Currently, land resources are becoming more and more constrained and structures are getting closer to each other. To investigate the seismic response of inter-story isolated structure to adjacent structure, models con...Currently, land resources are becoming more and more constrained and structures are getting closer to each other. To investigate the seismic response of inter-story isolated structure to adjacent structure, models considering no soil-structure interaction (SSI), considering soil-structure interaction (SSI), and considering structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) were established. Nonlinear seismic response comparative analysis was conducted by varying the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure, as well as the weight of adjacent structure, under different earthquake inputs, in order to obtain the structural response characteristics. The results indicate that the inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure without considering SSI are smaller than those considering SSI and SSSI. The inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure considering SSSI are further affected compared to that of the inter-story isolated structure considering only SSI. As the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure increases, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure decreases. The variation in the spacing between the two structures has a negligible effect on the isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure. With the increase in the weight of adjacent structure, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure becomes more significant. The increasing weight of adjacent structure has an increasing effect on the Isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure.展开更多
A new method for establishing ES cell lines from 129/ter、C57BL/6J mice was set up which was characterized by the murine embryonic fibroblast cell(MEF) feeder, the medium of rat heart cell-conditioned medium(RH-CM)for...A new method for establishing ES cell lines from 129/ter、C57BL/6J mice was set up which was characterized by the murine embryonic fibroblast cell(MEF) feeder, the medium of rat heart cell-conditioned medium(RH-CM)for ES cells, and the consecutive digestion by the digestion liquid containing 1% serum. Every group of improved experiments was done with a control of routine method. The results showed that, compared with routine method, the improved way increased the ratio of ES cell lines of 129/ter mice from 11.8% to 33.3%, and of C57BL/6J from 3.7% to 13.3%. The difference is distinct. The passage culture of ES cells showed that, compared with medium added LIF, RH-CM not only inhibited the differentiation of murine ES cells, maintained its dipoild karyotype, but also promote its adherence growth. This kind of culture condition not only maintained the ES cells in an undifferentiated state and their normal dipoild karyotype, but also a series of other characteristics of totipotent embryonic stem cells during extended culture period.展开更多
By analyzing Chandra X-ray data of a sample of 21 galaxy groups and 19 galaxy clusters, we find that in 31 sample systems there exists a significant central (R ≤ 10 h^-171 kpc) gas entropy excess (AK0), which cor...By analyzing Chandra X-ray data of a sample of 21 galaxy groups and 19 galaxy clusters, we find that in 31 sample systems there exists a significant central (R ≤ 10 h^-171 kpc) gas entropy excess (AK0), which corresponds to = 0.1 - 0.5 keV per gas particle, beyond the power-law model that best fits the radial entropy profile of the outer regions. We also find a distinct correlation between the central entropy excess △K0 and K-band luminosity LK of the central dominating galaxies (CDGs), which is scaled as △K0 ∝ L K 1.6±04, where LK is tightly associated with the mass of the supermassive black hole hosted in the CDG. In fact, if an effective mass-to-energy conversionefficiency of 0.02 is assumed for the accretion process, the cumulative AGN feedback E AGN feedack=ηMBHc2 yields an extra heating of = 0.5 - 17.0keV per particle, which feedback is sufficient to explain the central entropy excess. In most cases, the AGN contribution can compensate the radiative loss of the X-ray gas within the cooling radius (= 0.002 - 2.2 keV per particle), and apparently exceeds the energy required to cause the scaling relations to deviate from the self-similar predictions (=0.2 - 1.0 keV per particle). In contrast to the AGN feedback, the extra heating provided by supernova explosions accounts for = 0.01 - 0.08 keV per particle in groups and is almost negligible in clusters. Therefore, the observed correlation between △K0 and Lx can be considered as direct evidence for AGN feedback in galaxy groups and clusters.展开更多
目的:通过检测Ter细胞在不同发病阶段胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)小鼠脾脏中的数量变化及高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞与关节评分和T、B细胞亚群比例的相关性,探讨Ter细胞在CIA发生和发展中的作用,从而进一步深入理...目的:通过检测Ter细胞在不同发病阶段胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)小鼠脾脏中的数量变化及高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞与关节评分和T、B细胞亚群比例的相关性,探讨Ter细胞在CIA发生和发展中的作用,从而进一步深入理解类风湿关节炎的发病机制。方法: 6~8周的DBA/1小鼠进行CIA模型的诱导,二次免疫后开始对CIA小鼠进行关节评分。根据发病时间和关节评分将CIA分为发病早期、高峰期、晚期三个阶段。发病高峰期小鼠根据最终关节评分再分为高评分组(>8分)和低评分组(≤8分),流式细胞术检测na ve小鼠和各个阶段CIA小鼠脾脏中Ter细胞比例及发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏T、B 细胞亚群比例,并进行关联分析。结果:发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例较na ve小鼠明显升高(8.522%±2.645% vs . 1.937%±0.725%, P < 0.01),高评分组小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例明显低于低评分组(6.217%±0.841% vs . 10.827%±0.917%, P < 0.01 )。高评分组小鼠脾脏Th1细胞比例明显高于低评分组(1.337%±0.110% vs . 0.727%±0.223%, P < 0.05 ),高评分组小鼠脾脏Th17细胞比例高于低评分组(0.750%±0.171% vs . 0.477%±0.051%, P =0.099),高评分组小鼠脾脏生发中心B(germinal center B,GC-B)细胞比例明显高于低评分组(1.243%±0.057% vs . 1.097%±0.015%, P < 0.05 )。相关性分析结果显示,发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例与CD4 + T、Th1、Th17、GC-B细胞比例均呈强负相关,与B10细胞比例呈强正相关,相关性均有统计学意义,提示这群细胞在CIA中可能具有保护作用。动态变化研究显示,随着疾病进展,发病晚期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例较高峰期明显降低(0.917%± 0.588% vs . 8.522%±2.645%, P <0.001),进一步提示这群细胞在关节炎中的保护作用。结论: Ter细胞在发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏中明显增加,与小鼠关节评分及致病性免疫细胞比例呈负相关,与保护性免疫细胞比例呈正相关,发病晚期CIA小鼠Ter细胞比例明显降低,提示Ter细胞可能作为一种保护性细胞参与类风湿关节炎的发生和发展,但其具体作用及机制仍需后续进一步的体内及体外实验验证。展开更多
In total 36 superior clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., screened from 300 selections conducted in natural and growing range of India and Nepal, were multiplied using single nodal cuttings and estab- lished to evaluate ...In total 36 superior clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., screened from 300 selections conducted in natural and growing range of India and Nepal, were multiplied using single nodal cuttings and estab- lished to evaluate genotypexenvironmental interactions for adaptability and stability at the age of 30 months in three geographical locations in the state of Punjab, India. Clone 124 had maximum adaptability and stability (bi = 1.04) to perform exceedingly well over the locations. Clones 36 and 1 were stable with mean regression coefficient of 0.84 and 1.22, respectively. Nonetheless, clone 4 1 performed exceedingly well for all the characters to attain maximum population mean, and the perform- ance varied substantially across the locations. Therefore, clone 41 was considered as productive but non-adaptive clone. Though some of the clones were sensitive to sites, 14 clones for height, 16 for collar diameter, 12 for DBH and 7 for volume were relatively un-sensitive with higher regression coefficient. Nonetheless, clone 124 was the most Stable with average bi value of 1.04 and productive, which could play an important role in future breeding and commercial deployment of stable and produc- tive planting stock of Dalbergia sissoo.展开更多
Laayoune and the Foum El Oued aquifers are in hydraulic communication only at the level of Oued Saguia El Hamra. The present study has accordingly made use of all the hydrogeological, hydrological, geological and geop...Laayoune and the Foum El Oued aquifers are in hydraulic communication only at the level of Oued Saguia El Hamra. The present study has accordingly made use of all the hydrogeological, hydrological, geological and geophysical data that preceded the watershed of Oued Saguia El Hamra in its downstream part. These data are by no means omplementary with the objective of having a better understanding of the boundary line between Laayoune and Foum El Oued aquifers and the origin of feeding the sources of Oued Saguia El Hamra. This study will focus only on the previous geophysical studies where a reinterpretation of electrical soundings has proved useful as a result of the recent well-logging results. It makes it possible to highlight the presence of a significant rise in the truncated marly substratum of Oued Saguia El Hamra and depressions (left and right banks) which could correspond to stream channels or depressed areas. At the level of the Wadi bed, there has been a regular immersion of the conductive level roofs from east to west towards Foum El Oued favoring the flow of wastewater from the zone and spraying the brackish water sources towards the groundwater of Foum El Oued. In the light of the reinterpretation of electric polls, plus as well as the geophysical surveys by electrical tomography and high definition made at the right and left banks of the Oueed Saguia El-Hamra, it was possible to verify the existence of dry ridge separating the two webs of Laayoune and Foum El Oued and stream channels or depressed areas of the left bank for drainage of brackish water to sources located along Oued Saguia El Hamra. The true resistivity models tomography profiles confirm the presence of the backbone at the left and right banks and the graben of the left bank for underground water drainage of the web Laayoune to sources welling the river Saguia El Hamra. They reveal the presence of a quaternary plio-cover (coastal platform Moghrebian) as being heterogeneous and affected by many electrical discontinuities, particularly in the level resistant R2 (coquina sandstone). These discontinuities could correspond to lateral changes in facies and/or synsedimental faults compartmentalizing the plio-quaternary formations into a system of Horsts and Grabens that relies on the whole (D1, Cs) attributed to formations from the Miocene to the Upper Cretaceous. The contours of the map show the distribution of the three families of electrical soundings A, B and C limited by two main electrical discontinuities D and M. East of discontinuity million, this map reflects the look of the wall of the Pliocene-Quaternary resting on the impermeable upper Cretaceous floor. To the west of this electrical discontinuity M, the map reflects the behavior of the roof of marl deposits of Miocene age.展开更多
In this paper we study some van den Bergh open clusters combining photometry and astrometry. A model which analyses the proper motion distribution and the stellar density is applied to find the kinematic parameters an...In this paper we study some van den Bergh open clusters combining photometry and astrometry. A model which analyses the proper motion distribution and the stellar density is applied to find the kinematic parameters and stellar membership in the region of the open clusters vdB92, vdB146 (NGC 7129) and vdB150. The astrometric data are obtained from UCAC4 catalogue. The centre coordinates, the components of mean proper motion, the angular diameter and the astrometric members are reported, taking the following values: for vdB92: α=105.97281°±0.13113°, δ=−11.57814°±0.10575°,?μαcosδ=−3.46±0.19mas/yr,μδ=1.27±0.19mas/yr, 34', 60 members;for vdB146: α=325.78423°±0.15297°, δ=66.13575°±0.02907°, μαcosδ=−2.71±0.25mas/yr, μδ=−3.32±0.25mas/yr, 9', 5 members;and for vdB150: α=332.22519°±0.06074°, δ=73.40232°±0.0.07789°, μαcosδ=3.07±0.90mas/yr, μδ=4.65±0.90mas/yr, 15', 7 members. The incidence of the proper motion errors in the determination of the cluster parameters and of the stellar membership is analysed and it is found that they do not significantly change. We finally compare the astrometric members with the photometric ones given in the literature.展开更多
The wide-precision planting pattern has become widely used in the North China Plain as a practice for increasing wheat yield.However,the effects of tilled ng developme nt and light tran smissi on within can opy on whe...The wide-precision planting pattern has become widely used in the North China Plain as a practice for increasing wheat yield.However,the effects of tilled ng developme nt and light tran smissi on within can opy on wheat yield un der differe nt sowi ng widths have not bee n clearly described.Therefore,a two-year experime nt was con ducted,in cludi ng four different seeding widths(6 cm,W6;8 cm,W8;10 cm,W10;12 cm,W12)and the traditional planting pattern with seeding width of 4 cm(W4).The results indicated mainly positive effects by the reduced intraspecific competition,specifically all three yield components of W6 and W8 were higher than those for W4.The configurations with more than 10-cm seeding width were mainly affected by the negative effect of a relative homogeneous canopy,leading to the weakened light transmission,leaf senescence,and reduced grain number per spike.Finally,the yields of W6 and W8 were significantly higher than that of W4,whereas the yield in W12 was lower(though not significantly)than W4.In wheat production,therefore,the appropriate seeding width of 6-8 cm is recommended for farmers,whereas the too wide seeding width,with more than 10 cm,should be avoided.展开更多
文摘Currently, land resources are becoming more and more constrained and structures are getting closer to each other. To investigate the seismic response of inter-story isolated structure to adjacent structure, models considering no soil-structure interaction (SSI), considering soil-structure interaction (SSI), and considering structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) were established. Nonlinear seismic response comparative analysis was conducted by varying the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure, as well as the weight of adjacent structure, under different earthquake inputs, in order to obtain the structural response characteristics. The results indicate that the inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure without considering SSI are smaller than those considering SSI and SSSI. The inter-story drift and inter-story shear of the inter-story isolated structure considering SSSI are further affected compared to that of the inter-story isolated structure considering only SSI. As the spacing between adjacent structure and inter-story isolated structure increases, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure decreases. The variation in the spacing between the two structures has a negligible effect on the isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure. With the increase in the weight of adjacent structure, the influence of adjacent structure on inter-story isolated structure becomes more significant. The increasing weight of adjacent structure has an increasing effect on the Isolation layer of the inter-story isolated structure.
文摘A new method for establishing ES cell lines from 129/ter、C57BL/6J mice was set up which was characterized by the murine embryonic fibroblast cell(MEF) feeder, the medium of rat heart cell-conditioned medium(RH-CM)for ES cells, and the consecutive digestion by the digestion liquid containing 1% serum. Every group of improved experiments was done with a control of routine method. The results showed that, compared with routine method, the improved way increased the ratio of ES cell lines of 129/ter mice from 11.8% to 33.3%, and of C57BL/6J from 3.7% to 13.3%. The difference is distinct. The passage culture of ES cells showed that, compared with medium added LIF, RH-CM not only inhibited the differentiation of murine ES cells, maintained its dipoild karyotype, but also promote its adherence growth. This kind of culture condition not only maintained the ES cells in an undifferentiated state and their normal dipoild karyotype, but also a series of other characteristics of totipotent embryonic stem cells during extended culture period.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10673008,10878001 and 10973010)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2009CB824900/2009CB24904)the Ministry of Education of China(the NCET Program)
文摘By analyzing Chandra X-ray data of a sample of 21 galaxy groups and 19 galaxy clusters, we find that in 31 sample systems there exists a significant central (R ≤ 10 h^-171 kpc) gas entropy excess (AK0), which corresponds to = 0.1 - 0.5 keV per gas particle, beyond the power-law model that best fits the radial entropy profile of the outer regions. We also find a distinct correlation between the central entropy excess △K0 and K-band luminosity LK of the central dominating galaxies (CDGs), which is scaled as △K0 ∝ L K 1.6±04, where LK is tightly associated with the mass of the supermassive black hole hosted in the CDG. In fact, if an effective mass-to-energy conversionefficiency of 0.02 is assumed for the accretion process, the cumulative AGN feedback E AGN feedack=ηMBHc2 yields an extra heating of = 0.5 - 17.0keV per particle, which feedback is sufficient to explain the central entropy excess. In most cases, the AGN contribution can compensate the radiative loss of the X-ray gas within the cooling radius (= 0.002 - 2.2 keV per particle), and apparently exceeds the energy required to cause the scaling relations to deviate from the self-similar predictions (=0.2 - 1.0 keV per particle). In contrast to the AGN feedback, the extra heating provided by supernova explosions accounts for = 0.01 - 0.08 keV per particle in groups and is almost negligible in clusters. Therefore, the observed correlation between △K0 and Lx can be considered as direct evidence for AGN feedback in galaxy groups and clusters.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51178114)the Chinese Western Transportation Construction Technology Project of Transportation Ministry(No.2009318000086)
文摘目的:通过检测Ter细胞在不同发病阶段胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)小鼠脾脏中的数量变化及高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞与关节评分和T、B细胞亚群比例的相关性,探讨Ter细胞在CIA发生和发展中的作用,从而进一步深入理解类风湿关节炎的发病机制。方法: 6~8周的DBA/1小鼠进行CIA模型的诱导,二次免疫后开始对CIA小鼠进行关节评分。根据发病时间和关节评分将CIA分为发病早期、高峰期、晚期三个阶段。发病高峰期小鼠根据最终关节评分再分为高评分组(>8分)和低评分组(≤8分),流式细胞术检测na ve小鼠和各个阶段CIA小鼠脾脏中Ter细胞比例及发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏T、B 细胞亚群比例,并进行关联分析。结果:发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例较na ve小鼠明显升高(8.522%±2.645% vs . 1.937%±0.725%, P < 0.01),高评分组小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例明显低于低评分组(6.217%±0.841% vs . 10.827%±0.917%, P < 0.01 )。高评分组小鼠脾脏Th1细胞比例明显高于低评分组(1.337%±0.110% vs . 0.727%±0.223%, P < 0.05 ),高评分组小鼠脾脏Th17细胞比例高于低评分组(0.750%±0.171% vs . 0.477%±0.051%, P =0.099),高评分组小鼠脾脏生发中心B(germinal center B,GC-B)细胞比例明显高于低评分组(1.243%±0.057% vs . 1.097%±0.015%, P < 0.05 )。相关性分析结果显示,发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例与CD4 + T、Th1、Th17、GC-B细胞比例均呈强负相关,与B10细胞比例呈强正相关,相关性均有统计学意义,提示这群细胞在CIA中可能具有保护作用。动态变化研究显示,随着疾病进展,发病晚期CIA小鼠脾脏Ter细胞比例较高峰期明显降低(0.917%± 0.588% vs . 8.522%±2.645%, P <0.001),进一步提示这群细胞在关节炎中的保护作用。结论: Ter细胞在发病高峰期CIA小鼠脾脏中明显增加,与小鼠关节评分及致病性免疫细胞比例呈负相关,与保护性免疫细胞比例呈正相关,发病晚期CIA小鼠Ter细胞比例明显降低,提示Ter细胞可能作为一种保护性细胞参与类风湿关节炎的发生和发展,但其具体作用及机制仍需后续进一步的体内及体外实验验证。
文摘In total 36 superior clones of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., screened from 300 selections conducted in natural and growing range of India and Nepal, were multiplied using single nodal cuttings and estab- lished to evaluate genotypexenvironmental interactions for adaptability and stability at the age of 30 months in three geographical locations in the state of Punjab, India. Clone 124 had maximum adaptability and stability (bi = 1.04) to perform exceedingly well over the locations. Clones 36 and 1 were stable with mean regression coefficient of 0.84 and 1.22, respectively. Nonetheless, clone 4 1 performed exceedingly well for all the characters to attain maximum population mean, and the perform- ance varied substantially across the locations. Therefore, clone 41 was considered as productive but non-adaptive clone. Though some of the clones were sensitive to sites, 14 clones for height, 16 for collar diameter, 12 for DBH and 7 for volume were relatively un-sensitive with higher regression coefficient. Nonetheless, clone 124 was the most Stable with average bi value of 1.04 and productive, which could play an important role in future breeding and commercial deployment of stable and produc- tive planting stock of Dalbergia sissoo.
文摘Laayoune and the Foum El Oued aquifers are in hydraulic communication only at the level of Oued Saguia El Hamra. The present study has accordingly made use of all the hydrogeological, hydrological, geological and geophysical data that preceded the watershed of Oued Saguia El Hamra in its downstream part. These data are by no means omplementary with the objective of having a better understanding of the boundary line between Laayoune and Foum El Oued aquifers and the origin of feeding the sources of Oued Saguia El Hamra. This study will focus only on the previous geophysical studies where a reinterpretation of electrical soundings has proved useful as a result of the recent well-logging results. It makes it possible to highlight the presence of a significant rise in the truncated marly substratum of Oued Saguia El Hamra and depressions (left and right banks) which could correspond to stream channels or depressed areas. At the level of the Wadi bed, there has been a regular immersion of the conductive level roofs from east to west towards Foum El Oued favoring the flow of wastewater from the zone and spraying the brackish water sources towards the groundwater of Foum El Oued. In the light of the reinterpretation of electric polls, plus as well as the geophysical surveys by electrical tomography and high definition made at the right and left banks of the Oueed Saguia El-Hamra, it was possible to verify the existence of dry ridge separating the two webs of Laayoune and Foum El Oued and stream channels or depressed areas of the left bank for drainage of brackish water to sources located along Oued Saguia El Hamra. The true resistivity models tomography profiles confirm the presence of the backbone at the left and right banks and the graben of the left bank for underground water drainage of the web Laayoune to sources welling the river Saguia El Hamra. They reveal the presence of a quaternary plio-cover (coastal platform Moghrebian) as being heterogeneous and affected by many electrical discontinuities, particularly in the level resistant R2 (coquina sandstone). These discontinuities could correspond to lateral changes in facies and/or synsedimental faults compartmentalizing the plio-quaternary formations into a system of Horsts and Grabens that relies on the whole (D1, Cs) attributed to formations from the Miocene to the Upper Cretaceous. The contours of the map show the distribution of the three families of electrical soundings A, B and C limited by two main electrical discontinuities D and M. East of discontinuity million, this map reflects the look of the wall of the Pliocene-Quaternary resting on the impermeable upper Cretaceous floor. To the west of this electrical discontinuity M, the map reflects the behavior of the roof of marl deposits of Miocene age.
文摘In this paper we study some van den Bergh open clusters combining photometry and astrometry. A model which analyses the proper motion distribution and the stellar density is applied to find the kinematic parameters and stellar membership in the region of the open clusters vdB92, vdB146 (NGC 7129) and vdB150. The astrometric data are obtained from UCAC4 catalogue. The centre coordinates, the components of mean proper motion, the angular diameter and the astrometric members are reported, taking the following values: for vdB92: α=105.97281°±0.13113°, δ=−11.57814°±0.10575°,?μαcosδ=−3.46±0.19mas/yr,μδ=1.27±0.19mas/yr, 34', 60 members;for vdB146: α=325.78423°±0.15297°, δ=66.13575°±0.02907°, μαcosδ=−2.71±0.25mas/yr, μδ=−3.32±0.25mas/yr, 9', 5 members;and for vdB150: α=332.22519°±0.06074°, δ=73.40232°±0.0.07789°, μαcosδ=3.07±0.90mas/yr, μδ=4.65±0.90mas/yr, 15', 7 members. The incidence of the proper motion errors in the determination of the cluster parameters and of the stellar membership is analysed and it is found that they do not significantly change. We finally compare the astrometric members with the photometric ones given in the literature.
基金This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201503130).
文摘The wide-precision planting pattern has become widely used in the North China Plain as a practice for increasing wheat yield.However,the effects of tilled ng developme nt and light tran smissi on within can opy on wheat yield un der differe nt sowi ng widths have not bee n clearly described.Therefore,a two-year experime nt was con ducted,in cludi ng four different seeding widths(6 cm,W6;8 cm,W8;10 cm,W10;12 cm,W12)and the traditional planting pattern with seeding width of 4 cm(W4).The results indicated mainly positive effects by the reduced intraspecific competition,specifically all three yield components of W6 and W8 were higher than those for W4.The configurations with more than 10-cm seeding width were mainly affected by the negative effect of a relative homogeneous canopy,leading to the weakened light transmission,leaf senescence,and reduced grain number per spike.Finally,the yields of W6 and W8 were significantly higher than that of W4,whereas the yield in W12 was lower(though not significantly)than W4.In wheat production,therefore,the appropriate seeding width of 6-8 cm is recommended for farmers,whereas the too wide seeding width,with more than 10 cm,should be avoided.