Numerical simulation of temperature fields for T-joint during TIG welding of titanium alloy

Three-dimensional finite element model was established to simulate temperature fields of T-joint titanium sheets during TIG welding with finite element method （FEM） software. Temperature dependent material properties and the effect of latent heat were considered. A technique of element birth and death was used to simulate the process of welded metal filling. Dynamic variation process of temperature fields during T1G welding was achieved. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results.

Transient out-of-plane distortion of multi-pass fillet welded tube to pipe T-joints

The out-of-plane distortion induced in a multi-pass circumferential fillet welding of tube to pipe under different weld sequences and directions was studied using Finite Element Method(FEM) based Sysweld software and verified experimentally. The FEM analyses consisted of thermal and mechanical analyses.Thermal analysis was validated with experimental transient temperature measurements. In the mechanical analysis, three different weld sequences and directions were considered to understand the mechanism of out-of-plane distortion in the tube to pipe T-joints. It was learnt that the welding direction plays a major role in minimizing the out-of-plane distortion. Further, during circumferential fillet welding of the tube to pipe component, the out-of-plane distortion generated in the x direction was primarily influenced by heat input due to the start and stop points, whereas the distortion in the z direction was influenced by time lag and welding direction. The FEM predicted distortion was compared with experimental measurements and the mechanism of out-of-plane distortion was confirmed.

Numerical analysis of temperature profile and weld dimensions in laser ＋ GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint

The temperature fields in the transient state and weld dimensions in laser ＋ gas metal arc welding （GMAW） hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint for different welding conditions were calculated using the developed heat source model, and the effect of welding speed on them was analyzed. The results show that the temperature field for the first weld pass only shows the feature of GMAW and the one for the second weld pass has the characteristics of both laser welding and GMAW. Welding speed can affect greatly weld dimensions and temperature distribution. When welding speed reaches 3.5 m/min, the fusion zones of two weld passes are separated and the maximum peak temperature of thermal cycle on the workpiece surface decreases largely.

Generation and Application of A Standardized Load-Time History to Tubular T-joints in Offshore Platforms

Marine structures are mostly made of metals and always experience complex random loading during their service periods. The fatigue crack growth behaviors of metal materials have been proved from laboratory tests to be sensitive to the loading sequence encountered. In order to take account of the loading sequence effect, fatigue life prediction should be based on fatigue crack propagation（FCP） theory rather than the currently used cumulative fatigue damage（CFD） theory. A unified fatigue life prediction（UFLP） method for marine structures has been proposed by the authors＇ group. In order to apply the UFLP method for newly designed structures, authorities such as the classification societies should provide a standardized load-time history（SLH） such as the TWIST and FALSTAFF sequences for transport and fighter aircraft. This paper mainly aims at proposing a procedure to generate the SLHs for marine structures based on a short-term loading sample and to provide an illustration on how to use the presented SLH to a typical tubular T-joint in an offshore platform based on the UFLP method.

Axial compression physical testing of traditional and bird beak SHS T-joints

The static tests of nine traditional and bird beak square hollow structure(SHS) T-joints with different β values and connection types under axial compression at brace end were carried out. Experimental test schemes, failure modes of specimens, jack load-vertical displacement curves, jack load-deformation of chord and strain intensity distribution curves of joints were presented. The effects of β and connection types on axial compression property of joints were studied. The results show that the ultimate axial compression capacity of common bird beak SHS T-joints and diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is larger than that of traditional SHS T-joint specimens with big values of β. The ultimate axial compression capacity of diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is larger than that of common bird beak SHS T-joints. As β increases, the increase of the ultimate axial compression capacity of diamond bird beak SHS T-joints over that of common bird beak joints grows. The ultimate axial compression capacity and the initial axial stiffness of all kinds of joints increase as β increases, and the initial axial stiffness of the diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is the largest. The ductilities of common bird beak and diamond bird beak SHS T-joints increase as β increases, but the ductility of the traditional SHS T-joints decreases as β increases.

Hail impact responses and residual tensile properties of CFRP T-joints

Hail impact is a major challenge encountered by aircraft in flight,and thus is a key concern in the design of damage-tolerant composite T-joints in aviation.The study uses the Z-pinning technique(the pre-hole insertion technology)in combination with fillets of two radiuses to manufacture four types of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers(CFRP)T-joints.The T-joints are then subjected to hail impact tests at two energy levels,as well as post-impact quasi-static tensile tests.The results show that increasing the size of the deltoid and Z-pin-induced reinforcement has a limited influence on the responses of the T-joints to hail impact,but a significant influence on their residual tensile strength after impact.These influences are not only dependent on the structural characteristics of the T-joints,but are also closely related to the degree of discrete damage within the T-joints caused by hail impact.Acoustic Emission(AE)technology is used to monitor the quantitative evolution of damage to the T-joints in a timely manner during the loading process,and helps characterize the characteristics of evolution of various types of damage over different periods.The research here can help design lightweight and damage-tolerant T-joints.

波形钢腹板梁T形接头焊接仿真分析与试验研究

为了解决波形钢腹板梁焊接温度场和残余应力分布尚不明确的问题,本文基于Simufact Welding软件建立三维有限元模型,对其T形接头的焊接温度场和残余应力进行了预测,并对模拟结果进行了试验验证。波形钢腹板梁的焊接温度场分布与熔池中心距离有关,距离熔池中心越近,温度梯度越大;焊接残余应力以纵向残余拉应力为主,而横向残余应力的应力水平相对较低,拉压应力共存;焊接速度和底板厚度的改变只会影响残余应力的峰值大小,不会影响残余应力的分布规律。结果表明:数值模拟结果和试验实测值吻合良好,数值模拟可靠。

铝合金T型接头激光+GMAW复合焊残余应力数值分析

目的研究激光+GMAW复合焊中不同激光功率参数对铝合金T型接头残余应力的影响,从而提高焊接性能。方法分别考虑了热弹塑性理论、传热学以及T型接头几何特性,建立了铝合金T型接头激光+电弧复合焊残余应力的数值分析模型。采用双椭球体热源模型表征电弧热输入与熔滴晗,采用锥体热源模型对激光深熔焊进行描述。基于所建立的T型接头模型,使用ANSYS有限元软件对12 mm厚铝合金激光+GMAW焊T型接头残余应力进行模拟计算,并研究其分布特征;使用X射线衍射法对T型接头处的残余应力进行测量从而对所建模型的准确性进行验证。同时,对比了不同激光功率下铝合金T型接头对残余应力的影响规律。结果当激光功率分别为2、3、4、5 kW时,铝合金T型接头路径L3上的纵向残余应力最大值分别为270、263、258、251 MPa,米塞斯-等效应力最大值分别为265、261、257、250 MPa。结论后焊的焊缝A对焊缝B有明显的热处理作用,使应力明显降低;在T型接头焊缝及近缝区,横向残余应力和厚度方向残余应力峰值均比纵向残余应力峰值小,且随着激光功率的增大,焊缝及近缝区拉应力峰值不断减小。

T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊熔池动态行为数值分析模型

目的研究T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池的温度场和流态特征,揭示气孔缺陷的产生及抑制机理。方法依据光学、电磁学、传热学及流体动力学机理,建立T型接头旋转光纤激光+GMAW复合焊熔池数值分析模型。使用Fluent软件对旋转频率分别为50 Hz和100 Hz的T型接头旋转激光+GMAW复合焊进行温度场以及流态特征的模拟,对比不同频率下T型接头横、纵截面,从工艺和焊缝成形角度出发,针对不同频率对熔池、小孔成形以及气孔抑制的影响进行讨论。结果当旋转频率为50 Hz时,纵截面内小孔最大深度为5.4 mm,横截面熔池内小孔开口直径相对较大,旋转一周后,小孔远离气泡,气泡无法逸出,形成气孔;当旋转频率为100 Hz时,纵截面内小孔深度显著降低,熔池体积明显减小,横截面内小孔最大开口直径和深度均降低,熔池尺寸也有所减小,在时间为0.097 s时,小孔上方区域出现的顺时针涡流不仅能抑制气孔,还能改善熔池的下垂以及立板焊趾处的咬边。结论随着旋转频率的增大,小孔的最大开口直径和深度均降低,还对熔池具有搅拌作用,使熔池体积变小。

Numerical Analysis of Welding Residual Stress and Distortion in Laser+GMAW Hybrid Welding of Aluminum Alloy T-Joint

A 3-D finite element model is developed to predict the temperature field and thermally induced residual stress and distortion in laser＋GMAW hybrid welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy T-joint. And the characteristics of residual stress distribution and deformation are numerically investigated. In the simulation, the heat source model takes into account the effect of joint geometric shape and welding torch slant on the heat flux distribution and a sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical method is used. The calculated results show that higher residual stress is distributed in and surround the weld zone. Its peak value is very close to the yield strength of base metal. Besides, a large deformation appears in the middle and rear part of the weldment.

Multi-objective optimization of gas metal arc welding parameters and sequences for low-carbon steel (Q345D) T-joints

Q345D high-quality low-carbon steel has been extensively employed in structures with stringent weld- ing quality requirements. A multi-objective optimization of welding stress and deformation was presented to design reasonable values of gas metal arc welding parameters and sequences of Q345D T-joints. The optimized factors included continuous variables （welding current （I）, welding voltage （U） ahd welding speed （V）） and discrete variables （welding sequence （S） and welding direc- tion （D））. The concepts of the pointer and stack in Visual Basic （VB） and the interpolation method were introduced to optimize the variables. The optimization objectives included the different combina- tions of the angular distortion and transverse welding stress along the transverse and longitudinal dis- tributions. Based on the design of experiments （DOE） and the polynomial regression （PR） model, the finite element （FE） results of the T-joint were used to establish the mathematical models. The Pareto front and the compromise solutions were obtained by using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization （MOPSO） algorithm. The optimal results were validated by the corresponding results of the FE method, and the error between the FE results and the two-objective results as well as that be-tween the FE results and the three-objective optimization results were less than 17.2% and 21.5%, respectively. The influence and setting regularity of different factors were discussed according to the compromise solutions.

高温后铝合金T型连接梁柱节点滞回性能试验研究

为研究高温后铝合金T型连接梁柱节点滞回性能,以温度值、恒温时间为变化参数,设计了4个T型节点试件进行了高温后低周往复加载试验。通过试验观测了T型节点试件的破坏过程,同时获取了试件升温曲线、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性指标、承载力及刚度退化曲线等,并由此分析了节点破坏机理、承载能力以及抗震性能。试验结果表明:受到低周往复荷载作用后试件的破坏模式均表现为节点板的弯剪破坏,滞回曲线不饱满;高温后试件极限承载力随着恒温时间的增加而减少;与常温下的铝合金T型节点试件相比,经历高温后的试件刚度退化幅度及延性增加;螺栓滑移可增加试件耗能,但摩擦力在滑移阶段初期对常温试件产生不利影响。

TC4钛合金T形接头双光束激光焊接组织与力学性能研究

开展了1.5 mm⊥2 mm组合的TC4钛合金T形接头双光束激光焊接工艺试验,旨在研究该T形接头的微观组织与力学性能。结果显示,T形接头焊缝区主要为网篮状组织,在上部热影响区的交叉区为少量的针状α'相以及初生α相,下部热影响区交叉区为α相等轴组织。接头力学性能显示,抗拉强度与母材相当,平均弯曲角度为33.1°。完成了典型件的焊接,接头内部没有裂纹与气孔等缺陷,为轻量化构件制造提供了有效的焊接工艺。

电弧增材制造T形件连接节点力学性能研究

电弧增材制造(WAAM)技术在结构工程领域有着广泛的应用前景,具有生产效率高、设备成本低、材料利用率高和环境可持续性等优点。为了探究WAAM碳钢T形件连接节点的力学性能,设计一系列共12组由WAAM碳钢T形件、高强钢(HSS)T形件和高强螺栓组成的连接节点试件,通过试验研究螺栓线位置与螺栓排列方式对试件初始刚度、破坏模式及极限承载力的影响。采用三维激光扫描技术测量WAAM碳钢T形件相关几何参数,采用数字图像相关技术(DIC)辅助测量了T形件连接节点在加载过程中的位移响应。结果表明:WAAM碳钢T形件具有较好的力学性能,当螺栓线与腹板翼缘连接处距离减小时,试件的初始刚度与极限承载力均呈上升趋势,而失效模式均为预期的翼缘破坏,且螺栓未发生断裂。通过对比试验结果和现有设计规程计算结果,对相关计算方法的适用性与准确性进行评估,发现现有设计方法高估了试件的初始刚度,对破坏模式的预测较为准确,但对极限承载力的预测偏保守。最后,对已有计算模型进行修正,修正后的计算模型对连接节点极限承载力的预测效果较好。

Distribution Features of the Residual Stress For T-Joints by Laser Welding

The residual stress of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel by YAG laser welding was measured by the method of hole-drilling,and the effects of heat treatment and hardness distribution of weld joints on the distribution of residual stress for T-joints were analyzed.The results showed that the maximum of longitudinal residual tensile stress for T-joints was about 140MPa.The maximum of residual stress was not more than 40MPa after heat treatment,the peak of residual stress reduced obviously.The gradient of residual stress distribution was also reduced significantly.Strain hardening phenomenon occurred for T-joints,and the hardness of weld and heat affected zone was both higher than the hardness of base metal,the peak of hardness occurred in the fusion line.The effect of strain hardening phenomenon of weld and heat affected zone on the residual stress distribution of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel was obvious,which made longitudinal residual tensile stress become higher.

Mechanical Behavior of Tubular T-joint after Fire

This paper presents experimental results of the post-fire behavior of tubular T-joints.The research aims at the failure modes and the residual strengths of the T-joints after fire.Three tests of full-scale tubular T-joints are conducted.The first one is carried out to study the mechanical behavior of T-joints under ambient temperature.The other two tests are performed to study the influence of pre-load,heating and cooling phase on residual load-bearing capacity of the tubular T-joints.The test results show that the sustained axial load on the brace has remarkable influence on the residual deflection of the T-joints which is cooled down to room temperature.The results of the experiments also indicate that the axial load level and heating and cooling history have more significant effects on the compressive stiffness of the T-joints than the residual strength.In the numerical study,the result of finite element model agrees well with the test result.The work in this paper provides a basis for further parametric analysis and theoretical study on the structural evaluation after fire.

某电厂低压加热器管板与壳体T型焊接接头开裂失效分析

某电厂低压加热器服役5年后,管板和壳体的T型焊缝部位发生严重开裂;通过宏观检查、断口形貌分析、金相组织分析、能谱分析(EDS)、化学成分分析和硬度检测等检验检测,对焊缝开裂原因进行了分析。分析表明:由于焊接热影响区(HAZ)存在对碱应力腐蚀开裂敏感的淬硬马氏体组织,且焊接接头未进行消应力热处理,在碱性环境中,管板焊接热影响区发生了碱脆,支裂纹在焊缝中扩展穿透造成设备失效。对T型焊接接头失效的原因进行分析,对类似场合换热器设计、制造和使用具有借鉴意义。

焊接顺序对T型接头焊接的影响分析

为减小T型接头的焊接残余应力和变形情况,以热-弹塑性理论为基础,利用ANSYS有限元软件对T型接头的焊接过程进行数值模拟,分析不同焊接顺序对温度场和应力场的影响,并对不同焊接路径上的应力和变形情况进行比较。结果表明:相较同向焊接,异向焊接在L1和L2这这两个路径上产生的应力分别减小15%和27%。不同的焊接顺序对变形影响各异,异向焊接对翼板角变形影响较小,同向焊接对腹板横向变形影响较小。研究成果可为T型接头焊接方案设计提供一定参考。

钛合金薄壁T形接头激光焊接力学性能研究

开展了厚度为1.5mm立筋与厚度为2mm底板的TC4钛合金T形接头的激光焊接工艺试验,对接头的力学性能进行了测试,观察了接头的组织形貌。结果显示:带立筋接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度及伸长率均与母材相当,而去除立筋后的正常区的抗拉强度与屈服强度最高,起弧区的抗拉强度与屈服强度最低,但去除立筋后收弧区的断后伸长率最高、起弧区最低,接头的剪切性能比母材提高了3.4%,持久测试试样没有发生断裂。接头焊缝区组织由大的柱状晶组成,主要由α相、α’相与β相组成,随着距焊缝中心距离的增加,接头组织晶粒尺寸降低,且α’相的尺寸也降低。