Categorized Analysis of Forest Ecological Values in the China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program

The China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP)is one of the largest national ecological construction programs,which has effectively improved ecological environment and produced large ecological benefi t.To provide references for further improving ecological benefi t of CCFP,we analyzed the features,differences and relationships of the categorized forest ecological“benefi t value”(B-V)s in 3 kinds of forest restoration ways in different regions in CCFP,using the data of Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network(CFERN)from 1999 to 2013 and the methods of the national standards of(LY/T1606-2003),(LY/T1721-2008)and(LY/T1952-2011).The result showed that annual B-Vs of unit area varied in the range of 3.5-10.0 e4 RMBs/hm2·a.Water conservation B-Vs and species conservation B-Vs are the 2 largest constituents,nutrient accumulation B-V was the least in total B-Vs.The B-Vs performed inconsistently among the forest restoration ways and different regions.The rank of average annual total B-Vs of unit area from high to low was“hillside forest conservation”,“returning cropland to forest”,“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Species conservation B-Vs and water conservation B-Vs in southern regions were higher than that of northern and northwestern regions in China.The hot and rainy regions could produce higher species conservation B-Vs.The regression analysis indicated that water conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly positive correlation with the relevant total B-Vs and positive correlation with the relevant atmosphere purification B-Vs whether in regional or in unit area scale.Unit area species conservation B-V was negatively correlated with the relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except the way of“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Regional total species conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly negative correlation with its relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except“hillside forest conservation”way.We suggest that suitable forest restoration ways must be selective according to the regional specifi c,B-V features and local ecological goals.

EXAMPLES ON EXCEPTIONAL VALUES OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS

In this paper, by means of the definition of Borel exceptional value method, another exceptional value of meromorphic function which is a T exceptional value is defined by linking the concept of T direction. And we construct a meromorphic function with zero as Borel exceptional value, but not as T exceptional value; and another meromorphic function with zero as T exceptional value, but not as Borel exceptional value.

Interval Valued Intuitionistic(S,T)-fuzzy H_ν-submodules

On the basis of the concept of the interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced by K. Atanassov, the notion of interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy Hv-submodules of an Hv-module with respect to a t-norm T and an s-norm S is given and the characteristic properties are described. The homomorphic image and the inverse image are investigated. In particular, the connections between interval valued intuitionistic （S, T）-fuzzy Hv-submodules and interval valued intuitionistic （S, T）-fuzzy submodules are discussed.

Application of T2＊ measurement on gradient echo T2＊-weighted imaging in differential diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and calcification

Background Differential diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and calcification is a common problem encountered in clinical imaging diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of T2＊ measurement on gradient echo （GRE） T2＊-weighted imaging （T2＊WI） in differential diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and calcification. Methods Thirty-eight hemorrhagic foci in 18 patients and 11 calcification foci in seven patients were included in this study. The diagnosis of hemorrhage and calcification was confirmed in all cases with enhanced T2＊ weighted angiography （ESWAN） magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） and CT respectively. The significance for the difference of T2＊ value between the central and peripheral areas of hemorrhage and calcification lesions was tested with univariate analysis of variance, Results The detection rate of GRE T2＊WI on intracranial hemorrhage was 1.9-fold higher than that of CT, especially for the hemorrhage in the brainstem and cerebellum. However, GRE T2＊WI was far less sensitive to calcification than CT. There was a significant difference in the T2＊ value between the central area of hemorrhage and calcification （P 〈0.001）, though no difference in the T2＊ value was obtained between the peripheral area of hemorrhage and calcification （P 〉0.05）. Conclusions Quantitative measurement of T2＊ value on GRE T2＊WI with a single MRI examination provides a fast, convenient, and effective means in differential diagnosis between intracranial hemorrhage and calcification, which may thus reduce the medical cost and save precious time for clinical management.