the normal subgroup of Aut G consisting of all central automorphisms of G which also act trivially onζG/G’.Then(ⅰ)The group extension 1→Aut G’→Aut G→Aut G’→1 is split.(ⅱ)AutG’G/AutG/ζG,ζG G≌G1×G2,where Sp(2n-2,Zpk)■H≤G1≤Sp(2n,Zpk),H is an extraspecial pk-group of order p(2n-1)k and(GL(m-1,Zpk)■Zpk(m-1)■Zpk(m)≤G2≤GL(m,Zpk)■Zpk(m).In particular,G1=Sp(2n-2,Zpk)■H if and only if l=k and r=0;G1=Sp(2n,Zpx)if and only if l≤r;G2=(GL(m-1,Zpk)■Zpk(m-1)■Zpk(m)if and only if r=k;G2=GL(m,Zpk)■Zpk((m))if and only if r=0.(ⅲ)AutG’G/Aut G/ζG,ζG/G’G≌G1×G3,where G1 is defined in(ⅱ);GL(ml,Zpk)■Zpk(m-1)≤G3≤GL(n,Zpk).In particular,G3=GL(m-1,Zpk)■Zpk(m-1)if and only if r=k;G3=GL(m,Zpk)if and only if r=0.(ⅳ)AntG/ζG,ζG/G’G≌AutG/ζG,ζG/G’G■Zpk(m),If m=0,then AntG/ζG,ζG/G’G=Inn G≌Zpk(2n);If m>0,then AntG/ζG,ζG/G’G≌Zpk(2nm)×Zpk-r(2n),and AutG/ζG,ζG G/Inn G≌Zpk((2n(m-1))×Zpk-r(2n).

Survey on Lie Group Machine Learning

Lie group machine learning is recognized as the theoretical basis of brain intelligence,brain learning,higher machine learning,and higher artificial intelligence.Sample sets of Lie group matrices are widely available in practical applications.Lie group learning is a vibrant field of increasing importance and extraordinary potential and thus needs to be developed further.This study aims to provide a comprehensive survey on recent advances in Lie group machine learning.We introduce Lie group machine learning techniques in three major categories:supervised Lie group machine learning,semisupervised Lie group machine learning,and unsupervised Lie group machine learning.In addition,we introduce the special application of Lie group machine learning in image processing.This work covers the following techniques:Lie group machine learning model,Lie group subspace orbit generation learning,symplectic group learning,quantum group learning,Lie group fiber bundle learning,Lie group cover learning,Lie group deep structure learning,Lie group semisupervised learning,Lie group kernel learning,tensor learning,frame bundle connection learning,spectral estimation learning,Finsler geometric learning,homology boundary learning,category representation learning,and neuromorphic synergy learning.Overall,this survey aims to provide an insightful overview of state-of-the-art development in the field of Lie group machine learning.It will enable researchers to comprehensively understand the state of the field,identify the most appropriate tools for particular applications,and identify directions for future research.

A Class of Finite Resistant p-Groups

A finite p-group P is called resistant if, for any finite group G having P as a Sylow p-group,the normalizer N_G(P) controls p-fusion in G. Let P be a central extension as 1→ Z_(p^m)→ P→ Z_p × · · · × Z_p→1,and |P'|≤p,m≥2. The purpose of this paper is to prove that P is resistant.

The Automorphism Group of a Class of Nilpotent Groups with Infinite Cyclic Derived Subgroups

The automorphism group of a class of nilpotent groups with infinite cyclic derived subgroups is determined. Let G be the direct product of a generalized extraspecial E-group E and a free abelian group A with rank m, where E={{1 kα1 kα2…kαn aα＋1 0 1 0 … 0 αn＋2 0 0 0 … 1 α2n＋1 0 0 0 …0 1}}αi∈Z,i=1,2,…,2n＋1},where k is a positive integer. Let AutG＇G be the normal subgroup of AutG consisting of all elements of AutG which act trivially on the derived subgroup G＇ of G, and Autc G/ζG,ζGG be the normal subgroup of AutG consisting of all central automorphisms of G which also act trivially on the center ζG of G. Then （i） The extension →AutG＇G→AutG→AutG＇→1 is split.（ii）AutG＇G/AutG/ζG,ζGG≈Sp（2n,Z）×（GL（m,Z）×（Z）m）,（iii）Aut GζG,ζGG/InnG≈（Zk）2n＋（Z）2nm.

FEEDBACK REALIZATION OF HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

This paper investigates the relationship between state feedback and Hamiltonian realization. First, it is proved that a completely controllable linear system always has a state feedback state equation Hamiltonian realization. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for it to have a Hamiltonian realization with natural output. Then some conditions for an affine nonlinear system to have a Hamiltonian realization are given. For generalized outputs, the conditions of the feedback, keeping Hamiltonian, are discussed. Finally, the admissible feedback controls for generalized Hamiltonian systems are considered.

ON GENERALIZED HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

The purpose of this paper is to explore an extension of some fundamental properties of the Hamiltonian systems to a more general case. We first extend symplectic group to a general N- group, GN, and prove that it has certain similar properties. A particular property of GN is that as a Lie group dim (GN)≥1. Certain properties of its Lie-algebra 9N are investigated. The results obtained are used to investigate the structure-preserving systems, which generalize the property of symplectic form preserving of Hamiltonian system to a covariant tensor field preserving of certain dynamic systems. The results provide a theoretical benchmark of applying symplectic algorithm to a considerably larger class of structure-preserving systems.