Chitosan-Pectin Synergistic Interaction and Gelation

Mixed gels of chitosan-pectin were prepared by varying the ratio of constituents in the presence of NaCl. Mixed gel at 3%of total polysaccharide concentration with addtion of 12%NaCl showed a synergistic maximum when the ratio of chitosan to pectin was 60: 40. The effect of the polysaccharide concentration, the preparation temperature (T p), the time of incubation, balk salt concentration, the molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan on gelation have been studied. Interaction mechanism between molecules of both polysaccharides was investigated by FT-IR spectrometry.

SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS ON PHENOL ADSORPTION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY POLYMERIC ADSORBENTS

In this paper,the adsorption behaviors of phenol on polymeric adsorbents(Amberlite XAD4,NDA101,and D301) were investigated in batch system at 293,303,and 313 K,respectively.As the results shown,the adsorption isotherms of phenol on all adsorbents can be well fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich equations,which indicate a favorable and exothermic process.The adsorption capacity on a newly developed aminated adsorbent,NDA101,on which adsorption could be achieved by both hydrogen bonding interaction and π-π interaction,are higher than that on a weak base adsorbent,D301,on which adsorption could be achieved by hydrogen bonding interaction only,and on a nonpolar adsorbent,XAD4,on which adsorption could be achieved by π-π interaction only.The results of this paper indicate that the synergistic effect of some weak interactions,which occur simultaneously would contribute more to the adsorption than that occur individually.

Enhanced electrochemical CO_(2)-to-C_(2+) conversion from synergistic interaction between terrace and step sites on monocrystalline highindex Cu facets

1. Introduction The increasing global demand for sustainable energy sources and emerging environmental issues have pushed the development of energy conversion and storage technologies to the forefront of chemical research [1,2]. In particular, electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2) R) to value-added fuels and chemicals presents a feasible pathway for renewable energy storage and could help mitigate the ever-increasing CO_(2) emissions [3].

Perspectives of breast cancer etiology: synergistic interaction between smoking and exogenous hormone use

To explore breast cancer etiology, literature was searched using Medline. We explored the (1) plausibility of smoking in breast carcinogenesis; (2) physiological properties, susceptibility windows, and exposure timing of breast cells; (3) role of exogenous hormones in breast carcinogenesis; (4) biological mechanism of synergistic interactions between smoking and exogenous hormones in breast carcinogenesis; and (5) evidence from epidemiologic studies and the fitted secular trend between smoking rate, exogenous hormone use, and breast cancer incidence in past decades. We deduced that exogenous hormone use per se is not a significant cause and its association with breast cancer is distorted by chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens, especially smoking. We hypothesize that smoking is one of the causes of breast cancer and that this causality is strengthened by synergistic interaction between smoking and exogenous hormone use. Physicians should be cautious of prescribing exogenous hormones for those with chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens to prevent breast cancer.

Inhibitory effect of procyanidin B2 and tannin acid on cholesterol esterase and their synergistic effect with orlistat

This study was aimed to analyze the effect of procyanidin B2(PC)and tannin acid(TA)on the activities of cholesterol esterase(CEase)and the inhibitory mechanisms of enzymatic activity.The interaction mechanisms were investigated by enzymatic kinetics,multi-spectroscopy methods,thermodynamics analysis,molecular docking,and dynamic simulations.PC and TA could bind with CEase and inhibit the activity of enzyme in a mixed-competitive manner and non-competitive manner,which was verified by molecular docking simulations and dynamics simulations.Also,PC and TA showed the synergistic inhibition with orlistat.Fluorescence,UVvis and the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the complexes were formed from CEase and inhibitors by noncovalent interaction.As revealed by the circular dichroism results,both PC and TA decreased enzymatic activities by altering the conformations of CEase.The inhibition of PC and TA on CEase might be one mechanism for its cholesterol-lowering effect.

Synergistic effects between Suilllus luteus and Trichoderma virens on growth of Korean spruce seedlings and drought resistance of Scotch pine seedlings

Korean spruce （Picea koraiensis Sieb. E1 Zucc.） is one of the main afforestation species in northern China. Seedling quality is a critical factor at planting time. To test whether the synergistic growth enhancement of Scotch pine （P. sylvestris var. mongolica） seedlings brought by the plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens （J.H. Mill., Giddens and A.A. Foster） Arx and ectomycorrhizal fungus （Suillus luteus （L.） Roussel.） can also benefit Korean spruce seed- lings, we examined the effects of S. luteus and T. virens on the growth of P. koraiensis seedlings and drought resistance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in peat soils. The two fungi were added to sterilized peat soil in pots, and the plants were grown for 4 months. Seedling growth and physiological variables, including mycorrhizal colonization rate of roots, biomass, and chlorophyll content, were examined. The colonization rate of the mycorrhizal fungus on P. koraiensis exceeded 65 %, and the synergism between S. luteus and T. virens enhanced most of the variables for P. koraiensis seedlings after inoculation with S. luteus then 30 days later with T. virens as in our published results for seedlings of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. When seedlings of P. sylvestris var. mongolica were inoculated with this sequence, they became more drought tolerant. T. virens also induced S. luteus to produce -l,3-glucanase and chitinase. This inocu- lation sequence at planting can thus improve the quality of P. sylvestris var. mongolica and P. koraiensis seedlings and substantiates our previous results.

Boosting chiral carboxylic acid hydrogenation by tuning metal-MO_(x)-support interaction in Pt-ReO_(x)/TiO_(2) catalysts

Engineering the surface microenvironment by tuning the binary interactions between a supported metal with a secondary metal oxide(MO_(x))or support has been a common method for improving the catalytic performance of supported metal catalysts.However,few studies have investigated the ternary interactions among the metal,MO_(x),and support.Here,we report for the first time the formation of metal-MO_(x)-support interaction(MMSI)in reducible TiO_(2)-supported PtReO_(x) catalysts,affording 87% yield and 100% ee in the tandem hydrogenation of an aqueous chiral cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid into the corresponding diol;the catalytic activity is eight times higher than that obtained with non-reducible support counterparts in the same reaction via traditional batch synthesis with multiple steps and unfriendly reagents.Detailed experimental and computational studies suggest that the TiO_(2) crystalline phase-dependent density of the oxygen vacancies induces different Pt-ReO_(x)-TiO_(2) interactions,which dominate the electron transfer therein and tune the adsorption strength of the carbonyl moiety of the substrate/intermediate,thus promoting the hydrogenation activity and selectivity.In addition,the strong MMSI endows the optimal rutile TiO_(2) supported PtReO_(x) catalyst with an outstanding lifetime of 400 h in a fixed-bed reactor under acidic aqueous conditions and ensures efficient applications in the selective hydrogenation of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and functional carboxylic acids.This work provides a promising strategy for the development of efficient and stable supported catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of diverse C-O and C=O bonds.

Interaction of monopalmitate and carnauba wax on the properties and crystallization behavior of soybean oleogel

The aim of this work was to investigate the possible synergistic interaction between monopalmitate(MP)and carnauba wax(CW)on the properties and crystallization behavior of oleogels.The soybean oleogels were prepared from MP and CW,and were characterized by oil binding capacity(OBC),solid fat content(SFC)and isothermal crystallization.The results showed that the OBC of the prepared oleogels changed in a W-shape trend with the increase of CW content.The mass ratio of MP and CW greatly affected the SFC.At 40,50 and 60°C,the SFC of these oleogels showed a slight deep eutectic effect with the increase of CW content in the gelators.The mass ratio of MP to CW also apparently affected the peak temperature and enthalpy during the crystallization and melting process analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter.The hysteresis occurring in the study indicated that crystallization temperature was lower than melting temperature and crystallization enthalpy was higher than melting enthalpy.The isothermal crystallization of these oleogels was characterized by Avrami equation,the Avrami exponent(n)and the apparent crystallization constant(k)of these oleogels were affected by the mass ratio of MP to CW as well as the crystallization temperature.Great difference in the values of n and k between the MP(or CW)oleogel and these oleogels suggested that the crystal growth mechanism had changed.However,the factor k for the oleogel formed of MP and CW with a mass ratio of 2:8 was about 1,unaffected by the crystallization temperature.From these results,we could deduce that the synergistic interaction between MP and CW did happen and affect the properties and crystallization behavior of these oleogels.

Targeting and signaling of Rho of plants guanosine triphosphatases require synergistic interaction between guanine nucleotide inhibitor and vesicular trafficking

Most eukaryotic cells are polarized.Common toolbox regulating cell polarization includes Rho gua-nosine triphosphatases(GTPases),in which spatio-temporal activation is regulated by a plethora of reg-ulators.Rho of plants(ROPs)are the only Rho GTPases in plants.Although vesicular trafficking was hinted in the regulation of ROPs,it was unclear where vesicle-carried ROP starts,whether it is dynamically regulated,and which components participate in vesicle-mediated ROP targeting.In addition,although vesicle trafficking and guanine nucleotide inhibitor(GDI)pathways in Rho signaling have been extensively studied in yeast,it is unknown whether the two pathways interplay.Unclear are also cellular and developmental con-sequences of their interaction in multicellular organisms.Here,we show that the dynamic targeting of ROP through vesicles requires coat protein complexⅡand ADP-ribosylation factor 1-mediated post-Golgi trafficking.Trafficking of vesicle-carried ROPs between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network is mediated through adaptor protein 1 and sterol-mediated endocytosis.Finally,we show that GDI and vesicle trafficking synergistically regulate cell polar-ization and ROP targeting,suggesting that the estab-lishment and maintenance of cell polarity is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.

Autophagy mediates a direct synergistic interaction during cotransmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors

Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Here,we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus(RGDV)facilitates the transmission of rice stripe mosaic rhabdovirus(RSMV)by co-infected leafhopper vectors.RSMV nucleoprotein(N)alone activates complete anti-viral autophagy,while RGDV nonstructural protein Pns11 alone induces pro-viral incomplete autophagy.In co-infected vectors,RSMVexploits Pns11-induced autophagosomes to assemble enveloped virions via N-Pns11-ATG5 interaction.Furthermore,RSMV could effectively propagate in Sf9 cells.Expression of Pns11 in Sf9 cells or leafhopper vectors causes the recruitment of N from the ER to Pns11-induced autophagosomes and inhibits N-induced complete autophagic flux,finally facilitating RSMV propagation.In summary,these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of autophagy in the regulation of the direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced autophagosomes in rhabdovirus assembly.

ORA59 and EIN3 interaction couples jasmonate-ethylene synergistic action to antagonistic salicylic acid regulation of PDF expression

Hormonal crosstalk is central for tailoring plant responses to the nature of challenges encountered. The role of antagonism between the two major defense hormones, salicylic acid （SA） and jasmonic acid （JA）, and modulation of this interplay by ethylene （ET） in favor of JA signaling pathway in plant stress responses is well recognized, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show the opposing function of two transcription factors, ethylene insensitive3 （EIN3） and EIN3-Like1 （EIL1）, in SA-mediated suppression and JA- mediated activation of PLANT DEFENSINI.2 （PDFI.2）. This functional duality is mediated via their effect on protein, not transcript levels of the PDF1.2 transcriptional activator octadecanoid-responsive Arabidopsis59 （ORA59）. Specifically, JA induces ORA59 protein levels independently of EIN3/EIL1, whereas SA reduces the protein levels dependently of EIN3/EIL1. Co-infiltration assays revealed nuclear co-localization of ORA59 and EIN3, and split- luciferase together with yeast-two-hybrid assays established their physical interaction. The functional ramification of the physical interaction is EIN3-dependent degradation of ORA59 by the 26S proteasome. These findings allude to SA-responsive reduction of ORA59 levels mediated by EIN3 binding to and targeting of ORA59 for degrada4tion, thus nominating ORA59 pool as a coordination node for the antagonistic function of ET/JA and SA.

Synergistic effects of CeO_(2)/Cu_(2)O on CO catalytic oxidation:Electronic interaction and oxygen defect

For CO catalytic oxidation,Cu and Ce species are of great importance,between which the synergistic effect is worth investigating.In this work,CeO_(2)/Cu_(2)O with Cu_(2)O{111}and{100}planes were comparatively explored on CO catalytic oxidation to reveal the effects of interfacial electronic interactions and oxygen defects.The activity result demonstrates that CeO_(2)/o-Cu_(2)O{111}has superior performance compared with CeO_(2)/c-Cu_(2)O{100}.Credit to the coordination unsaturated copper atoms(Cu_(CUS))on oCu_(2)O{111}surface,the interfacial electronic interactions on CeO_(2)/o-Cu_(2)O{111}are more obvious than those on CeO_(2)/c-Cu_(2)O{100},leading to richer oxygen defect generation,better redox and activation abilities of CO and O_(2)reactants.Furthermore,the reaction mechanism of CeO_(2)/o-Cu_(2)O{111}on CO oxidation is revealed,i.e.,CO and O_(2)are adsorbed on the Cucus on Cu_(2)O{111}and oxygen defect of CeO_(2),respectively,and then synergistically promote the CO oxidation to CO_(2).The work sheds light on the designing optimized ceria and copper-based catalysts and the mechanism of CO oxidation.

Strong and tough graphene papers constructed with pyrene-containing small molecules via π-π/Hbonding synergistic interactions

Lightweight yet strong paper with high toughness is desirable especially for impact protection. Herein we demonstrated electrically conductive and mechanically robust paper(AP/PB-GP) made of reduced graphene oxide via interfacial crosslinking with 1-aminopyrene(AP) and 1-pyrenebutyrat(PB) small molecules. The AP/PB-GP with thickness of over ten micrometer delivers a record-high toughness(~69.67 ± 15.3 MJ m^(-3) in average), simultaneously with superior strength(close to 1 GPa), allowing an impressive specific penetration energy absorption(~0.17 MJ kg^(-1)) at high impact velocities when used for ballistic impact protection. Detailed interfacial and structural analysis reveals that the reinforcement is synergistically determined by π-π interaction and H-bonding linkage between adjacent graphene lamellae. Especially, the defective pores within the graphene platelets benefit the favorable adsorption of the pyrene-containing molecules, which imperatively maximizes the interfacial binding, facilitating deflecting crack and plastic deformation under loading. Density functional theory simulation suggests that the coupling between the polar functional groups, e.g., –COOH, at the edges of graphene platelets and –NH_(2) and –COOH of AP/PB are critical to the formation of hydrogen bonding network.

Control of flowering and inflorescence architecture in tomato bysynergistic interactions between ALOG transcription factors

Inflorescences are flower-bearing shoots that originate from pools of stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAM).Inflorescence architecture is determined by a process of meristem maturation,during which stem cell fate switches from a vegetative to a reproductive growth program.A major factor in plant reproductive success in nature and yield in agriculture is the number of branches and flowers on inflorescences (Kobayashi and Weigel,2007;

关于江苏滨海盐碱地植物生态修复与固碳增汇协同增效的思考与建议

江苏盐碱地资源丰富,但是生态环境脆弱,利用其营建人工林,在修复生态环境的同时增加生态系统碳汇能力是实现生态文明建设和“双碳”目标的必然选择。综合分析了推动江苏滨海盐碱地植物生态修复与固碳增汇协同的现实背景,以及实现两者协同增效面临的问题,并从厘清滨海盐碱地植物资源底数、选育耐盐碱高固碳树种、完善生态系统服务功能评价体系和构建生态修复与固碳增汇协同专题数据库等4个方面提出了对策建议,旨在为江苏滨海地区生态修复及林业碳汇功能的最大化发挥提供技术支撑,加速“美丽江苏”建设与“碳中和”目标的实现。

推进宏观政策与就业政策协同联动:一个分析框架

增强宏观政策的取向一致性是当前以及未来一段时期内完善宏观调控体系和促进高质量充分就业的重要着力点。通过构建一个宏观政策与就业政策协同联动的理论分析框架,阐述了宏观政策与就业政策的目标之间可能存在三大权衡,表明增强政策协同非常重要。而经济运行机制本身的复杂性以及政策在复杂经济中传导的非线性和迟滞性特征,进一步强化了政策协同联动的必要性。考虑到当前我国宏观经济周期的主导性冲击来自需求收缩,从增强宏观政策与就业政策的目标协同、政策工具联动和动态调整机制三个方面提出了政策建议。

接触氧化除铁除锰工艺中微生物的协同作用

以辽宁农村地区二个典型接触氧化除铁除锰水厂为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对工艺各单元的微生物群落结构进行分析.结果发现,接触氧化除铁除锰工艺各处理单元中的微生物群落结构显著不同,Proteobacteria(43.86%)是接触氧化除铁除锰工艺中的优势菌门,Gallionella和Flavobacterium是主要的除铁锰功能菌属.相关性分析结果表明,Rhodoferax(0.71%)和Sulfurospirillum(0.75%)等菌属与菌落总数,铁和锰浓度之间呈显著正相关关系,说明尽管其相对丰度较低,但仍在系统中发挥着不可或缺的作用.通过分子生态网络与拓扑特性的深入分析以及COGs功能预测,揭示了Gallionella,Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas和Rhodoferax等菌属间的协同作用关系.不同处理单元对微生物群落结构产生了显著影响,但对这些微生物的代谢影响较小,表明形成的微生物共存系统相对稳定,对水中铁锰离子的高效稳定去除有着重要作用.

黄河流域水-能源-生态系统协同增效战略体系构建研究

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家重大战略加快推进实施,流域水资源、能源、生态安全作为战略实施的核心要素、基础动力和约束性要求,三者形成互为基础、相互依存、彼此促进的有机整体.本文构建了水-能源-生态系统协同增效概念模型,评估了黄河流域水资源承载、生态系统质量、碳排放并揭示了其驱动因素,系统分析了黄河流域水-能源-生态系统之间的纽带关系,构建了黄河流域水-能源-生态系统协同增效战略体系.结果表明:(1)2021年黄河流域水资源严重超载,除青海省和四川省以外,其他7个省区水资源开发潜力很小;同时流域生态系统敏感脆弱、生态系统服务功能重要,极度、重度敏感区域面积占比共计52%,生态系统服务功能极重要、较重要区域面积占比共计63.2%.2005-2021年黄河流域CO_(2)排放量上升,但排放强度总体下降,青海省、甘肃省和山西省CO_(2)排放强度下降明显.(2)自然生态本底脆弱、天然河川径流量减少、供水量平稳但耗水量增加、用水结构不合理、上游用水效率不高、以煤为主的能源消费结构是导致黄河流域生态系统敏感、水资源超载、碳排放量增加的主要驱动因素.(3)黄河流域水-能源-生态系统相互依存、相互影响,具体表现在流域水量减少直接影响生态系统质量,干流人工化导致河流生态系统受损,水资源过度开发利用引发生态环境问题,忽略水资源承载的生态治理引发新问题,煤炭开采加剧水资源短缺造成生态恶化,能源利用效率较低不利于污染物和CO_(2)协同减排等方面.基于以上分析,提出以“刚性约束”为核心综合调控水资源、以“以水定绿”为核心实施一体保护修复、以“清洁低碳”为核心加快能源多元转型、以“联动增效”为核心推进流域协同治理、以“工程引领”为核心推动协同目标实现等对策措施.

胡萝卜、红甜椒、芹菜和紫甘蓝抗氧化相互作用

以4种蔬菜(胡萝卜、红甜椒、芹菜、紫甘蓝)为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定4种蔬菜提取物的酚类物质,测定4种蔬菜提取物的总酚、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素和花青素的含量,并对4种蔬菜提取物以不同质量比混合后的抗氧化相互作用进行分析。结果表明:红甜椒水溶性提取物中主要酚类物质为绿原酸、芦丁等;芹菜水溶性提取物主要有绿原酸、6-乙酰芹菜素等;紫甘蓝水溶性提取物主要有绿原酸、槲皮素-7-葡萄糖苷等;胡萝卜水溶性提取物主要有异阿魏酸。4种蔬菜提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力从强到弱依次为紫甘蓝>红甜椒>芹菜>胡萝卜;清除ABTS+·的能力从强到弱依次为紫甘蓝>芹菜>红甜椒>胡萝卜。当红甜椒、胡萝卜、芹菜与紫甘蓝提取物质量比为3∶1∶1∶1时,协同率达到最大,有较强的抗氧化协同作用。

高压均质化改性竹笋膳食纤维对虾糜凝胶特性及化学作用力的影响

为提高竹笋膳食纤维(bamboo shoot dietary fiber,BSDF)的利用率,采用高压均质法对其进行改性处理,探究不同高压均质条件(30、40、50 MPa和60 MPa)对BSDF水合性质和结晶度的影响以及添加高压均质化改性BSDF对虾糜热诱导凝胶强度、持水力、蛋白质二级结构、化学作用力及微观结构的影响。结果显示BSDF的持水力、持油力和膨胀力与压力总体呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但纤维颗粒粒径过小也会影响其与亲水基团等的结合,使吸水溶胀性降低;X射线衍射光谱和扫描电镜分析结果表明改性后的BSDF结晶度显著降低,纤维束状结构被破坏,呈现疏松多孔的结构。相比未改性BSDF,添加30、40、50 MPa和60 MPa高压均质处理BSDF的虾糜凝胶强度分别提高了10.04%、17.87%、28.76%和28.49%;持水力分别增加了3.48%、5.74%、13.04%和12.70%。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,添加改性BSDF虾糜凝胶的α-螺旋和无规卷曲含量降低,而β-折叠和β-转角含量显著增加,虾糜凝胶蛋白质二级结构更加稳定。化学作用力分析结果表明,改性BSDF促进了虾糜凝胶的疏水相互作用和二硫键的形成,其中添加50 MPa和60 MPa BSDF虾糜组上述作用力强于其他组别。扫描电镜观察结果表明,60 MPa组虾糜凝胶具有更加均匀致密的三维网络结构。综上,高压均质处理可提高BSDF的水合性质并降低其结晶度,显著提高虾糜的凝胶特性;本研究可为促进BSDF在虾糜凝胶体系中的应用提供理论基础。