Heat Transfer Enhancement of Supercritical Nitrogen Flowing Downward in a Small Vertical Tube:Evaluation of System Parameter Effects

In this paper,the heat transfer enhancement(HTE)of supercritical nitrogen flowing downward in a vertical small tube(diameter 2 mm)is studied using the commercial software CFX of Ansys16.1,to provide theoretical guidance on the design of high-performance heat transfer systems.An effective numerical simulation method,which employs the SSG Reynolds stress model with enhanced wall treatment,is applied to study the heat transfer of supercritical nitrogen under typical working conditions.The objective is to evaluate the effect of the main parameters taking into account the buoyancy and flow acceleration effects.Simulation results are compared with results calculated from three well-known empirical correlations and the applicability of empirical correlation is discussed in detail.It is discovered that the Watts and Chou correlation accurately fits the simulation results of supercritical nitrogen and the Dittus-Boelter and Jackson correlations can only be used for high-pressure conditions.The HTE of supercritical nitrogen is closely related to the laminar sub-layer and buffer layer of a boundary layer.The buoyancy effect on the HTE should be considered at low mass flux conditions,and thermal acceleration can be completely ignored for the cases studied.The special HTE featured by the increment in heat transfer coefficient with increasing heat flux is discovered at low pressure,and simulation results proved that this HTE is caused by the combined actions of buoyancy as well as significant variations in specific heat and viscosity.

Parameterized design of nonlinear feedback controllers for servo positioning systems

To achieve fast, smooth and accurate set point tracking in servo positioning systems, a parameterized design of nonlinear feedback controllers is presented, based on a so-called composite nonlinear feedback （CNF） control technique. The controller designed here consists of a linear feedback part and a nonlinear part. The linear part is responsible for stability and fast response of the closed-loop system. The nonlinear part serves to increase the damping ratio of closed-loop poles as the controlled output approaches the target reference. The CNF control brings together the good points of both the small and the large damping ratio cases, by continuously scheduling the damping ratio of the dominant closed-loop poles and thus has the capability for superior transient performance, i.e. a fast output response with low overshoot. In the presence of constant disturbances, an integral action is included so as to remove the static bias. An explicitly parameterized controller is derived for servo positioning systems characterized by second-order model. Practical application in a micro hard disk drive servo system is then presented, together with some discussion of the rationale and characteristics of such design. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this control design methodology.

Post-post-Newtonian deflection of light ray in multiple systems with PPN parameters

The post-Newtonian scheme in multiple systems with post-Newtonian parameters presented by Klioner and Soffel is extended to the post-post-Newtonian （PPN） order for light propagation problem in the solar system. Under considering the solar system experiment requirement, a new parameter ε is introduced. This extension does not change the virtue of the scheme on the linear partial differential equations of the potential and vector potential mentioned in previous work. Furthermore, this extension is based on the former work done by Richter and Matzner in one global system theory. As an application, we also consider the deflection of light ray in the global coordinates. And the deflection angle of light ray is obtained with post-Newtonian parameters.

Robust Adaptive Control of Nonholonomic Systems with Nonlinear Parameterization

全球适应的州的反馈控制策略与强壮的非线性的飘移和未知非线性的参数在锁住的形式为 nonholonomic 系统的一个类被介绍。一种参数分离技术被介绍把非线性的 parameterization nonholonomic 系统转变成一个象线性一样 parameterized nonholonomic 系统。然后，反馈支配设计被使用设计一个全球适应稳定控制器，切换的策略被开发消除 uncontrollability 的现象。建议控制器能保证那得到状态全球性集成到起源的所有系统，当另外的信号仍然保持围住时。模拟例子表明有效性和建议控制器的柔韧的特征。

Design of integrated radar and communication system based on MIMO-OFDM waveform

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform enables radar and communication functions simultaneously, which encounters low angle resolution and poor data rate for traditional single input single output (SISO) systems. To solve these problems, an integrated radar and communication system (IRCS) with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM waveform is proposed. The different limitations of radar and communication in designing such a system are investigated. Then, an optimization problem is devised to obtain suitable system parameters, including the number of subcarriers, subcarrier spacing, number of symbols, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and length of cyclic prefix (CP). Finally, to satisfy the requirements of both radar and communication, the IRCS parameters are derived in three typical cases. Several numerical results are presented to illustrate the demands of radar and communication, inconsistent or consistent, for the IRCS parameters and the superiority of the proposed system.

Novel l_2-l_∞ controller design for LPV discrete time-delay systems

One of the first attempts to derive energy-to-peak performance criteria and state-feedback controller design problem for linear parameter-varying discrete time systems with time delay is provided. Firstly, we present a parameter-dependent l 2-l ∞ performance criterion using a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function. Upon the conditions addressed, an improved parameter-dependent l 2-l ∞ performance criterion is established by the introduction of a slack variable, which exhibits a kind of decoupling between Lyapunov functions and system matrices. This kind of decoupling enables us to obtain more easily tractable conditions for analysis and synthesis problems. Then, the corresponding parameter-dependent state-feedback controller design is investigated upon these performance criteria, with sufficient conditions obtained for the existence of admissible controllers in terms of parameterized linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the feasibility and advantage of the proposed controller design procedure.

Observer-based Adaptive Iterative Learning Control for Nonlinear Systems with Time-varying Delays

An observer-based adaptive iterative learning control （AILC） scheme is developed for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown time-varying parameters and unknown time-varying delays. The linear matrix inequality （LMI） method is employed to design the nonlinear observer. The designed controller contains a proportional-integral-derivative （PID） feedback term in time domain. The learning law of unknown constant parameter is differential-difference-type, and the learning law of unknown time-varying parameter is difference-type. It is assumed that the unknown delay-dependent uncertainty is nonlinearly parameterized. By constructing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii-like composite energy function （CEF）, we prove the boundedness of all closed-loop signals and the convergence of tracking error. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm proposed in this paper.

Research on CAD system of lever-hinge style welding fixture

A computer aided design system of welding fixture (called WFCAD system) is introduced in this paper. The microcomputer graphics software AutoCAD has been used as the supporting software of WFCAD system. By means of programming, 2-D and 3-D parameterized graphic libraries of components of welding fixture are established. With the aid of AutoCAD ' s advanced development system (ADS), menus and dialogs are constructed for convenient use of graphic library, and it also makes the system has a good man-machine interface.

控制器参数化变结构在线控制器调整策略

本文提出了一种控制器参数化架构下的变结构在线控制器调整策略,便于现场调试控制器.其中包括一个标称粗调控制器和一组精调候选控制器的分离结构,便于控制器的实时调优,而不会造成任何闭环稳定性问题.该设计方法包括两个步骤:首先,设计一个满足闭环系统鲁棒稳定性以及标称性能的粗调控制器.其次,在任意切换策略下,利用Youla参数构建包含一组可在线调整控制器的实时精调机制,并且通过设计一种切换子系统的二次稳定状态空间实现,以保证精调装置在任意切换下的稳定性.最后,一个简单的仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性.

A Family of Adaptive H_∞ Controllers with Full Information for Dissipative Hamiltonian Systems

This paper investigates a parameterization method of adaptive H∞ controllers for dissipative Hamiltonian systems with disturbances and unknown parameters.The family of adaptive H∞ controllers with full information is obtained by interconnecting an adaptive H∞ controller with a generalized zero-energy-gradient （ZEG） detectable,free generalized Hamiltonian system.The present parameterization method avoids solving Hamilton-Jacobi-Issacs equations and thus the controllers obtained are easier in operation as compared to some existing ones.Simulations show the effectiveness and feasibility of the adaptive control strategy proposed in this paper.

CAD System Dedicated to the Design of Sport Bike Frame Structure

This article aims to discuss the design process of the CAD system dedicated for sport bike frame structure, introducing in detail its design concept and the scheme of implementation. Based on the different usages of sport bikes and the requirements on the system made out by Beijing Hanglun Sport Apparatus Company Limited. Structural analysis on two types of bikes frames is carried out. The system defines the basic design parameters and analyses the constraint conditions.Then calculating formulas with constraint conditions are derived. The system solves equations with Visual C++ program, realizes input of the original data and output of the results through interactive system. With AutoCAD14.0 as the platform, the system uses VC++ and ObjectARX to realize auto output of bike frame graphics. The system has been put into use. Practice has affirmed that the system抯 convenience, applicability and reliability all have reached the expected goal.

北太平洋低纬度西边界流系湍流混合的微观结构测量和参数化方法评估

湍流混合在调控海洋垂向物质、能量交换以及气候变化中都起着重要作用,尤其是在北太平洋低纬度西边界流系,湍流混合通过调节温跃层及海气相互作用,在西太平洋暖池结构及演化和厄尔尼诺与南方涛动的发生、发展中都起着关键作用。然而,由于湍流观测的高风险性和高费船时特征,直接的湍流观测资料非常稀缺,因此,对该海域的湍流混合认知大多数来自细尺度参数化估计。鉴于湍流的高时变特征及该海域海洋环流结构的复杂性及西边界流区动力环境的特殊性,验证不同细尺度参数化方法对该海域湍流估算的适用性对于我们准确了解该海域的垂向混合特征、提升其在数值模拟的精度具有重要作用。本研究利用2020年9月在北太平洋低纬度西边界流系沿130°E,10°~18°N进行的直接的微结构观测剖面仪和同期获取的细尺度温盐流测量,研究该海域湍流混合的特征及两种常用的参数化方法--GHP(Gregg-Henyey-Polzin)参数化方法、MG(MacKinnon-Gregg)参数化方法在该海域的适用性。观测结果表明,该海域上200 m湍流混合总体较强,直接观测得到的平均湍动能耗散率约为10^(-8)W/kg。在温跃层中,某些站点观测的湍动能耗散率可达10^(-7)W/kg,特别是在14°N附近,24.5σθ与25.5σθ之间发现一块强湍动能耗散区,初步分析表明其机制与全日内潮的参数化次谐波不稳定有关。参数化评估结果显示,MG方法与观测值相差0.5个数量级的比例为95%,而基于应变的GHP方法和基于剪切的GHP方法与观测值相差0.5个数量级的比例分别为55%和58%,表明MG方法能较好地估算低纬度西边界流系的湍流混合特征并在水平分布和垂直分布表现出一致的分布特征。该评价结果可为研究人员选择细尺度参数化来探讨北太平洋低纬度西边界流系湍流混合的强度和空间分布提供有益参考。

非线性铣削时滞系统最优控制

针对铣刀铣削过程中的时滞现象,为减小颤振,以执行器施加的平衡力为决策变量,以平衡力和铣削颤振位移为性能指标,构建了时滞系统最优控制模型。首先,通过时间尺度变换,将不固定终端时刻转化为固定终端时刻;其次,利用控制参数法,将其转化为参数优化问题;再次,使用协态方法,得到了性能指标和约束关于优化变量的梯度;最后,构造了序列二次规划(SQP)优化算法求解近似优化问题。

基于Revit二次开发的标准地铁车站小系统参数化设计研究

针对地铁车站小系统BIM应用中设计建模的特点,研究了标准地铁车站小系统BIM建模解决方案,基于参数化设计的思想以及Revit提供的程序接口API,开发了一个地铁车站小系统快速建模程序,解决建筑模型频繁变化出现重复建模的问题。通过实际工程的应用,验证了该方案的可行、方便和高效性,极大地提高了BIM技术在地铁车站中的应用。

基于SPD的参数化设计方法在船舶管系生产设计中的应用

基于SPD(Ship Product Design)软件中的参数化设计模块,开展船舶管系部件参数化建模方法研究。通过开展基于PpdL程序的参数化设计模块二次开发,实现管系部件的参数化设计。通过在多型船舶生产设计中应用该方法,证明其能有效提升管系数据库建库效率,提高船舶管系生产设计的精细化程度,提升设计效率和设计质量,取得显著的经济效益。

梁式桥检测数据可视化管养方法

现有桥梁管理系统(BMS)中大都利用表格、文字和图片展示信息,人机交互体验性较差,从而限制了数据获取和数据维护的效率。给出基于B/S架构研究梁式桥的模型生成方法,梳理构件存储字段,理清构件的逻辑顺序,将模型与数据进行关联,基于三维模型提出桥梁检测数据的三维可视化管养方法,具体给出各可视化模块的功能和架构,提升桥梁管养水平和数据利用效率。

异形曲面镜面无缝不锈钢自承重表皮系统数字建造技术研究

大型地标艺术类场馆装饰工程具有超短工期、超大体量、空间复杂、多异形曲面的特点。针对大型地标艺术类场馆室内飞天扶梯外包覆的超大尺度、内外双层、8K光洁度、异形双曲的镜面无缝不锈钢装饰艺术表皮构件,提出表皮自承重系统数字建造技术,通过有限元数值模拟研发飞天梯表皮系统结构优化设计技术,保证项目工期节点,同时避免共振问题;通过异形双曲镜面不锈钢表皮单曲率优化设计技术,提高板块加工效率;通过表皮系统板块工业化加工、数字化拆解、模块化预拼装、工业化整体吊装技术,打造无缝镜面不锈钢饰面极致工艺效果。整体数字建造技术解决方案有利于推动数字化技术在大型场馆装饰工程异形构件建造中的推广应用,提高异形构件设计加工安装效率和建造质量。

喷头导流器位置参数的计算及其对喷头性能影响

为了准确调节喷头导流器的位置,分析了垂直摇臂式喷头叶片式导流器在水射流中的运动过程,计算了导流器与摇臂转动轴间的距离、导流器中心线偏移射流中心的角度、导流器直叶片与射流中心线的夹角等3个参数各自的关系式。采用二次回归正交组合试验研究了导流器的位置参数对喷头的摇臂频率、步进角度和喷灌均匀度的影响规律。结果表明:影响摇臂频率的主次顺序依次为导流器偏移射流中心的角度、导流器直叶片与射流中心线的夹角和导流器与摇臂转轴之间的距离;影响步进角度主次顺序依次为导流器偏移射流中心的角度、导流器与摇臂转轴之间的距离和导流器直叶片与射流中心线的夹角。摇臂频率随着导流器与摇臂转轴之间的距离增大而减小,导流器偏移射流中心的角度和导流器直叶片与射流中心线夹角增大而增大;喷头的步进角度随着三者的增大而减小。优化之后导流器的位置参数分别为:导流器与摇臂转轴之间的距离为273 mm、导流器偏移射流中心的角度为4°、导流器直叶片与射流中心线的夹角为13°。导流器位置参数优化之后,喷头的水量分布更加合理;且随着组合间距的增加,优化之后的喷灌均匀度要大大高于优化之前。该研究可为垂直摇臂式喷头的设计及优化布置提供参考。

带分流叶片离心压气机优化设计

为探索带分流叶片离心压气机的优化方法,进一步提高气动性能,建立带分流叶片离心压气机优化系统:运用Bézier函数建立叶型的参数化表征方法,并采用人工神经网络建立目标函数和几何优化变量间的对应关系,结合遗传算法求解优化命题。为验证系统可行性,以极大化等熵效率为优化目标,针对带分流叶片的离心压气机进行优化设计。结果表明:该优化系统明显提高带分流叶片离心压气机的气动性能,优化后设计点等熵效率提高3.68%,压比提高0.506,设计转速下全工况范围内效率明显提升,综合稳定裕度增大;优化后90%,50%叶高波前马赫数有明显降低,前缘激波有所减弱,激波与附面层相互作用引起的损失减小,二次流得到抑制,叶尖通道内大范围低速区明显消退;叶片载荷重新分配,分流叶片载荷一部分转移至主叶片。

农田和草地下垫面上附加阻尼kB-1变化特征的分析

利用2010年阿柔站(草地)和馆陶站(农田)的观测资料,运用阻尼法估算不同下垫面的热传输附加阻尼(kB-1),分析日变化特征,探讨用一个固定kB-1值来估算感热通量,最后将估算值与M_1958、M_1963、M_1982、M_1989、M_1998、M_2002和M_2007七种参数化方案进行比较。结果表明,在不同下垫面上,kB-1变化明显。除玉米下垫面、玉米和裸地混合下垫面外,其余下垫面kB-1均有抛物线型日变化,与地气温差具有相关性。在植被下垫面,可用中值或均值的kB-1计算感热通量。将不同参数化方案计算的感热通量与观测值之间进行比较发现,在裸地下垫面,与观测值最接近的参数化方案是M_1998方案;在混合地表则为M_1958、M_1963和M_2007方案。