On the functions of astrocyte-mediated neuronal slow inward currents

Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of astrocytes.These events are significantly slower than the excitatory postsynaptic currents.Parameters of slow inward currents are determined by seve ral factors including the mechanisms of astrocytic activation and glutamate release,as well as the diffusion pathways from the release site towards the extra synaptic recepto rs.Astrocytes are stimulated by neuronal network activity,which in turn excite neurons,forming an astrocyte-neuron feedback loop.Mostly as a consequence of brain edema,astrocytic swelling can also induce slow inward currents under pathological conditions.There is a growing body of evidence on the roles of slow inward currents on a single neuron or local network level.These events often occur in synchro ny on neurons located in the same astrocytic domain.Besides synchronization of neuronal excitability,slow inward currents also set synaptic strength via eliciting timing-dependent synaptic plasticity.In addition,slow inward currents are also subject to non-synaptic plasticity triggered by long-la sting stimulation of the excitatory inputs.Of note,there might be important regionspecific differences in the roles and actions triggering slow inward currents.In greater networks,the pathophysiological roles of slow inward currents can be better understood than physiological ones.Slow inward currents are identified in the pathophysiological background of autism,as slow inward currents drive early hypersynchrony of the neural networks.Slow inward currents are significant contributors to paroxysmal depolarizational shifts/interictal spikes.These events are related to epilepsy,but also found in Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and stroke,leading to the decline of cognitive functions.Events with features overlapping with slow inward currents(excitatory,N-methyl-Daspartate-receptor mediated currents with astrocytic contribution) as ischemic currents and spreading depolarization also have a well-known pathophysiological role in worsening consequences of stroke,traumatic brain injury,or epilepsy.One might assume that slow inward currents occurring with low frequency under physiological conditions might contribute to synaptic plasticity and memory formation.However,to state this,more experimental evidence from greater neuronal networks or the level of the individual is needed.In this review,I aimed to summarize findings on slow inward currents and to speculate on the potential functions of it.

Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Analytic Calculation Part III: Influence on the Torque-speed Characteristic

The harmonics that appear in the squirrel cage asynchronous machine have been discussed in great detail in the literature for a long time. However, the systematization of the phenomenon is still pending, so we made an attempt to fill this gap in the previous parts of our study by elaborating formulas for calculation of parasitic torques. It was a general demand among those who work in this field towards the author to verify his formulas with measurements. In the literature, it seems,only one detailed, purposeful series of measurements has been published so far, the purpose of which was to investigate the effect of the number of rotor slots on the torque-speed characteristic curve of the machine. The main goal of this study is to verify the correctness of the formulas by comparing them with the referred series of measurements. Relying on this, the expected synchronous parasitic torques were developed for the frequently used rotor slot numbers-as a design guide for the engineer.Thus, together with our complete table for radial magnetic pull published in our previous work, the designer has all the principles, data and formulas available for the right number of rotor slots for his given machine and for the drive system. This brings this series of papers to an end.

基于CEEMDAN-HT的永磁同步电机匝间短路振动信号故障特征提取研究

由于长时间处于高负荷运行状态,永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM)定子绕组线圈匝与匝之间的绝缘性能容易降低,导致出现匝间短路,此时电机的振动强度会发生改变。针对此现象,提出将自适应噪声完备经验模态分解(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, CEEMDAN)与希尔伯特变换(Hilbert transform, HT)结合,构成一种CEEMDAN-HT非线性信号分析方法,并将其应用于提取振动信号故障特征。首先,利用CEEMDAN算法分解振动信号,得到一系列本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF),并将主元分析中的方差贡献率用于识别包含故障特征信息的IMF。其次,使用HT对方差贡献率较高的IMF进行分析,并以三维联合时频图呈现时间、瞬时频率与幅值,得到了主要故障特征。最后,使用ANSYS有限元软件建立了电机短路故障模型,并搭建了短路故障试验平台,通过对比有限元仿真结果与试验结果,对提出的方法进行了有效性和准确性验证。

MEMS Huygens Clock Based on Synchronized Micromechanical Resonators

With the continuous miniaturization of electronic devices,microelectromechanical system(MEMS)oscillators that can be combined with integrated circuits have attracted increasing attention.This study reports a MEMS Huygens clock based on the synchronization principle,comprising two synchronized MEMS oscillators and a frequency compensation system.The MEMS Huygens clock improved shorttime stability,improving the Allan deviation by a factor of 3.73 from 19.3 to 5.17 ppb at 1 s.A frequency compensation system based on the MEMS oscillator’s temperature-frequency characteristics was developed to compensate for the frequency shift of the MEMS Huygens clock by controlling the resonator current.This effectively improved the long-term stability of the oscillator,with the Allan deviation improving by 1.6343105 times to 30.9 ppt at 6000 s.The power consumption for compensating both oscillators simultaneously is only 2.85 mW·℃^(-1).Our comprehensive solution scheme provides a novel and precise engineering solution for achieving high-precision MEMS oscillators and extends synchronization applications in MEMS.

Dynamics and synchronization of neural models with memristive membranes under energy coupling

Dynamical modeling of neural systems plays an important role in explaining and predicting some features of biophysical mechanisms.The electrophysiological environment inside and outside of the nerve cell is different.Due to the continuous and periodical properties of electromagnetic fields in the cell during its operation,electronic components involving two capacitors and a memristor are effective in mimicking these physical features.In this paper,a neural circuit is reconstructed by two capacitors connected by a memristor with periodical mem-conductance.It is found that the memristive neural circuit can present abundant firing patterns without stimulus.The Hamilton energy function is deduced using the Helmholtz theorem.Further,a neuronal network consisting of memristive neurons is proposed by introducing energy coupling.The controllability and flexibility of parameters give the model the ability to describe the dynamics and synchronization behavior of the system.

Dynamical behaviors in discrete memristor-coupled small-world neuronal networks

The brain is a complex network system in which a large number of neurons are widely connected to each other and transmit signals to each other.The memory characteristic of memristors makes them suitable for simulating neuronal synapses with plasticity.In this paper,a memristor is used to simulate a synapse,a discrete small-world neuronal network is constructed based on Rulkov neurons and its dynamical behavior is explored.We explore the influence of system parameters on the dynamical behaviors of the discrete small-world network,and the system shows a variety of firing patterns such as spiking firing and triangular burst firing when the neuronal parameterαis changed.The results of a numerical simulation based on Matlab show that the network topology can affect the synchronous firing behavior of the neuronal network,and the higher the reconnection probability and number of the nearest neurons,the more significant the synchronization state of the neurons.In addition,by increasing the coupling strength of memristor synapses,synchronization performance is promoted.The results of this paper can boost research into complex neuronal networks coupled with memristor synapses and further promote the development of neuroscience.

Effects of asymmetric coupling and boundary on the dynamic behaviors of a random nearest neighbor coupled system

This study investigates the dynamical behaviors of nearest neighbor asymmetric coupled systems in a confined space.First, the study derivative analytical stability and synchronization conditions for the asymmetrically coupled system in an unconfined space, which are then validated through numerical simulations. Simulation results show that asymmetric coupling has a significant impact on synchronization conditions. Moreover, it is observed that irrespective of whether the system is confined, an increase in coupling asymmetry leads to a hastened synchronization pace. Additionally, the study examines the effects of boundaries on the system's collective behaviors via numerical experiments. The presence of boundaries ensures the system's stability and synchronization, and reducing these boundaries can expedite the synchronization process and amplify its effects. Finally, the study reveals that the system's output amplitude exhibits stochastic resonance as the confined boundary size increases.

A frequency domain estimation and compensation method for system synchronization parameters of distributed-HFSWR

To analyze the influence of time synchronization error,phase synchronization error,frequency synchronization error,internal delay of the transceiver system,and range error and angle error between the unit radars on the target detection performance,firstly,a spatial detection model of distributed high-frequency surface wave radar(distributed-HFSWR)is established in this paper.In this model,a method for accurate extraction of direct wave spectrum based on curve fitting is proposed to obtain accurate system internal delay and frequency synchronization error under complex electromagnetic environment background and low signal to noise ratio(SNR),and to compensate for the shift of range and Doppler frequency caused by time-frequency synchronization error.The direct wave component is extracted from the spectrum,the range estimation error and Doppler estimation error are reduced by the method of curve fitting,and the fitting accuracy of the parameters is improved.Then,the influence of frequency synchronization error on target range and radial Doppler velocity is quantitatively analyzed.The relationship between frequency synchronization error and radial Doppler velocity shift and range shift is given.Finally,the system synchronization parameters of the trial distributed-HFSWR are obtained by the proposed spectrum extraction method based on curve fitting,the experimental data is compensated to correct the shift of the target,and finally the correct target parameter information is obtained.Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the superiority and correctness of the proposed method,theoretical derivation and detection model proposed in this paper.

Chimera states of phase oscillator populations with nonlocal higher-order couplings

The chimera states underlying many realistic dynamical processes have attracted ample attention in the area of dynamical systems.Here, we generalize the Kuramoto model with nonlocal coupling incorporating higher-order interactions encoded with simplicial complexes.Previous works have shown that higher-order interactions promote coherent states.However, we uncover the fact that the introduced higher-order couplings can significantly enhance the emergence of the incoherent state.Remarkably, we identify that the chimera states arise as a result of multi-attractors in dynamic states.Importantly, we review that the increasing higher-order interactions can significantly shape the emergent probability of chimera states.All the observed results can be well described in terms of the dimension reduction method.This study is a step forward in highlighting the importance of nonlocal higher-order couplings, which might provide control strategies for the occurrence of spatial-temporal patterns in networked systems.

Digital Twin Modeling Enabled Machine Tool Intelligence:A Review

Machine tools,often referred to as the“mother machines”of the manufacturing industry,are crucial in developing smart manufacturing and are increasingly becoming more intelligent.Digital twin technology can promote machine tool intelligence and has attracted considerable research interest.However,there is a lack of clear and systematic analyses on how the digital twin technology enables machine tool intelligence.Herein,digital twin modeling was identified as an enabling technology for machine tool intelligence based on a comparative study of the characteristics of machine tool intelligence and digital twin.The review then delves into state-of-the-art digital twin modelingenabled machine tool intelligence,examining it from the aspects of data-based modeling and mechanism-data dual-driven modeling.Additionally,it highlights three bottleneck issues facing the field.Considering these problems,the architecture of a digital twin machine tool(DTMT)is proposed,and three key technologies are expounded in detail:Data perception and fusion technology,mechanism-data-knowledge hybrid-driven digital twin modeling and virtual-real synchronization technology,and dynamic optimization and collaborative control technology for multilevel parameters.Finally,future research directions for the DTMT are discussed.This work can provide a foundation basis for the research and implementation of digital-twin modeling-enabled machine tool intelligence,making it significant for developing intelligent machine tools.

Dynamics and synchronization in a memristor-coupled discrete heterogeneous neuron network considering noise

Research on discrete memristor-based neural networks has received much attention.However,current research mainly focuses on memristor–based discrete homogeneous neuron networks,while memristor-coupled discrete heterogeneous neuron networks are rarely reported.In this study,a new four-stable discrete locally active memristor is proposed and its nonvolatile and locally active properties are verified by its power-off plot and DC V–I diagram.Based on two-dimensional(2D)discrete Izhikevich neuron and 2D discrete Chialvo neuron,a heterogeneous discrete neuron network is constructed by using the proposed discrete memristor as a coupling synapse connecting the two heterogeneous neurons.Considering the coupling strength as the control parameter,chaotic firing,periodic firing,and hyperchaotic firing patterns are revealed.In particular,multiple coexisting firing patterns are observed,which are induced by different initial values of the memristor.Phase synchronization between the two heterogeneous neurons is discussed and it is found that they can achieve perfect synchronous at large coupling strength.Furthermore,the effect of Gaussian white noise on synchronization behaviors is also explored.We demonstrate that the presence of noise not only leads to the transition of firing patterns,but also achieves the phase synchronization between two heterogeneous neurons under low coupling strength.

Synchronization and firing mode transition of two neurons in a bilateral auditory system driven by a high–low frequency signal

The FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron circuit integrates a piezoelectric ceramic to form a piezoelectric sensing neuron,which can capture external sound signals and simulate the auditory neuron system.Two piezoelectric sensing neurons are coupled by a parallel circuit consisting of a Josephson junction and a linear resistor,and a binaural auditory system is established.Considering the non-singleness of external sound sources,the high–low frequency signal is used as the input signal to study the firing mode transition and synchronization of this system.It is found that the angular frequency of the high–low frequency signal is a key factor in determining whether the dynamic behaviors of two coupled neurons are synchronous.When they are in synchronization at a specific angular frequency,the changes in physical parameters of the input signal and the coupling strength between them will not destroy their synchronization.In addition,the firing mode of two coupled auditory neurons in synchronization is affected by the characteristic parameters of the high–low frequency signal rather than the coupling strength.The asynchronous dynamic behavior and variations in firing modes will harm the auditory system.These findings could help determine the causes of hearing loss and devise functional assistive devices for patients.

Quantum synchronization with correlated baths

We study quantum synchronization under the nonequilibrium reservoirs.We consider a two-qubit XXZ chain coupled independently to their own reservoirs modeled by the collisional model.Two reservoir particles,initially prepared in a thermal state or a state with coherence,are correlated through a unitary transformation and afterward interact locally with the two quantum subsystems.We study the quantum effect of reservoir on synchronous dynamics of system.By preparing different reservoir initial states or manipulating the reservoir particles coupling and the temperature gradient,we find that quantum entanglement of reservoir is the key to control quantum synchronization of system qubits.

Dynamical behavior of memristor-coupled heterogeneous discrete neural networks with synaptic crosstalk

Synaptic crosstalk is a prevalent phenomenon among neuronal synapses,playing a crucial role in the transmission of neural signals.Therefore,considering synaptic crosstalk behavior and investigating the dynamical behavior of discrete neural networks are highly necessary.In this paper,we propose a heterogeneous discrete neural network(HDNN)consisting of a three-dimensional KTz discrete neuron and a Chialvo discrete neuron.These two neurons are coupled mutually by two discrete memristors and the synaptic crosstalk is considered.The impact of crosstalk strength on the firing behavior of the HDNN is explored through bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents.It is observed that the HDNN exhibits different coexisting attractors under varying crosstalk strengths.Furthermore,the influence of different crosstalk strengths on the synchronized firing of the HDNN is investigated,revealing a gradual attainment of phase synchronization between the two discrete neurons as the crosstalk strength decreases.

Geometric Error Identification of Gantry-Type CNC Machine Tool Based on Multi-Station Synchronization Laser Tracers

Laser tracers are a three-dimensional coordinate measurement system that are widely used in industrial measurement.We propose a geometric error identification method based on multi-station synchronization laser tracers to enable the rapid and high-precision measurement of geometric errors for gantry-type computer numerical control(CNC)machine tools.This method also improves on the existing measurement efficiency issues in the single-base station measurement method and multi-base station time-sharing measurement method.We consider a three-axis gantry-type CNC machine tool,and the geometric error mathematical model is derived and established based on the combination of screw theory and a topological analysis of the machine kinematic chain.The four-station laser tracers position and measurement points are realized based on the multi-point positioning principle.A self-calibration algorithm is proposed for the coordinate calibration process of a laser tracer using the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares method,and the geometric error is solved using Taylor’s first-order linearization iteration.The experimental results show that the geometric error calculated based on this modeling method is comparable to the results from the Etalon laser tracer.For a volume of 800 mm×1000 mm×350 mm,the maximum differences of the linear,angular,and spatial position errors were 2.0μm,2.7μrad,and 12.0μm,respectively,which verifies the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.This research proposes a modeling method for the precise measurement of errors in machine tools,and the applied nature of this study also makes it relevant both to researchers and those in the industrial sector.

Proposal for a realtime Einstein-synchronization-defined satellite virtual clock

Realization of high performance satellite onboard clock is vital for various positioning, navigation, and timing applications. For further improvement of the synchronization-based satellite time and frequency references, we propose a geosynchronous(GEO) satellite virtual clock concept based on ground–satellite synchronization and present a beacon transponder structure for its implementation(scheduled for launch in 2025), which does not require atomic clocks to be mounted on the satellite. Its high performance relies only on minor modifications to the existing transponder structure of GEO satellites. We carefully model the carrier phase link and analyze the factors causing link asymmetry within the special relativity. Considering that performance of such synchronization-based satellite clocks is primarily limited by the link's random phase noise, which cannot be adequately modeled, we design a closed-loop experiment based on commercial GEO satellites for pre-evaluation. This experiment aims at extracting the zero-means random part of the ground-satellite Ku-band carrier phase via a feedback loop. Ultimately, we obtain a 1σ value of 0.633 ps(two-way link), following the Gaussian distribution. From this result, we conclude that the proposed real-time Einstein-synchronization-defined satellite virtual clock can achieve picosecond-level replication of onboard time and frequency.

A step to the decentralized real-time timekeeping network

The composite time scale(CTS) provides an accurate and stable time-frequency reference for modern science and technology. Conventional CTS always features a centralized network topology, which means that the CTS is accompanied by a local master clock. This largely restricts the stability and reliability of the CTS. We simulate the restriction and analyze the influence of the master clock on the CTS. It proves that the CTS's long-term stability is also positively related to that of the master clock, until the region dominated by the frequency drift of the H-maser(averaging time longer than ~10~5s).Aiming at this restriction, a real-time clock network is utilized. Based on the network, a real-time CTS referenced by a stable remote master clock is achieved. The experiment comparing two real-time CTSs referenced by a local and a remote master clock respectively reveals that under open-loop steering, the stability of the CTS is improved by referencing to a remote and more stable master clock instead of a local and less stable master clock. In this way, with the help of the proposed scheme, the CTS can be referenced to the most stable master clock within the network in real time, no matter whether it is local or remote, making democratic polycentric timekeeping possible.

Transient Damping of Virtual Synchronous Generator for Enhancing Synchronization Stability during Voltage Dips

Virtual synchronous generators(VSGs)are widely introduced to the renewable power generation,the variablespeed pumped storage units,and so on,as a promising gridforming solution.It is noted that VSGs can provide virtual inertia for frequency support,but the larger inertia would worsen the synchronization stability,referring to keeping synchronization with the grid during voltage dips.Thus,this paper presents a transient damping method of VSGs for enhancing the synchronization stability during voltage dips.It is revealed that the loss of synchronization(LOS)of VSGs always accompanies with the positive frequency deviation and the damping is the key factor to remove LOS when the equilibrium point exists.In order to enhance synchronization stability during voltage dips,the transient damping is proposed,which is generated by the frequency deviation in active power loop.Additionally,the proposed method can realize seamless switching between normal state and grid fault.Moreover,detailed control design for transient damping gain is given to ensure the synchronization stability under different inertia requirements during voltage dips.Finally,the experimental results are presented to validate the analysis and the effectiveness of the improved transient damping method.

The First Five Years of a Phase Theory for Complex Systems and Networks

In this paper,we review the development of a phase theory for systems and networks in its first five years,represented by a trilogy:Matrix phases and their properties;The MIMO LTI system phase response,its physical interpretations,the small phase theorem,and the sectored real lemma;The synchronization of a multi-agent network using phase alignment.Towards the end,we also summarize a list of ongoing research on the phase theory and speculate what will happen in the next five years.