The membrane trafficking of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor（CI-M6PR） between the transGolgi network（TGN） and endosomal compartments is not only critical for maintaining lysosomal function but also ...The membrane trafficking of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor（CI-M6PR） between the transGolgi network（TGN） and endosomal compartments is not only critical for maintaining lysosomal function but also a well-known event for understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms in retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking.Although it has been well established in literature that the C-terminus of bovine CI-M6PR determines its retrograde trafficking,it remains unclear whether the luminal domain of the protein plays a role on these sorting events.In this study,we found that partial deletion of luminal domain of human CI-M6PR mistargeted the mutant protein to nonTGN compartments.Moreover,replacing the luminal domain of both bovine and human CI-M6PR with that from irrelevant membrane proteins such as CD8 or Tac also altered the TGN targeting of the chimeric proteins.On the other hand,only short sequence from HA fused with the transmembrane domain and C-terminus of the receptor,HA-hCIM6PR-tail,resulted in its preferential targeting to TGN as for the full length receptor,strongly suggesting that sorting of the receptor may be influenced by luminal sequence.Furthermore,using this luminal truncated form of HA-hCIM6 PR as a model cargo,we found that the trafficking of the chimeric protein was regulated by the retromer complex through interacting with SNX5.In conclusion,our study strongly suggested that the disrupted luminal domain from hCI-M6PR or other irrelevant membrane proteins interfere with the process of membrane trafficking and TGN targeting of CI-M6PR.展开更多
A wireless communication system can be tested either in actual conditions or by a hardware simulator reproducing actual conditions. With a hardware simulator it is possible to freely simulate a desired type of a radio...A wireless communication system can be tested either in actual conditions or by a hardware simulator reproducing actual conditions. With a hardware simulator it is possible to freely simulate a desired type of a radio channel and making it possible to test “on table” mobile radio equipment. This paper presents an architecture for the digital block of a hardware simulator of MIMO propagation channels. This simulator can be used for LTE and WLAN IEEE 802.11ac applications, in indoor and outdoor environments. However, in this paper, specific architecture of the digital block of the simulator is presented to characterize a scenario indoor to outdoor using TGn channel models. The switching between each environment in the scenario must be made in a continuous manner. Therefore, an algorithm is designed to pass from a considered impulse response in the environment to another in other environment. The architecture of the digital block of the hardware simulator is presented and implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-IV FPGA. Moreover, the impulse responses are transferred into the simulator. The accuracy, the occupation on the FPGA and the latency of the architecture are analyzed.展开更多
In this work, two popular evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based SDMA-OFDM multi user detection (MUD) have been presented which overcome the limitations of c...In this work, two popular evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based SDMA-OFDM multi user detection (MUD) have been presented which overcome the limitations of classical detectors. They are simple to implement and their complexity in terms of decision-metric evaluations is very less compared to maximum likelihood detection (MLD). These techniques are shown to provide a high performance as compared to the other detectors especially in a rank-deficient scenario where numbers of users are high as compared to the base station (BS) antennas. In this scenario, Zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) based MUDs exhibit severe performance degradation. To investigate almost realistic performance of a wireless communication system, it is important to use a proper channel model. Since the simulation parameters in this work are based on IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, TGn is the channel model used.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China to Y.Liu(Grant No.31371436 and No.8157051134)Y.Huang(Grant No.81500678)the laboratory start-up grant from Nanjing Medical University to Y.Liu
文摘The membrane trafficking of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor（CI-M6PR） between the transGolgi network（TGN） and endosomal compartments is not only critical for maintaining lysosomal function but also a well-known event for understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms in retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking.Although it has been well established in literature that the C-terminus of bovine CI-M6PR determines its retrograde trafficking,it remains unclear whether the luminal domain of the protein plays a role on these sorting events.In this study,we found that partial deletion of luminal domain of human CI-M6PR mistargeted the mutant protein to nonTGN compartments.Moreover,replacing the luminal domain of both bovine and human CI-M6PR with that from irrelevant membrane proteins such as CD8 or Tac also altered the TGN targeting of the chimeric proteins.On the other hand,only short sequence from HA fused with the transmembrane domain and C-terminus of the receptor,HA-hCIM6PR-tail,resulted in its preferential targeting to TGN as for the full length receptor,strongly suggesting that sorting of the receptor may be influenced by luminal sequence.Furthermore,using this luminal truncated form of HA-hCIM6 PR as a model cargo,we found that the trafficking of the chimeric protein was regulated by the retromer complex through interacting with SNX5.In conclusion,our study strongly suggested that the disrupted luminal domain from hCI-M6PR or other irrelevant membrane proteins interfere with the process of membrane trafficking and TGN targeting of CI-M6PR.
文摘A wireless communication system can be tested either in actual conditions or by a hardware simulator reproducing actual conditions. With a hardware simulator it is possible to freely simulate a desired type of a radio channel and making it possible to test “on table” mobile radio equipment. This paper presents an architecture for the digital block of a hardware simulator of MIMO propagation channels. This simulator can be used for LTE and WLAN IEEE 802.11ac applications, in indoor and outdoor environments. However, in this paper, specific architecture of the digital block of the simulator is presented to characterize a scenario indoor to outdoor using TGn channel models. The switching between each environment in the scenario must be made in a continuous manner. Therefore, an algorithm is designed to pass from a considered impulse response in the environment to another in other environment. The architecture of the digital block of the hardware simulator is presented and implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-IV FPGA. Moreover, the impulse responses are transferred into the simulator. The accuracy, the occupation on the FPGA and the latency of the architecture are analyzed.
文摘In this work, two popular evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based SDMA-OFDM multi user detection (MUD) have been presented which overcome the limitations of classical detectors. They are simple to implement and their complexity in terms of decision-metric evaluations is very less compared to maximum likelihood detection (MLD). These techniques are shown to provide a high performance as compared to the other detectors especially in a rank-deficient scenario where numbers of users are high as compared to the base station (BS) antennas. In this scenario, Zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) based MUDs exhibit severe performance degradation. To investigate almost realistic performance of a wireless communication system, it is important to use a proper channel model. Since the simulation parameters in this work are based on IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, TGn is the channel model used.
