Study on Consistent Agricultural Compensation Standards for Ecosystem and Ecological Value

Chinese and international studies on agricultural ecological compensation standards fall into two categories:While some focus on the cost of ecological protection,others proceed from the value of ecological services.Cost and value are two aspects of an integrated input-output system,but most existing studies on both types of compensation standards are independent of each other.Drawing upon the reasonable elements from both types of studies to overcome each other’s one-sidedness,this paper has created a“model of consistent compensation standards for the ecosystem and ecological value,”integrating the research approaches for both types of compensation standards under the same analytical framework.Through the application and analysis of this model,this paper has verified the model’s theoretical and practical significance in correcting the one-sidedness of each type of research.The principles and methodologies for creating the model may be further extended to research on agricultural ecological compensation standards under different conditions.In some circumstances,the ability of relatively redundant resources to create ecological value is overlooked.To address this problem,this paper employs a linear programming(LP)sensitivity analysis instrument to correct the model’s initial optimal solutions and arrive at consistent compensation standards that satisfy the consistency between ecosystem and ecological value,thus perfecting the theoretical and methodological system created by this paper for research on agricultural ecological compensation standards.

Exploration on Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Family Farm

Family farm is a new type of agricultural operation,and the research on ecological compensation for its production behavior is conducive to consolidating the basic position of agriculture and protecting agricultural resources and environment.By summarizing and drawing lessons from the domestic research results in related fields,the family farm is selected as the object,and the opportunity cost method is used to analyze the setting of the ecological compensation standard of the family farm.The basic framework of ecological compensation mechanism of family farm is constructed from three aspects:ecological compensation responsibility determination mechanism;compensation object establishment mechanism;compensation standard determination and mode selection mechanism.The operation mechanism of ecological compensation of family farm is analyzed from three aspects:farmer;farm production;resources and environment.The results show that the family farms'pursuit of agricultural products and ecological services is the response mechanism of ecological compensation for their production behavior.On the basis of this,this paper puts forward some measures and suggestions to ensure the ecological compensation mechanism of family farms from three aspects:perfecting the land use system;widening the compensation channels;constructing the green GDP accounting.

面向老龄用户的农机产品感官代偿设计框架研究

【目的】目前面向老龄用户的农机产品感官代偿规律的研究及面向用户劳动状态的产品感官代偿设计应用较少,因此探索农业劳动力老龄化过程中的农机产品感官代偿设计问题意义重大。【方法】综合利用文献分析、案例分析、调研分析等方法,以“问题与方法探索—核心理论构建—设计实践与测评—成果推广应用”为研究逻辑,围绕农机产品作业过程中的“人—机—环境”关系,构建“感官代偿需求—特征分析—测评原则”研究体系,形成“理论构建—设计实践—测评优化”的迭代式研究框架,探索农机产品作业环境中老龄用户的感官代偿规律,并以感官代偿设计和测评为手段,系统整合“老龄用户—农机产品感官代偿”设计流程。【结果】通过研究农机产品设计与老龄用户感官特征,为老龄用户提供较为舒适的作业条件,提高农业机械的感官代偿特性,对促进农业机械适老化发展、提高农业生产的经济效益、保障农机产品老龄用户的使用安全具有促进作用。【结论】本研究可对老龄用户适应农机产品作业环境、顺利使用农机产品提供策略支持,为农机产品企业提供农机产品感官代偿设计案例,并为后续研究提供科学的理论依据。

基于B样条优化的改进纯追踪农机导航曲线跟踪方法

针对驾驶农机采样路径平滑性对跟踪效果的影响和曲线路径变曲率特性导致跟踪适应性较低的问题,提出了一种基于B样条路径优化的积分补偿模糊纯追踪控制方法。首先采用B样条插值方法平滑优化采样路径信息;再基于行驶规律分析农机曲率与作业速度对跟踪控制的相互作用关系,设计了模糊调整前视距离的纯追踪控制方法,该方法根据前期试验结果采用拖拉机速度和前视路径平均曲率模糊整定纯追踪前视距离,同时采用跟踪横向偏差设计前轮转角积分补偿,减小稳态误差。设计构建了曲线跟踪Simulink仿真模型并进行了仿真试验。仿真结果表明,改进方法的平均绝对横向偏差均值和最大绝对横向偏差均值相较于传统纯追踪控制方法降低4.8%和7.1%。进行了拖拉机田间正弦曲线跟踪试验,插值路径对比试验结果表明,路径插值后跟踪误差较插值前降低75.9%。控制算法对比试验结果表明,拖拉机以速度1.0、1.5、2.5 m/s跟踪不同幅值正弦曲线路径时,采用改进纯追踪方法平均绝对横向偏差均值分别降低36.80%、62.50%和61.03%,标准差均值分别降低27.8%、24.0%和46.3%。最后跟踪田间随机采样路径,当速度为2.5 m/s时,横向偏差标准差为0.06 m。本文方法有效提高了农机曲线路径跟踪精度,满足需要曲线作业的农业生产需求。

基于ARMAX-KF与速度补偿的拖拉机无前轮传感器转角估计方法

为了解决传统农机导航系统中前轮转角测量传感器不易安装、维护困难以及转角估计不准确等问题,本文提出了一种基于受控自回归滑动平均模型和卡尔曼滤波器的组合模型(Auto-regressive moving average with exogenous input-Kalman filter,ARMAX-KF)与速度补偿的拖拉机无前轮传感器转角估计方法。首先,利用Hammerstein非线性系统对拖拉机的转向系统建模,并采用递归最小二乘法(Recursive least squares method,RLS)将其辨识为ARMAX模型;其次,对后轮轴中心接地点速度进行杆臂误差补偿;最后,提出了ARMAX-KF方法,利用卡尔曼滤波器的校正特性,以拖拉机的运动学转角作为观测值,修正ARMAX模型预测的转角速度积分值,从而估计拖拉机的前轮转角。在速度杆臂补偿测量方法试验验证中,补偿后运动学转角平均绝对误差为1.110°,标准差为1.727°,相比补偿前分别减少61.13%和31.55%;在动态转角试验中,ARMAX模型预测的转角速度标准差为2.439(°)/s,相比采用固定传动比方法误差减少56.58%;采用基于ARMAX-KF的前轮转角估计绝对平均误差为0.649°,标准差为0.371°,相比采用固定传动比和卡尔曼滤波器的方法分别减少56.9%和78.82%;在直线导航跟踪试验中,采用基于ARMAX-KF的前轮转角估计标准差为0.649°,本文提出的方法提高了转角估计精度和农机导航作业质量。

涉农贷款如何实现可持续供给——基于利率定价和补偿测算的四维分析框架

农村金融的可持续发展离不开涉农贷款的供给。但涉农贷款具有低收益和高风险并存的特征,防范和化解风险的同时又要激励银行持续支农,因而需要建立完善的风险补偿机制。本文立足于农村金融的供给侧,通过拓展利率定价中的价格领导模型,厘定可识别风险的贷款利率,提出了以此利率为基础的补偿数额测算方法,构建银行“内部收益补偿-外部收益补偿”“内部损失补偿-外部损失补偿”的四维量化分析框架,并以W农村商业银行为例做了具体测算。研究发现:(1)当前风险补偿以银行内部补偿为主,外部补偿力度不足;(2)银行外部补偿过少和内部补偿过多,会加剧其脱农离农倾向和贷款行业的持续分化;(3)相比损失补偿,银行对涉农贷款的收益补偿需求更多。据此,应以银行主要承担损失补偿和政府加大外部收益补偿为思路,进一步优化涉农贷款的补偿机制。

浅谈信息化管理生态补偿机制在农业面源污染治理中的实践与成效

本文介绍了信息化管理生态补偿机制在农业面源污染治理中的实践与成效。采用先进的信息化技术,对农业面源污染进行监测、评估和预警,同时结合生态补偿机制,可以实现对农业面源污染的有效治理。实践证明,该机制在提高治理效率、降低治理成本、促进农业可持续发展等方面具有显著成效。

Agro-food Quality and Safety Based on Agro-ecological Compensation

Reflection of the rise of agro-food production costs is analyzed based on the introduction of the quality safety situation of agricultural products in China.Firstly,rise of production costs caused by the demarcation of prohibited areas;secondly,rise of production costs caused by using environment-friendly agricultural inputs;thirdly,rise of production costs caused by quality control;fourthly,rise of production costs caused by product identification.The ecological compensation mechanism which is beneficial to agro-food quality safety is set up according to the principle "the one who is benefited compensates".Firstly,laws and regulations of agricultural production compensation are to be actively perfected.Secondly,experience of developed countries can be borrowed to establish a fiscal transfer payment system of production compensation.Thirdly,ecological agriculture is to be developed to produce products with safety and excellent quality.Since agro-ecological compensation can make up for the costs paid for protecting agro-ecological environment and producing safe agro-products by agro-food producers and is beneficial to motivating producers' initiative,compensation is made for agricultural producers from compensation objects,compensation scope and compensation mechanism to improve the quality safety level of agricultural products.

Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area.The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound,and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode.However,most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation.Through ecological compensation,farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode,which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits.This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs,and through interviews and questionnaires,we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation,chestnut-maitake,chestnut-millet,and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area.Through analysis and calculation,we obtained the following results:(1)Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher,their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode,and the return on unit investment is lower.(2)The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry,so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost.(3)The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation,the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations.Ultimately,farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.

Discussions and Recommendations about Establishing Agro-ecological Compensation Mechanism in Jiangsu Province

Establishing agro-ecological compensation mechanism is the objective requirement for protecting agricultural ecological environment on the prerequisite of stabilizing and benefiting farmers,to realize protection in the process of development and promote development through protection.This study analyzed existing problems in the practice of establishing agro-ecological compensation mechanism in Jiangsu Province,including failure to form systematic compensation system due to limited technological reserve,failure to bring into play expected compensation effect due to scant attention,and failure to set up perfect input mechanism due to insufficient financing channel.In line with these problems,it came up with feasible policy recommendations,including strictly implementing top frame design for agro-ecological compensation and giving impetus to standardized and institutionalized work,building pilot demonstration area for agro-ecological compensation,setting up diversified agro-ecological compensation approaches,establishing long-term security mechanism for agro-ecological compensation,and strengthening propaganda and education of agro-ecological compensation.It is expected to provide reference for establishing agro-ecological compensation mechanism in Jiangsu Province,and also provide system guarantee for promoting ecological progress and agricultural modernization in Jiangsu Province.

信息化管理生态补偿机制在广东省农业面源污染治理中的实践与成效

针对以往生态补偿机制在农业面源污染治理实践过程中遇到的补贴目标不明确、监管不足和挤占挪用等难题,世界银行贷款广东农业面源污染治理项目建立了信息化管理生态补偿机制。该机制2014—2020年在广东省的27个县推行实践,53.47万户农户参加,实施面积达34.02万公顷,发放补贴金额达16406.57万元。结果表明:(1)项目实现补贴精准发放;(2)有效引导农户形成良好的种植习惯;(3)该机制协调项目各管理部门共同参与和监管补贴流程;(4)项目区化肥和农药使用量比项目实施前分别减少30.6%和30.9%,有效控制农业污染源头;(5)该机制可复制、可推广,目前在广东省财政支持下继续在省内推广应用。该项目的实践成效可为完善我国生态补偿机制及推动现代农业可持续发展提供有益的借鉴。

粮食主产区农业生态补偿困境及破解路径

粮食主产区在保障国家粮食安全上发挥着举足轻重的作用,实施农业生态补偿是提升粮食安全韧性、增强粮食主产区可持续保障粮食安全能力、加快建设农业强国的必然选择。当前,尽管从政策设计层面到地方实践层面,围绕粮食主产区农业生态补偿都已进行了卓有成效的探索,但由于农业生产生态功能的内在悖论、政府市场的双重失灵等原因,还面临主体形成困境、要素效率困境、路径依赖困境、技术扩散困境等多重困境,需要积极打破因区域分工带来的利益失衡,重构公平合理的粮食主产区农业生态格局。

生态补偿、非农就业与农户公益林管护

基于2018年陕西省、辽宁省和湖南省的集体林区公益林经营户调研数据,采用Double-hurdle模型探究公益林生态补偿对农户公益林管护的影响,并验证非农就业在其中的调节作用;结果表明:公益林生态补偿对公益林管护行为能产生一定程度的激励效果,但在非农就业条件约束下,仅能显著提高农户公益林管护的参与意愿,不能有效激励农户增加公益林管护投入;此外,家中有无村干部、家庭林业收入、家庭林地面积、林地地块数量、林地经营类型、政策满意度、地区差异等对农户公益林管护意愿与管护程度均具有显著影响;鉴于此,政府部门可以通过完善公益林生态补偿机制、降低公益林管护成本、推进公益林产权市场化运作、增加本地务工机会与收入等举措,推动公益林可持续经营长效机制的建立。

湖南省县域农业碳收支时空差异及碳补偿潜力

[目的]基于碳排放和碳吸收双重视角来探究农业碳收支时空差异和碳补偿潜力,为湖南省农业全面绿色转型和协调发展提供理论参考。[方法]采用探索性空间数据分析、绝对β收敛、参数对比法和GIS空间分析方法,对湖南省县域农业碳收支时空差异、碳补偿率空间相关性及收敛性特征、农业碳补偿潜力区域差异进行实证分析。[结果]湖南省县域农业碳排量整体呈“以高值区为中心,向外围逐渐降低”的结构且农田土壤碳排量是其主要来源,县域农业碳排强度呈“西南高,东北低”且逐年显著降低;县域农业碳汇量整体呈“东中北部高,西南部低”的空间格局且其农业碳汇能力渐趋增强。稻谷对农业碳汇量贡献最大,农业碳吸收强度显著提升且其空间格局发生明显转变。县域农业碳补偿率表现为净碳源,存在显著的空间正相关性和收敛性且其空间集聚特征和关联特征均较为明显。县域农业碳补偿潜力在空间上呈现显著不平衡特征,中、高碳补偿县域比例达60.66%,表明湖南省县域农业碳补偿率偏低,仍具有很大碳补偿空间。[结论]应深入强化区域合作,多方共促绿色转型,充分发挥农业碳补偿率热点区辐射带动效应,维持好农业碳补偿能力较强区域优良低碳农业发展情势,重点关注中、高碳补偿潜力区域绿色农业发展趋势,缩减湖南省各县域低碳农业发展差距。

基于有限元的农用拖拉机挡泥板弯曲成形分析及优化

借助DYNAFORM有限元软件建立农用拖拉机挡泥板弯曲成形的有限元模型,分析厚度、压边力、冲压速度、摩擦系数和凹凸模间隙对其弯曲回弹的影响规律,研究6061铝合金农用拖拉机挡泥板的回弹问题。在数值模拟的基础上,通过正交优化分析得出:在一定范围内,农用拖拉机挡泥板的回弹量与厚度、压边力、冲压速度、摩擦系数呈现负相关关系,与凸凹模间隙呈现先负后正相关关系;影响回弹量的因素排列次序为压边力、凹凸模间隙、厚度、摩擦系数、冲压速度;最优参数组合为厚度2 mm,压边力300 kN,冲压速度5000 mm∙s-1,摩擦系数0.65及凹凸模间隙1.65 mm。同时,基于工艺参数优化,采用等效拉延筋和回弹补偿策略共同控制该制件的回弹,结果分析表明:等效拉延筋起到降低回弹程度的作用;回弹补偿策略能够有效地减小回弹量。本项研究表明,采用工艺参数控制法、等效拉延筋法和回弹补偿策略能够有效地控制农用拖拉机挡泥板的弯曲回弹程度,为挡泥板实际生产加工过程提供坚实的理论基础与可靠的数值依据。

耕地非农化过程中生态价值补偿量化研究--以陕西省为例

[目的]构建耕地非农化过程中的生态价值补偿量化模型。[方法]以陕西省为例,综合考虑省内11个市区的经济发展水平,对各市区的耕地生态服务价值、生态承载力、生态足迹等进行量化测算,通过引入生态超载指数,构建区域内的生态价值补偿量化模型,对各市区的生态价值补偿量进行测算。[结果]2019年陕西省耕地生态服务价值整体上有少量盈余,全省可获得生态补偿量2.10×10^(8)元;关中地区的西安市和杨凌示范区耕地生态处于赤字状态,尤其是西安市耕地生态超载指数达-2.15;陕北和陕南地区耕地生态处于盈余状态,该区域耕地生态状况良好。关中地区需支付48.36×10^(8)元的耕地生态补偿费,陕北、陕南地区分别可获得44.31×10^(8)和6.15×10^(8)元的耕地生态补偿费。[结论]测算结果与各市区的现实情况基本相符,可为陕西省耕地生态补偿标准的制定和耕地生态补偿机制的建立提供依据,该测算方法可为各地区的耕地生态补偿费测算提供参考。

耕地发展权制度构建研究

研究目的:探求与耕地非农化、非粮化用途管制相适应的耕地权利人市场化补偿机制,为耕地保护法建立公平、长效耕地补偿制度提供参考。研究方法:规范分析法、比较分析法。研究结果:我国不同地区经济发展程度与耕地保护责任承担出现了错位,并且随着耕地用途管制的进一步强化,耕地保护财政补偿明显不足。立法上应当建立以耕地发展权为基础的耕地保护补偿制度,耕地发展权是耕地非农建设和非粮种植的权利,属新型用益物权,由耕地所有权人和用益物权人享有。应建立耕地发展权银行,推动耕地发展权转移,发展权受让人不仅要支付新增指标(限额)交易的费用,还应支付以所在地区指标(限额)交易价格为标准的费用,用以补偿既有耕地权利人。研究结论:耕地的非农化、非粮化严格用途管制,是对耕地权利人耕地发展权的限制,应以耕地发展权转移建立与耕地用途严格管制相适应的耕地补偿制度,以保障地区公平发展,提高耕地保护积极性。

德国农业生态补偿政策形成的背景、政策实践与启示

农业生态补偿机制是一种将生态环境外部的、非市场化的价值转化为对当地农业服务提供者的财政激励的创新性手段,已成为全球日益流行的生态系统管理方法。为充分交流和借鉴欧盟国家农业可持续发展与生态补偿的先进技术模式、管理经验和政策措施,在梳理已有文献的基础上,对欧盟共同农业政策(common agriculture policy,CAP)框架下德国农业生态补偿政策形成的背景、现状以及对策经验等进行研究。认为德国农业生态补偿的核心要素是政府提供维持农场长期生存的专项财政补贴、制定贯穿政策过程的精细保障机制、现行有效的法律法规、科学灵活的多元化融资机制。基于研究结果对健全我国农业生态补偿机制提出厘清权责关系、确定补偿标准、加快立法建设、探索多元筹资的建议。

甘肃冰雹灾害对农业的影响及其防御对策研究

冰雹是甘肃农业的主要自然灾害之一 ,对农作物危害极大。为了增强我省农业生产及防雹抗灾能力 ,以减少农作物的雹灾损失 ,在统计分析甘肃降雹的区域及时空分布的基础上 ,针对不同程度的降雹过程对农作物所造成的灾害影响 。

Values and Conservation of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System as a GIAHS Site

Agri-cultural Heritage Systems（AHS） have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture.With agro-scientific and technological progress,the traditional agriculture that has lasted for thousands of years is declining gradually,thus is attached the importance of exploring and protecting our AHS.As a traditional agricultural system for 1300 years,the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System（HHRTS） has many significant characteristics such as beautiful landscapes,distinctive rice varieties,ecologically clean agricultural production systems,systematic methods of managing water and soil and special ethnic culture.It was designated successively as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System（GIAHS） in 2010 and as a World Heritage（WH） in 2013.In this paper,taking HHRTS as an example,we analyzed the economic,ecological,aesthetic,cultural,and social values,as well as the research values,of the GIAHS.We conclude that the restrictions on increasing peasant earnings and improving their living standards are difficult with the low efficiency of traditional planting patterns and the single-industry structure of farming in rugged terrain.However,these restrictive factors are beneficial for developing some industries like green agriculture,organic agriculture or ecological food production because of the clean farmland environment.In the end,we propose the basic approaches to protect the Hani terraces agriculture system should include the local governments to encourage the development of ecotourism,organic agriculture and featuring agriculture by multi-mode economic compensation.It is very important for protecting terraces to coordinate benefits among corporations,governments and villagers by making reasonable policies of compensation.