Marginal cost pricing for coal fired electricity in coastal cities of China:The case of Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen City, China

By developing a GDMOD model to estimate the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation, this project provides a detailed analysis of the damages and costs caused by different pollutants at varying distances from the Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen, China. The major findings of this study can be summarized that (1) environmental damages caused by electricity production are large and are mainly imposed on regions far away from the electricity plant; (2) air pollution is the most significant contributor to the total damages, and SO_2, NOx, and particulate matter are the three major pollutants with highest damages; (3) the damages caused per unit of particulate, NOx, and SO_2 emissions are much higher than pollution treatment and prevention costs. The research results of this project showed that China needs to have a more effective levy system on SO_2, and a more manageable electricity tariff mechanism to internalize the environmental externalities. The results have also implications for pollution control strategies, compensation schemes as well as emission trading arrangements.

Chain Rule for Extracting Resilience Procurement Costs from Locational Marginal Prices

Power system resilience procurement costs in N-k contingencies have gained more prominence as number of extreme events continues to increase.A chain rule is presented in this paper for extracting resilience procurement costs from a fully decomposed locational marginal price(LMP)model.First,power transfer distribution factor(PTDF)matrices with AC power flow(i.e.,AC-PTDF)are determined.AC-PTDF and AC-LODF(line outage distribution factor)equations are derived for N-k contingencies and a fully decomposed LMP model is developed where generation and transmission security components are established for specific contingencies.Furthermore,resilience procurement costs can be measured at different buses for the proposed security components.Impact of N-k contingencies on resilience procurement costs at specific buses can be determined as proposed security components will gain more insight for resilience procurement in power systems.The modified IEEE 6-bus and 118-bus systems are adopted to verify effectiveness of the proposed resilience procurement method.

China hikes fuel prices again

On March 20,China hiked f uel prices by the biggest margin in nearly three years after a surge in the cost of global crude,the government and state media said.The rise is the second this year and

Does Margin Trading Enhance Information Efficiency of the Capital Market?——Evidence from China

On March 31,2010,China formally introduced a margin trading system,which announced that China's capital market has completed the transformation from a unilateral transaction model to a bilateral transaction model with a short-selling mechanism.However,the current development of China's margin trading and securities lending businesses is seriously unbalanced,and the scale of financing far exceeds the scale of securities lending.The short selling effect of securities lending exchanges is extremely limited,which to some extent violates the original intention of introducing the system.In order to help margin trading and securities lending to correct a healthy and sustainable development path,this article uses stock price synchronicity as a proxy indicator to measure the information efficiency of the capital market,explores the impact of the margin trading system on the information efficiency of the capital market,and study the detailed characteristics and economic consequences of the margin trading system.Aiming at this topic,this article analyzes the relationship between margin financing and securities lending and stock price synchronicity.Finally,it analyzes the influence of margin financing and securities lending system on stock price synchronicity from three dimensions of corporate governance,external supervision,and institutional environment mechanism.In terms of empirical research,this article takes advantage of the“quasi-natural experiment”provided by the gradual opening of margin trading and securities lending in China’s securities market,and selects listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2007 to 2019 as the research objects,starting from the perspective of stock price synchronicity,and passing The DID-FE model studies the impact of the margin trading and securities lending system on the information efficiency of the capital market.It uses three methods:parallel trend and dynamic testing,PSM-DID analysis,and placebo testing for robustness testing to solve the endogeneity problem of the experiment.This article also conducts deeper research on the subject based on the two dimensions of the impact mechanism of margin financing and securities lending and the size of the company,and finally discusses the economic impact of margin financing and securities lending on the level of company innovation.

计及电能量-备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法

针对光储充电站大规模接入给配电网带来的调控压力,提出一种计及电能量和备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法。首先,建立基于随机机会约束的光储充电站经济调度模型,得到光储充电站与配电网的电能交互方案和备用需求;随后,采用鲁棒经济调度-线性潮流方法,建立计及不确定性的配电网优化调度模型,并根据Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件推导得到配电节点边际电价和节点备用边际电价,通过电能量和备用价格引导光储充电站友好互动,挖掘站内储能在削峰填谷和备用调节上的潜力。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

电力现货市场中基于发电商竞价均衡情景的市场力缓解模型与方法

随着市场化改革的不断深入,目前电力现货市场面临市场力滥用的风险。针对电力现货市场基于统一边际出清价格(marginal clearing price,MCP)的单边竞价机制,该文研究和设计一种市场力行为检测指数,并提出相应的缓解措施或机制,旨在有效遏制发电商市场力的行使。具体地,该文分析和证明基于统一MCP的单边竞价机制下发电商理性行使市场力的规律和条件,设计市场力行为(事后)检测指数;采用限制价格涨幅和考虑用电方福利最大化准则,提出两种可缓解发电商市场力行使的措施或方法;结合新能源市场化消纳发展趋势与政策要求,构建一种“同时报价、序贯出清”的联合竞价模型。算例分析验证所提方法的有效性及在未来电力现货市场中应用的合理性。

多用途条件下水经济价值的最小用水效益决定论

基于劳动价值论以及边际效用价值论,提出了价值的边际劳动价值决定论以及多用途条件下水经济价值的评估理论和方法,认为水经济价值取决于供需平衡时各种用途用水效益的最小值或供水成本的最大值。基于该理论和方法,对北京市原水经济价值进行了评估,结果表明,北京市的水经济价值是由效益低的农业用水界定,北京市农业用水效益的估计值更接近水的价值。结合可视为北京市边际供水成本的南水北调水价,2020年北京市原水经济价值应在2.33~4.82元/m^(3)之间。

天津电力行业CO_(2)影子价格影响因素

根据线性规划对偶理论建立了电力行业发电成本最小化模型,并以天津市为例,对其2014~2020年的电力行业二氧化碳影子价格进行了测算与分析,并对其影响因素进行了相关研究。研究表明:天津电力行业光伏发电成本的降低将带动其CO_(2)影子价格的降低:光伏发电成本每降低0.1元/kWh,CO_(2)影子价格平均降低13.66元/t,且平均发电成本也有所降低。在碳排放约束不断收紧的条件下,天津市电力行业CO_(2)影子价格未表现出明显变化,但其发电结构不断优化,说明天津可以通过调整发电结构来满足碳配额要求并使得边际减排成本保持不变。高碳排放强度的火力发电方式可以通过实施CCS技术来降低电力行业CO_(2)影子价格,但平均发电成本会有所上升。

边际定价与经济调度深度融合的边际成本比较型竞价模式

随着新能源快速发展、新型市场主体不断涌现,以成本最小化为目标的经济调度机制和以边际定价为基础的策略型竞价模式,难以在电力供应充裕性不足时兼顾公平和效率。为此,在考虑中国电力工业基本国情的基础上,提出了一种深度融合边际定价与经济调度的边际成本比较型竞价模式,并从保障电力供应、提升市场经济效率、降低市场风险和促进市场公平四方面,探讨了该竞价模式在中国式电力市场建设中的潜在应用价值。最后,基于电力市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对边际成本比较型竞价模式的有效性进行了验证。

基于藤Copula理论的海上风电建模及电力市场运行分析

海上风电因具有更高的发电利用小时数,将成为中国实现“碳中和·碳达峰”的重要技术选项。随着海上风电装机容量的不断提升,其出力的间歇性、波动性将对电力系统的安全稳定和电力市场的经济运行造成显著影响。为刻画不同站点间风速的相关性,基于藤Copula理论对海上风电的出力进行建模,并利用C藤Copula函数构建多风电场出力的联合分布模型。在此基础上,提出基于共识聚类的电力市场典型阻塞场景构建方法,并采用简化的中国广东省电网架构数据开展算例仿真计算,对大规模海上风电并网前后电力系统的发电结构、碳排放量、市场电价等关键指标的变化进行实证分析。

基于边际减排成本的集装箱船碳中和路径和碳价影响分析

为研究集装箱单船碳中和路径,以及分析碳价对碳中和路径的影响,文章以一艘拟建的12000 TEU集装箱船为研究对象,采用边际减排成本理论评估方法,基于三型方案开展技术措施、营运措施和替代燃料组合的单船碳中和路径研究,分析边际减排成本与碳价之间的关系。结果表明:技术措施与营运措施的组合可实现约28.62%的减排;大多数技术措施和营运措施具有成本效益;随着碳价升高到有限值,甲醇双燃料和氨双燃料两种船型的后期额外成本也逐渐具有经济性;单靠碳税难以实现2050年碳中和;氨双燃料船具备和甲醇双燃料船商业竞争的潜力。

基于节点电价的有源配电网智能软开关优化配置

随着“双碳”目标的落地,主动配电网中间歇性分布式电源DG渗透率不断提高,其带来的电压越限和网络阻塞等问题日益突出。智能软开关SOP可以代替联络开关接入配电网,正常运行时SOP可以实现实时的电压调节和潮流控制,提供快速的故障隔离和供电恢复,提高配电网可控性。由于SOP的配置成本较高,其选址定容则问题成为了问题的核心。提出一种以节点边际电价LMP为基础的SOP优化配置方法。首先,针对DG运行的不确定性,使用模糊聚类的方法生成典型场景,通过以改善系统节点电价分布为基础的选址策略确定SOP最佳接入位置;在此基础上,建立上层以系统年运营成本最低、下层以系统运行损耗最低为目标的双层模型。结合锥规划方法对优化选址后的模型并进行求解。最后以改进IEEE33节点配电系统为算例,验证了文中提出的SOP配置方案的可行性。算例结果表明,采用文中提出的方法可以有效改善系统节点电价分布、降低配电网综合年运行费用,提升系统运行经济性。

中国油气行业甲烷排放估算与减排分析

甲烷是仅次于二氧化碳的第二大温室气体,据统计全球甲烷排放中石油天然气行业排放占比高达三分之一,加强甲烷排放管控对推动“双碳”目标的实现具有重要的意义。为此,结合油气消费量预期、行业控排预期等,估算了2021—2060年中国油气行业甲烷排放量;并进一步分析了减排目标下技术减排潜力和减排成本,最后结合各类排放源占比及现有减排技术的成本效益,测算了2030年与2060年2个时间节点油气行业甲烷减排的边际成本。研究结果表明:①2021—2060年期间,油气行业甲烷排放量略有下降,天然气系统甲烷排放量增速变缓,其中运输和输配环节有较大减排潜力;②油气行业90%的甲烷排放量集中在30%的排放源中,有10%~20%的甲烷无法彻底通过技术减排;③在2030年、2060年实施的减排技术中,具有收益的技术比例分别达22.0%和44.4%;④2030、2060年的甲烷平均单位减排成本分别为22.33元/m^(3)和14.57元/m^(3)。结论认为,中国油气行业在中长期需要加快推进甲烷排放检测、报告、核查体系的建设,推动排放数据的精细化,并通过绿色金融、中国碳减排核证方法学开发等多种方式,持续提升行业甲烷减排积极性。

基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制设计

在建设新型电力系统、极端天气频发、一次能源价格飙涨、保供电常态化等背景下,文中提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的电力现货市场机制,为统筹多市场主体利益、协调省间与省内交易提供了可行思路。首先,深度解析了现有电力现货市场机制在统筹多市场主体利益上面临的挑战,在采用边际成本比较型竞价模式的基础上,深入考虑不同类型发电机组的成本特性,提出了一种两阶段分层边际定价的电力现货市场机制,可有效统筹发电侧成本的可疏导性、用电侧电费的可负担性以及新能源机组的激励性。然后,提出了基于边际成本比较型竞价模式的省间-省内两级现货市场机制,并对其应用价值进行了探讨。最后,基于电力现货市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对所提市场机制的有效性和可行性进行了验证。

电能量与辅助服务市场联合出清的电价耦合机理分析

研究电能量与辅助服务市场电价间的耦合机理,有助于源、荷、储参与电能量和辅助服务市场,并形成较为透明的电能量与辅助服务市场电价机制,促进电能量与辅助服务市场的健康发展。为此,提出了电能量与辅助服务市场联合出清模型与电价耦合机理分析方法。首先,分析了荷、储类市场用户的能量与功率边界特征,建立了各类用户参与电能量与辅助服务市场的耦合约束模型;其次,构建了含源、荷、储参与的电能量与辅助服务市场联合出清模型;再次,基于对偶原理和KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件,提出了电能量与辅助服务市场耦合因子的概念与获取方法,揭示了多元市场间的耦合关系。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提出方法的有效性。

新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场定价研究

新能源的零边际成本和间歇性出力为传统节点边际电价模型带来了新的挑战。“双随机”,特别是新能源供给的随机性会导致现货市场价格波动大,无法为市场参与者带来正确的价格信号。针对高比例新能源系统,提出了一种基于连续节点边际电价(continuous locational marginal pricing, CLMP)的出清机制的市场模型。首先计及了电力系统、储能系统和数据中心的运行约束,利用CLMP的定价机理构建了高比例新能源系统能量定价模型。然后考虑了发电机组与储能系统、数据中心提供运行灵活性爬坡服务,建立了高比例新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场协同定价模型。最后,算例测试定量分析了新能源渗透率与储能对系统电价的影响,量化了储能和数据中心的运行灵活性。

An approach to Iocational marginal price based zonal congestion management in deregulated electricity market

Congestion of transmission line is a vital issue and its management pose a technical challenge in power system deregulation. Congestion occurs in deregulated electricity market when transmission capacity is not sufficient to simultaneously accommodate all constraints of power transmission through a line. Therefore, to manage congestion, a locational marginal price （LMP） based zonal congestion management approach in a deregulated elec- tricity market has been proposed in this paper. As LMP is an economic indicator and its difference between two buses across a transmission line provides the measure of the degree of congestion, therefore, it is efficiently and reliably used in deregulated electricity market for conges- tion management. This paper utilizes the difference of LMP across a transmission line to categorize various congestion zones in the system. After the identification of congestion zones, distributed generation is optimally placed in most congestion sensitive zones using LMP difference in order to manage congestion. The performance of the proposed methodology has been tested on the IEEE 14-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system.

含储能参与的日前市场价值公平分配机制

现有的节点边际电价机制中,由于传统发电商具有市场操控力,当储能独立参与市场出清时,各发电商采取策略性报价,打压并挤占储能电站的市场份额,阻碍了储能电站参与市场出清,间接导致市场出清总成本增大。为此,文中提出一种包含传统机组以及储能电站参与的市场竞争机制。首先,分析现有市场结算机制的弊端以及阻碍储能参与市场出清的原因;其次,建立含储能参与的市场出清模型,采用样本均值近似法求解二阶段随机规划模型;然后,基于Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)结算机制,提出适应储能参与的日前市场价值分配机制;最后,提出解决激励相容而造成的系统收支不平衡问题的策略。文中采用IEEE 30节点系统为例,证明该机制满足激励相容、收支平衡以及削弱传统发电商的市场操控力等要求,同时储能的参与将会减小系统出清总成本,降低市场价格剧烈波动的风险。

Impact of power system network topology errors on real-time locational marginal price

This paper examines the impact of power transmission network topology change on locational marginal price(LMP) in real-time power markets. We consider the case where the false status of circuit breakers(CBs) that bypass topology error processing can generate an incorrect power system network topology, subsequently distorting the results of the state estimation and economic dispatch.The main goal of this paper is to assess the economic impact of this misconfigured network topology on realtime LMP in an entire power system with network congestion. To this end, we start with our prior result, a simple and analytical congestion price equation, which can be applied to any single line congestion scenario. This equation can be extended to better understand the degree to which the LMP at any bus changes due to any line status error. Furthermore, it enables a rigorous analysis of the relationship between the change in LMP at any bus with respect to any line error and various physical/economical grid conditions such as the bidding prices for marginal generators and the locations of the congested/erroneous lines. Numerical examples on the impact analysis of this topology error are illustrated in IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus systems.

河北省不同生猪养殖规模的成本收益及生产效率分析

为了探究河北省不同生猪养殖规模的成本收益及生产效率,进一步促进河北省生猪养殖产业优化发展,本研究选取2010—2022年河北省和全国不同生猪养殖规模的成本收益数据,分析不同生猪养殖规模下河北省与全国平均水平的成本收益差异及产生差异的主要原因;同时运用数据包络分析(DEA)法分析不同生猪养殖规模下河北省与全国及四川省的平均生产效率差异及造成差异的主要因素。结果表明:从成本收益看,河北省与全国平均水平相比,散养、中规模、大规模均具有优势,小规模不具有优势,其中中规模优势最为突出;从生产效率看,河北省与全国平均水平相比,小规模和中规模均具有生产效率优势,尤其是中规模优势明显,在纯技术效率和规模效率上都具有优势。河北省与四川省相比,中规模养殖模式的生猪养殖综合效率更有优势,其他三种养殖模式的生猪养殖综合效率与四川省相比则优势不明显。基于此,笔者提出精准分类发展、发挥各类优势,稳定生产能力、降低饲料成本,科学规划生产、提高生产效率等对策建议。