Fe/N-based biomass porous carbon composite(Fe/N-p Carbon) was prepared by a facile high-temperature carbonization method from biomass,and the effect of Fe/N-p Carbon on the thermal decomposition of energetic molecular...Fe/N-based biomass porous carbon composite(Fe/N-p Carbon) was prepared by a facile high-temperature carbonization method from biomass,and the effect of Fe/N-p Carbon on the thermal decomposition of energetic molecular perovskite-based material DAP-4 was studied.Biomass porous carbonaceous materials was considered as the micro/nano support layers for in situ deposition of Fe/N precursors.Fe/Np Carbon was prepared simply by the high-temperature carbonization method.It was found that it showed the inherent catalysis properties for thermal decomposition of DAP-4.The heat release of DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon by DSC curves tested had increased slightly,compared from DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon-0.The decomposition temperature peak of DAP-4 at the presence of Fe/N-p Carbon had reduced by 79°C from384.4°C(pure DAP-4) to 305.4°C(DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon-3).The apparent activation energy of DAP-4thermal decomposition also had decreased by 29.1 J/mol.The possible catalytic decomposition mechanism of DAP-4 with Fe/N-p Carbon was proposed.展开更多
Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) ...Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.展开更多
It is common to observe the epidemic risk perception(ERP)and a decline in subjective well-being(SWB)in the context of public health events,such as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).However,there have been few studie...It is common to observe the epidemic risk perception(ERP)and a decline in subjective well-being(SWB)in the context of public health events,such as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).However,there have been few studies exploring the impact of individuals’ERP within living space on their SWB,especially from a geographical and daily activity perspective after the resumption of work and other activities following a wave of the pandemic.In this paper,we conducted a study with 789 participants in urban China,measuring their ERP within living space and examining its influence on their SWB using path analysis.The results indicated that individuals’ERP within their living space had a significant negative effect on their SWB.The density of certain types of facilities within their living space,such as bus stops,subway stations,restaurants,fast food shops,convenience shops,hospitals,and public toilets,had a significantly negative impact on their SWB,mediated by their ERP within living space.Additionally,participation in out-of-home work and other activities not only increased individuals’ERP within living space,but also strengthened its negative effect on their SWB.展开更多
Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of t...Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of the booster ring(BRing)of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility,the pre-accelerated ions from the iLinac will be stripped by a carbon foil to higher charge states and then injected into the BRing.The key parameters of the stripper and stripped ions were calculated,and the influence of stripping on the beam quality was discussed.To get high stripping efficiencies,the foil thicknesses and resultant charge state distributions for the typical ions were determined by the code ETACHA.The equilibrium thickness was obtained for the U beam,while the stripper thicknesses for the Xe and Kr beams were determined based on a compromise between the stripped charge states and the stripping efficiency.The energy loss,energy straggling,and emittance growth due to stripping have a non-negligible impact on the transport of the stripped beams and the injection of the ring.Therefore,these parameters were simulated by GEANT4.In addition,the foil’s temperature evolution,which greatly affects the foil lifetime,was simulated by ANSYS.The maximum temperature of the foil bombarded by the U and Xe beams with the nominal parameters will exceed the safe value in terms of the impact of evaporation on the foil’s lifetime.Given the foil temperature constraint,the highest tolerable beam intensity and the injected ion number into the ring were derived for different beam sizes.The results of this paper will present important reference data for the optimization design and commissioning of the beamline and injection to the BRing for the stripped ions.展开更多
This study explores household solid waste management (HSWM) practices and awareness among residents of Windhoek West, a rapidly urbanizing constituency in the Khomas Region of Namibia. Employing a descriptive methodol...This study explores household solid waste management (HSWM) practices and awareness among residents of Windhoek West, a rapidly urbanizing constituency in the Khomas Region of Namibia. Employing a descriptive methodology, the research investigates the interplay between public awareness, regulatory frameworks, and the availability of waste management facilities to assess their impact on waste management behaviors. Our findings indicate significant gaps in both knowledge and infrastructure that hinder effective waste management. The study reveals that while there is a high willingness among residents to engage in recycling and waste reduction, actual practices are limited due to inadequate facilities and lack of stringent enforcement of waste policies. This research identifies key factors that influence waste management practices, including demographic characteristics and access to waste management facilities. It also proposes actionable strategies such as expanding recycling and sorting facilities, enhancing educational campaigns tailored to local needs, and implementing regular enforcement mechanisms. These strategies are aimed at improving compliance with waste management protocols and fostering a culture of environmental responsibility. The results of this investigation show the critical role of ongoing education and infrastructural improvement in bridging existing knowledge gaps and facilitating effective waste management practices. This research lays a foundational step toward enhancing sustainable urban development and effective waste management in Windhoek, providing valuable insights for policymakers, community leaders, and stakeholders engaged in urban environmental management.展开更多
The ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline(BL12SW)is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Syn-chrotron Radiation Facility.The primary X-ray techniques used at the beamline are high-energy X-ray di...The ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline(BL12SW)is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Syn-chrotron Radiation Facility.The primary X-ray techniques used at the beamline are high-energy X-ray diffraction and imaging using white and monochromatic light.The main scientific objectives of ultrahard X-ray beamlines are focused on two research areas.One is the study of the structural properties of Earth’s interior and new materials under extreme high-temperature and high-pressure conditions,and the other is the characterization of materials and processes in near-real service environments.The beamline utilizes a superconducting wiggler as the light source,with two diamond windows and SiC discs to filter out low-energy light(primarily below 30 keV)and a Cu filter assembly to control the thermal load entering the subsequent optical components.The beamline is equipped with dual monochromators.The first was a meridional bending Laue monochromator cooled by liquid nitrogen,achieving a full-energy coverage of 30-162 keV.The second was a sagittal bending Laue monochromator installed in an external building,providing a focused beam in the horizontal direction with an energy range of 60-120 keV.There were four experimental hutches:two large-volume press experimental hutches(LVP1 and LVP2)and two engineering material experimental hutches(ENG1 and ENG2).Each hutch was equipped with various near-real service conditions to satisfy different requirements.For example,LVP1 and LVP2 were equipped with a 200-ton DDIA press and a 2000-ton dual-mode(DDIA and Kawai)press,respectively.ENG1 and ENG2 provide in situ tensile,creep,and fatigue tests as well as high-temperature conditions.Since June 2023,the BL12SW has been in trial operation.It is expected to officially open to users by early 2024.展开更多
Heavy Ion Fusion makes use of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Two Storage Rings, which may or may no...Heavy Ion Fusion makes use of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Two Storage Rings, which may or may not initially be needed, added to each of the Colliders increases the intensity of the Heavy Ion Beams making it comparable to the Total Energy delivered to the DT target by the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore Lab. The basic Physics involved gives Heavy Ion Fusion an advantage over Laser Fusion because heavy ions have greater penetration power than photons. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider can be used as a Prototype Heavy Ion Fusion Reactor for the Large Hadron Collider.展开更多
Background: Mobility in older adults can be impaired after acute illness or hospitalization, and the level of severity can be used as a predictor of one’s ability to return to independent living. Patients are often r...Background: Mobility in older adults can be impaired after acute illness or hospitalization, and the level of severity can be used as a predictor of one’s ability to return to independent living. Patients are often referred to skilled nursing facilities in hopes of improving their mobility. We wanted to prove that rehabilitative services at Skilled Nursing Facilities improve overall outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 4612 patients admitted for short-term rehabilitation in a large nursing home chain in California. Our aim was to determine whether patients’ mobility scores, as measured by rehabilitative staff, significantly improved by time of discharge compared to their scores at admission. Mobility scores were rated from 1 to 6, with 1 being the most dependent on aid and 6 being the most independent, over a variety of tasks at admission and compared to scores at discharge. Pearson’s correlations were performed to determine if there were significant relationships in the data: the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to describe the relationships between patient admission to a skilled nursing facility and medical improvement upon discharge. Results: The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in patients’ mobility scores upon discharge, with Medicare insured patients showing on average 57% improvement and Managed Care insured patients showing on average 59% improvement. Additionally, admission scores appeared to be predictive of the patient’s outcome at discharge. Conclusions: The values and consistency of improvement support the use of acute rehabilitative services in skilled nursing facilities. An equation can be formulated that evaluates patients’ estimated mobility statuses upon discharge from facilities based on their conditions on their arrivals. With this, new interventions can be studied and compared to the current standard of care by using these measurements. They can determine if further improvements can be made to increase patient outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease and has become the standard and most effective treatment method for these patients.There are many indications fo...BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease and has become the standard and most effective treatment method for these patients.There are many indications for LT that vary between countries and settings.The outcome of LT depends on the available facilities and surgical expertise,as well as the types of liver graft donors available.AIM To assess the clinical characteristics of patients from Bahrain who underwent LT overseas,and analyze factors affecting their survival.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study,we reviewed the medical records and overseas committee registry information of all pediatric and adult patients who were sent overseas to undergo LT by the Pediatric and Medical Departments of Salmaniya Medical Complex and Bahrain Defence Force Hospital via the Overseas Treatment Office,Ministry of Health,Kingdom of Bahrain,between 1997 and 2023.Demographic data,LT indication,donor-recipient relationship,overseas LT center,graft type,post-LT medications,and LT complications,were collected.Outcomes measured included the overall and 5-year LT survival rate.Fisher’s exact,Pearsonχ2,and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the pediatric and the adults’group in terms of clinical characteristics,donor-recipient relationship,medication,complications,and outcome.Survival analysis was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier’s method.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to detect predictors of survival.RESULTS Of the 208 eligible patients,170(81.7%)were sent overseas to undergo LT while 38(18.3%)remained on the waiting list.Of the 170 patients,167(80.3%)underwent LT and were included in the study.The majority of the patients were Bahraini(91.0%),and most were males(57.5%).One-hundred-and-twenty(71.8%)were adults and 47(28.3%)were children.The median age at transplant was 50.0[interquartile range(IQR):14.9–58.4]years.The main indication for pediatric LT was biliary atresia(31.9%),while that of adult LT was hepatitis C-related cirrhosis(35.0%).Six(3.6%)patients required re-transplantation.Most patients received a living-related liver graft(82%).Pediatric patients received more living and related grafts than adults(P=0.038 and P=0.041,respectively),while adult patients received more cadaveric and unrelated grafts.Most patients required long-term immunosuppressive therapy after LT(94.7%),of which tacrolimus was the most prescribed(84.0%),followed by prednisolone(50.7%),which was prescribed more frequently for pediatric patients(P=0.001).Most patients developed complications(62.4%)with infectious episodes being the most common(38.9%),followed by biliary stricture(19.5%).Tonsilitis and sepsis(n=12,8.1%for each)were the most frequent infections.Pediatric patients experienced higher rates of infection,rejection,and early poor graft function than adult patients(P<0.001,P=0.003,and P=0.025,respectively).The median follow-up time was 6.5(IQR:2.6–10.6)years.The overall survival rate was 84.4%,the 5-year survival rate,86.2%,and the mortality rate,15.6%.Younger patients had significantly better odds of survival(P=0.019)and patients who survived had significantly longer follow-up periods(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Patients with end-stage liver disease in Bahrain shared characteristics with those from other countries.Since LT facilities are not available,an overseas LT has offered them great hope.展开更多
Background: Self-care tasks or activities of daily living (ADL)’s performance are often disrupted after an older adult sustains an injury or illness, which can be a determining factor for discharge placement after ho...Background: Self-care tasks or activities of daily living (ADL)’s performance are often disrupted after an older adult sustains an injury or illness, which can be a determining factor for discharge placement after hospitalization, or it can determine the level of assistance required after discharge from a skilled nursing facility (SNF). We believe that comprehensive rehabilitation can improve a patient’s overall functioning during their short term stay in SNFs. The purpose of this study is to determine if an individual’s level of independence improved after admission to a skilled nursing facility and procurement of rehabilitation services. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 4612 nursing home patients in California who underwent rehabilitative services at skilled nursing facilities to determine how the patients responded to their environments, therapy interventions, and any other additional supportive measures. The records of patients who were admitted for short-term rehabilitation were reviewed in a blinded fashion, looking specifically at Section GG of the Minimum Data Set (MDS). Self-Care Section GG scores recorded by rehabilitative staff provide objective data and measure patients’ levels of assistance that were required. Each activity is scored from 1, being completely dependent, to 6, being entirely independent, with varying levels of assistance with scores in between. The admission scores versus the discharge scores can be compared to determine if a patient improved their level of functioning upon discharge. Results: Utilizing the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a strong correlation of improvement in ADL performance on Section GG between the admission and discharge scores was identified, implying significant improvement in functional independence upon discharge. The average percent improvement for Managed Care patients was ~35.4% and ~39.4% for Medicare patients. Conclusions: The results support the benefits of rehabilitation services in skilled nursing facilities, and the data suggests that admission scores can be used as a predictive tool for functional outcomes.展开更多
The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction.In recent years,China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects,aimed at facilitating ...The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction.In recent years,China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects,aimed at facilitating the flow of goods and enabling convenient travel for the masses.However,this surge in road construction also raises concerns about road traffic safety.Road traffic safety facilities play a crucial role in warning and protecting against traffic accidents.To ensure their effective implementation,this paper analyzes the essence of road traffic facilities and their impact on traffic safety.By identifying challenges in the application of traffic safety facilities and adhering to safety facility application principles,suggestions are proposed to enhance traffic safety management.展开更多
BL10U2 is an undulator-based macromolecular crystallography(MX)beamline located at the 3.5-GeV Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.BL10U2 is specifically designed for conducting routine and biosafety level-2(BSL-2...BL10U2 is an undulator-based macromolecular crystallography(MX)beamline located at the 3.5-GeV Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.BL10U2 is specifically designed for conducting routine and biosafety level-2(BSL-2)MX experiments utilizing high-flux tunable X-rays with energies from 7 to 18 keV,providing a beam spot size of 20μm(horizontal)×10μm(vertical)at the sample point.Certification by the Shanghai Pudong Municipal Health Commission confirmed the capability to perform BSL-2 MX experiments.The beamline is currently equipped with an Eiger X 16 M detector and two newly developed in-house high-precision diffractometers that can be switched to perform conventional or in situ crystal diffraction experiments.An automatic sample changer developed in-house allows fast sample exchange in less than 30 s,supporting high-throughput MX experimentation and rapid crystal screening.Data collection from both the diffractometer and detector was controlled by an in-house developed data collection software(Finback)with a user-friendly interface for convenient operation.This study presents a comprehensive overview of the facilities,experimental methods,and performance characteristics of the BL10U2 beamline.展开更多
The diseases of sweet cherry caused by viruses and viroids have occurred in the main cherry producing areas of China and are increasing year by year, which has become an important factor affecting the yield and qualit...The diseases of sweet cherry caused by viruses and viroids have occurred in the main cherry producing areas of China and are increasing year by year, which has become an important factor affecting the yield and quality of sweet cherry. For this reason, this paper elaborated the prevention and countermeasures of virus diseases from six aspects, including soil treatment, cultivation of disease-free seedlings, prevention of disease and pest damage, reasonable pruning, water management, and treatment of virus diseases, in order to provide technical guidance for the disease resistance, high quality and high yield of facility cherry, as well as information reference for the further improvement of the technical system of virus disease prevention and cultivation of facility cherry.展开更多
Macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been relocated,upgraded,and given a new ID(BL02U1).It now delivers X-rays in the energy range of 6–16 keV,with a focus...Macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been relocated,upgraded,and given a new ID(BL02U1).It now delivers X-rays in the energy range of 6–16 keV,with a focused beam of 11.6μm×4.8μm and photon flux greater than 1012 phs/s.The high credibility and stability of the beam and good timing synchronization of the equipment significantly improve the experimental efficiency.Since June 2021,when it officially opened to users,over 4200 h of beamtime have been provided to over 200 research groups to collect data at the beamline.Its good performance and stable operation have led to the resolution of several structures based on data collected at the beamline.展开更多
The differential evolution algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm for global optimization and the un-capacitated facility location problem (UFL) is one of the classic NP-Hard problems. In this paper, combined with the...The differential evolution algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm for global optimization and the un-capacitated facility location problem (UFL) is one of the classic NP-Hard problems. In this paper, combined with the specific characteristics of the UFL problem, we introduce the activation function to the algorithm for solving UFL problem and name it improved adaptive differential evolution algorithm (IADEA). Next, to improve the efficiency of the algorithm and to alleviate the problem of being stuck in a local optimum, an adaptive operator was added. To test the improvement of our algorithm, we compare the IADEA with the basic differential evolution algorithm by solving typical instances of UFL problem respectively. Moreover, to compare with other heuristic algorithm, we use the hybrid ant colony algorithm to solve the same instances. The computational results show that IADEA improves the performance of the basic DE and it outperforms the hybrid ant colony algorithm.展开更多
Workers who conduct regular facility inspections in radioactive environments will inevitably be affected by radiation.Therefore,it is important to optimize the inspection path to ensure that workers are exposed to the...Workers who conduct regular facility inspections in radioactive environments will inevitably be affected by radiation.Therefore,it is important to optimize the inspection path to ensure that workers are exposed to the least amount of radiation.This study proposes a discrete Rao-combined artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm for planning inspection paths with minimum exposure doses in radioactive environments with obstacles.In this algorithm,retaining the framework of the traditional ABC algorithm,we applied the directional solution update rules of Rao algorithms at the employed bee stage and onlooker bee stage to increase the exploitation ability of the algorithm and implement discretion using the swap operator and swap sequence.To increase the randomness of solution generation,the chaos algorithm was used at the initialization stage.The K-opt operation technique was introduced at the scout bee stage to increase the exploration ability of the algorithm.For path planning in an environment with complex structural obstacles,an obstacle detour technique using a recursive algorithm was applied.To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm,we performed experimental simulations in three hypothetical environments and compared the results with those of improved particle swarm optimization,chaos particle swarm optimization,improved ant colony optimization,and discrete Rao’s algorithms.The experimental results show the high performance of the proposed discrete Rao-combined ABC algorithm and its obstacle detour capability.展开更多
对ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE standard 170-2021《医疗设施通风》的主要修订内容进行了分析,包括:修改医用房间名称,将有较高设计要求的房间与其他房间分开并提出细化指标;增加值班状态,为医疗建筑节能运行提供方法依据;进一步明确各类医疗用房...对ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE standard 170-2021《医疗设施通风》的主要修订内容进行了分析,包括:修改医用房间名称,将有较高设计要求的房间与其他房间分开并提出细化指标;增加值班状态,为医疗建筑节能运行提供方法依据;进一步明确各类医疗用房排风过滤效率。此外,对ASHRAE 170发展趋势进行了简要介绍,对未来发展进行了展望,以期为我国医疗建筑相关标准规范的制订/修订提供参考。展开更多
With different varieties of facility Hami melon(Cucumis melo var. sacchairinus) as test materials, the effects of meteorological conditions on the yield and quality of different varieties of facility Hami melon were a...With different varieties of facility Hami melon(Cucumis melo var. sacchairinus) as test materials, the effects of meteorological conditions on the yield and quality of different varieties of facility Hami melon were analyzed. The results showed that among the yield and quality traits of melon, the variation degree of average single melon weight was the highest, and the coefficient of variation was 33.05%. The variation degree of leaf area index was the lowest, and the coefficient of variation was 11.00%. Through the correlation analysis of meteorological factors with the yield and quality of facility Hami melon, it was found that the quality traits of facility Hami melon were significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature and sunshine duration, and significantly negatively correlated with precipitation. The yield traits were positively correlated with maximum temperature, sunshine duration and precipitation.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21975227)the Found of National defence Science and Technology Key Laboratory (Grant No.6142602210306)。
文摘Fe/N-based biomass porous carbon composite(Fe/N-p Carbon) was prepared by a facile high-temperature carbonization method from biomass,and the effect of Fe/N-p Carbon on the thermal decomposition of energetic molecular perovskite-based material DAP-4 was studied.Biomass porous carbonaceous materials was considered as the micro/nano support layers for in situ deposition of Fe/N precursors.Fe/Np Carbon was prepared simply by the high-temperature carbonization method.It was found that it showed the inherent catalysis properties for thermal decomposition of DAP-4.The heat release of DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon by DSC curves tested had increased slightly,compared from DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon-0.The decomposition temperature peak of DAP-4 at the presence of Fe/N-p Carbon had reduced by 79°C from384.4°C(pure DAP-4) to 305.4°C(DAP-4/Fe/N-p Carbon-3).The apparent activation energy of DAP-4thermal decomposition also had decreased by 29.1 J/mol.The possible catalytic decomposition mechanism of DAP-4 with Fe/N-p Carbon was proposed.
文摘Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271234,42101246,42101223)Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund Grant(No.14605920,14611621,14606922)+1 种基金Hong Kong Research Grants Council Collaborative Research Fund Grant(No.C4023-20GF)Hong Kong Research Grants Council Research Matching Grants RMG(No.8601219,8601242)。
文摘It is common to observe the epidemic risk perception(ERP)and a decline in subjective well-being(SWB)in the context of public health events,such as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).However,there have been few studies exploring the impact of individuals’ERP within living space on their SWB,especially from a geographical and daily activity perspective after the resumption of work and other activities following a wave of the pandemic.In this paper,we conducted a study with 789 participants in urban China,measuring their ERP within living space and examining its influence on their SWB using path analysis.The results indicated that individuals’ERP within their living space had a significant negative effect on their SWB.The density of certain types of facilities within their living space,such as bus stops,subway stations,restaurants,fast food shops,convenience shops,hospitals,and public toilets,had a significantly negative impact on their SWB,mediated by their ERP within living space.Additionally,participation in out-of-home work and other activities not only increased individuals’ERP within living space,but also strengthened its negative effect on their SWB.
文摘Charge strippers play an essential role in heavy-ion accelerators by stripping the projectile ions to higher charge states to enhance the acceleration efficiency downstream of the stripper.In the high-energy mode of the booster ring(BRing)of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility,the pre-accelerated ions from the iLinac will be stripped by a carbon foil to higher charge states and then injected into the BRing.The key parameters of the stripper and stripped ions were calculated,and the influence of stripping on the beam quality was discussed.To get high stripping efficiencies,the foil thicknesses and resultant charge state distributions for the typical ions were determined by the code ETACHA.The equilibrium thickness was obtained for the U beam,while the stripper thicknesses for the Xe and Kr beams were determined based on a compromise between the stripped charge states and the stripping efficiency.The energy loss,energy straggling,and emittance growth due to stripping have a non-negligible impact on the transport of the stripped beams and the injection of the ring.Therefore,these parameters were simulated by GEANT4.In addition,the foil’s temperature evolution,which greatly affects the foil lifetime,was simulated by ANSYS.The maximum temperature of the foil bombarded by the U and Xe beams with the nominal parameters will exceed the safe value in terms of the impact of evaporation on the foil’s lifetime.Given the foil temperature constraint,the highest tolerable beam intensity and the injected ion number into the ring were derived for different beam sizes.The results of this paper will present important reference data for the optimization design and commissioning of the beamline and injection to the BRing for the stripped ions.
文摘This study explores household solid waste management (HSWM) practices and awareness among residents of Windhoek West, a rapidly urbanizing constituency in the Khomas Region of Namibia. Employing a descriptive methodology, the research investigates the interplay between public awareness, regulatory frameworks, and the availability of waste management facilities to assess their impact on waste management behaviors. Our findings indicate significant gaps in both knowledge and infrastructure that hinder effective waste management. The study reveals that while there is a high willingness among residents to engage in recycling and waste reduction, actual practices are limited due to inadequate facilities and lack of stringent enforcement of waste policies. This research identifies key factors that influence waste management practices, including demographic characteristics and access to waste management facilities. It also proposes actionable strategies such as expanding recycling and sorting facilities, enhancing educational campaigns tailored to local needs, and implementing regular enforcement mechanisms. These strategies are aimed at improving compliance with waste management protocols and fostering a culture of environmental responsibility. The results of this investigation show the critical role of ongoing education and infrastructural improvement in bridging existing knowledge gaps and facilitating effective waste management practices. This research lays a foundational step toward enhancing sustainable urban development and effective waste management in Windhoek, providing valuable insights for policymakers, community leaders, and stakeholders engaged in urban environmental management.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12334010,42274121).
文摘The ultrahard X-ray multifunctional application beamline(BL12SW)is a phase-II beamline project at the Shanghai Syn-chrotron Radiation Facility.The primary X-ray techniques used at the beamline are high-energy X-ray diffraction and imaging using white and monochromatic light.The main scientific objectives of ultrahard X-ray beamlines are focused on two research areas.One is the study of the structural properties of Earth’s interior and new materials under extreme high-temperature and high-pressure conditions,and the other is the characterization of materials and processes in near-real service environments.The beamline utilizes a superconducting wiggler as the light source,with two diamond windows and SiC discs to filter out low-energy light(primarily below 30 keV)and a Cu filter assembly to control the thermal load entering the subsequent optical components.The beamline is equipped with dual monochromators.The first was a meridional bending Laue monochromator cooled by liquid nitrogen,achieving a full-energy coverage of 30-162 keV.The second was a sagittal bending Laue monochromator installed in an external building,providing a focused beam in the horizontal direction with an energy range of 60-120 keV.There were four experimental hutches:two large-volume press experimental hutches(LVP1 and LVP2)and two engineering material experimental hutches(ENG1 and ENG2).Each hutch was equipped with various near-real service conditions to satisfy different requirements.For example,LVP1 and LVP2 were equipped with a 200-ton DDIA press and a 2000-ton dual-mode(DDIA and Kawai)press,respectively.ENG1 and ENG2 provide in situ tensile,creep,and fatigue tests as well as high-temperature conditions.Since June 2023,the BL12SW has been in trial operation.It is expected to officially open to users by early 2024.
文摘Heavy Ion Fusion makes use of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Two Storage Rings, which may or may not initially be needed, added to each of the Colliders increases the intensity of the Heavy Ion Beams making it comparable to the Total Energy delivered to the DT target by the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore Lab. The basic Physics involved gives Heavy Ion Fusion an advantage over Laser Fusion because heavy ions have greater penetration power than photons. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider can be used as a Prototype Heavy Ion Fusion Reactor for the Large Hadron Collider.
文摘Background: Mobility in older adults can be impaired after acute illness or hospitalization, and the level of severity can be used as a predictor of one’s ability to return to independent living. Patients are often referred to skilled nursing facilities in hopes of improving their mobility. We wanted to prove that rehabilitative services at Skilled Nursing Facilities improve overall outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 4612 patients admitted for short-term rehabilitation in a large nursing home chain in California. Our aim was to determine whether patients’ mobility scores, as measured by rehabilitative staff, significantly improved by time of discharge compared to their scores at admission. Mobility scores were rated from 1 to 6, with 1 being the most dependent on aid and 6 being the most independent, over a variety of tasks at admission and compared to scores at discharge. Pearson’s correlations were performed to determine if there were significant relationships in the data: the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to describe the relationships between patient admission to a skilled nursing facility and medical improvement upon discharge. Results: The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in patients’ mobility scores upon discharge, with Medicare insured patients showing on average 57% improvement and Managed Care insured patients showing on average 59% improvement. Additionally, admission scores appeared to be predictive of the patient’s outcome at discharge. Conclusions: The values and consistency of improvement support the use of acute rehabilitative services in skilled nursing facilities. An equation can be formulated that evaluates patients’ estimated mobility statuses upon discharge from facilities based on their conditions on their arrivals. With this, new interventions can be studied and compared to the current standard of care by using these measurements. They can determine if further improvements can be made to increase patient outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease and has become the standard and most effective treatment method for these patients.There are many indications for LT that vary between countries and settings.The outcome of LT depends on the available facilities and surgical expertise,as well as the types of liver graft donors available.AIM To assess the clinical characteristics of patients from Bahrain who underwent LT overseas,and analyze factors affecting their survival.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study,we reviewed the medical records and overseas committee registry information of all pediatric and adult patients who were sent overseas to undergo LT by the Pediatric and Medical Departments of Salmaniya Medical Complex and Bahrain Defence Force Hospital via the Overseas Treatment Office,Ministry of Health,Kingdom of Bahrain,between 1997 and 2023.Demographic data,LT indication,donor-recipient relationship,overseas LT center,graft type,post-LT medications,and LT complications,were collected.Outcomes measured included the overall and 5-year LT survival rate.Fisher’s exact,Pearsonχ2,and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the pediatric and the adults’group in terms of clinical characteristics,donor-recipient relationship,medication,complications,and outcome.Survival analysis was estimated via the Kaplan-Meier’s method.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to detect predictors of survival.RESULTS Of the 208 eligible patients,170(81.7%)were sent overseas to undergo LT while 38(18.3%)remained on the waiting list.Of the 170 patients,167(80.3%)underwent LT and were included in the study.The majority of the patients were Bahraini(91.0%),and most were males(57.5%).One-hundred-and-twenty(71.8%)were adults and 47(28.3%)were children.The median age at transplant was 50.0[interquartile range(IQR):14.9–58.4]years.The main indication for pediatric LT was biliary atresia(31.9%),while that of adult LT was hepatitis C-related cirrhosis(35.0%).Six(3.6%)patients required re-transplantation.Most patients received a living-related liver graft(82%).Pediatric patients received more living and related grafts than adults(P=0.038 and P=0.041,respectively),while adult patients received more cadaveric and unrelated grafts.Most patients required long-term immunosuppressive therapy after LT(94.7%),of which tacrolimus was the most prescribed(84.0%),followed by prednisolone(50.7%),which was prescribed more frequently for pediatric patients(P=0.001).Most patients developed complications(62.4%)with infectious episodes being the most common(38.9%),followed by biliary stricture(19.5%).Tonsilitis and sepsis(n=12,8.1%for each)were the most frequent infections.Pediatric patients experienced higher rates of infection,rejection,and early poor graft function than adult patients(P<0.001,P=0.003,and P=0.025,respectively).The median follow-up time was 6.5(IQR:2.6–10.6)years.The overall survival rate was 84.4%,the 5-year survival rate,86.2%,and the mortality rate,15.6%.Younger patients had significantly better odds of survival(P=0.019)and patients who survived had significantly longer follow-up periods(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Patients with end-stage liver disease in Bahrain shared characteristics with those from other countries.Since LT facilities are not available,an overseas LT has offered them great hope.
文摘Background: Self-care tasks or activities of daily living (ADL)’s performance are often disrupted after an older adult sustains an injury or illness, which can be a determining factor for discharge placement after hospitalization, or it can determine the level of assistance required after discharge from a skilled nursing facility (SNF). We believe that comprehensive rehabilitation can improve a patient’s overall functioning during their short term stay in SNFs. The purpose of this study is to determine if an individual’s level of independence improved after admission to a skilled nursing facility and procurement of rehabilitation services. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 4612 nursing home patients in California who underwent rehabilitative services at skilled nursing facilities to determine how the patients responded to their environments, therapy interventions, and any other additional supportive measures. The records of patients who were admitted for short-term rehabilitation were reviewed in a blinded fashion, looking specifically at Section GG of the Minimum Data Set (MDS). Self-Care Section GG scores recorded by rehabilitative staff provide objective data and measure patients’ levels of assistance that were required. Each activity is scored from 1, being completely dependent, to 6, being entirely independent, with varying levels of assistance with scores in between. The admission scores versus the discharge scores can be compared to determine if a patient improved their level of functioning upon discharge. Results: Utilizing the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a strong correlation of improvement in ADL performance on Section GG between the admission and discharge scores was identified, implying significant improvement in functional independence upon discharge. The average percent improvement for Managed Care patients was ~35.4% and ~39.4% for Medicare patients. Conclusions: The results support the benefits of rehabilitation services in skilled nursing facilities, and the data suggests that admission scores can be used as a predictive tool for functional outcomes.
文摘The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction.In recent years,China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects,aimed at facilitating the flow of goods and enabling convenient travel for the masses.However,this surge in road construction also raises concerns about road traffic safety.Road traffic safety facilities play a crucial role in warning and protecting against traffic accidents.To ensure their effective implementation,this paper analyzes the essence of road traffic facilities and their impact on traffic safety.By identifying challenges in the application of traffic safety facilities and adhering to safety facility application principles,suggestions are proposed to enhance traffic safety management.
基金supported by the SSRF Phase-II projectNatural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Nos.21ZR1471800 and 23ZR1471200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12005281)。
文摘BL10U2 is an undulator-based macromolecular crystallography(MX)beamline located at the 3.5-GeV Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.BL10U2 is specifically designed for conducting routine and biosafety level-2(BSL-2)MX experiments utilizing high-flux tunable X-rays with energies from 7 to 18 keV,providing a beam spot size of 20μm(horizontal)×10μm(vertical)at the sample point.Certification by the Shanghai Pudong Municipal Health Commission confirmed the capability to perform BSL-2 MX experiments.The beamline is currently equipped with an Eiger X 16 M detector and two newly developed in-house high-precision diffractometers that can be switched to perform conventional or in situ crystal diffraction experiments.An automatic sample changer developed in-house allows fast sample exchange in less than 30 s,supporting high-throughput MX experimentation and rapid crystal screening.Data collection from both the diffractometer and detector was controlled by an in-house developed data collection software(Finback)with a user-friendly interface for convenient operation.This study presents a comprehensive overview of the facilities,experimental methods,and performance characteristics of the BL10U2 beamline.
基金Supported by Class A Project of Scientific Research Development Program of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province (J17KA155)。
文摘The diseases of sweet cherry caused by viruses and viroids have occurred in the main cherry producing areas of China and are increasing year by year, which has become an important factor affecting the yield and quality of sweet cherry. For this reason, this paper elaborated the prevention and countermeasures of virus diseases from six aspects, including soil treatment, cultivation of disease-free seedlings, prevention of disease and pest damage, reasonable pruning, water management, and treatment of virus diseases, in order to provide technical guidance for the disease resistance, high quality and high yield of facility cherry, as well as information reference for the further improvement of the technical system of virus disease prevention and cultivation of facility cherry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2301405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971121)Shanghai Science and Technology Plan Project(No.21ZR14718)。
文摘Macromolecular crystallography beamline BL17U1 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility has been relocated,upgraded,and given a new ID(BL02U1).It now delivers X-rays in the energy range of 6–16 keV,with a focused beam of 11.6μm×4.8μm and photon flux greater than 1012 phs/s.The high credibility and stability of the beam and good timing synchronization of the equipment significantly improve the experimental efficiency.Since June 2021,when it officially opened to users,over 4200 h of beamtime have been provided to over 200 research groups to collect data at the beamline.Its good performance and stable operation have led to the resolution of several structures based on data collected at the beamline.
文摘The differential evolution algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm for global optimization and the un-capacitated facility location problem (UFL) is one of the classic NP-Hard problems. In this paper, combined with the specific characteristics of the UFL problem, we introduce the activation function to the algorithm for solving UFL problem and name it improved adaptive differential evolution algorithm (IADEA). Next, to improve the efficiency of the algorithm and to alleviate the problem of being stuck in a local optimum, an adaptive operator was added. To test the improvement of our algorithm, we compare the IADEA with the basic differential evolution algorithm by solving typical instances of UFL problem respectively. Moreover, to compare with other heuristic algorithm, we use the hybrid ant colony algorithm to solve the same instances. The computational results show that IADEA improves the performance of the basic DE and it outperforms the hybrid ant colony algorithm.
文摘Workers who conduct regular facility inspections in radioactive environments will inevitably be affected by radiation.Therefore,it is important to optimize the inspection path to ensure that workers are exposed to the least amount of radiation.This study proposes a discrete Rao-combined artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm for planning inspection paths with minimum exposure doses in radioactive environments with obstacles.In this algorithm,retaining the framework of the traditional ABC algorithm,we applied the directional solution update rules of Rao algorithms at the employed bee stage and onlooker bee stage to increase the exploitation ability of the algorithm and implement discretion using the swap operator and swap sequence.To increase the randomness of solution generation,the chaos algorithm was used at the initialization stage.The K-opt operation technique was introduced at the scout bee stage to increase the exploration ability of the algorithm.For path planning in an environment with complex structural obstacles,an obstacle detour technique using a recursive algorithm was applied.To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm,we performed experimental simulations in three hypothetical environments and compared the results with those of improved particle swarm optimization,chaos particle swarm optimization,improved ant colony optimization,and discrete Rao’s algorithms.The experimental results show the high performance of the proposed discrete Rao-combined ABC algorithm and its obstacle detour capability.
文摘对ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE standard 170-2021《医疗设施通风》的主要修订内容进行了分析,包括:修改医用房间名称,将有较高设计要求的房间与其他房间分开并提出细化指标;增加值班状态,为医疗建筑节能运行提供方法依据;进一步明确各类医疗用房排风过滤效率。此外,对ASHRAE 170发展趋势进行了简要介绍,对未来发展进行了展望,以期为我国医疗建筑相关标准规范的制订/修订提供参考。
基金Supported by Project of Shandong Institute of Modern Agriculture of Zhejiang University for Serving Local Economic Development (ZDNY-2020-FWLY2006)。
文摘With different varieties of facility Hami melon(Cucumis melo var. sacchairinus) as test materials, the effects of meteorological conditions on the yield and quality of different varieties of facility Hami melon were analyzed. The results showed that among the yield and quality traits of melon, the variation degree of average single melon weight was the highest, and the coefficient of variation was 33.05%. The variation degree of leaf area index was the lowest, and the coefficient of variation was 11.00%. Through the correlation analysis of meteorological factors with the yield and quality of facility Hami melon, it was found that the quality traits of facility Hami melon were significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature and sunshine duration, and significantly negatively correlated with precipitation. The yield traits were positively correlated with maximum temperature, sunshine duration and precipitation.