Welding research of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy profile for high-speed train was done by using laser-MIG hybrid welding and MIG welding individually. And the weld appearance,welding distortion,mechanical properties of th...Welding research of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy profile for high-speed train was done by using laser-MIG hybrid welding and MIG welding individually. And the weld appearance,welding distortion,mechanical properties of the joints and microstructures were analyzed. The test results demonstrated that high-efficient welding for the profile can be achieved by using laser-MIG hybrid welding,the speed of which can be over 3. 0 m/min. The processing had a good gap bridging ability,even if the gap of the butt joint was up to 2. 0 mm,a good weld appearance can also be got. While the hybrid welding speed was greater than 2. 5 m/min,the welding distortion of the laser-tandem MIG hybrid joints was just about 33% of that of the MIG joints,but the welding efficiency was over 3 times of MIG welding. And tensile strength of the hybrid joints was 85% of that of A6N01S-T5 base metal,9% higher than that of the MIG joints. Fatigue properties was tested individually with pulsed tensile fatigue method in the condition of 1 × 10~7 lifetime. The test results demonstrated that the fatigue strength of the joints was a little lower than that of base material,which could be up to 115 MPa. But the fatigue strength of hybrid welding joints was 107. 5 MPa,which was 23% higher than 87 MPa of MIG welding joints.展开更多
In recent years, the research on pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding technology has been the important and difficult in the field of welding all over the world. China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute Co. Ltd. has f...In recent years, the research on pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding technology has been the important and difficult in the field of welding all over the world. China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute Co. Ltd. has firstly developed pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding system in China, and executed the welding tests based on X70/X80 steel. Preliminary experiment results showed that hybrid welding could meet the requirements of related standards such as API1104,ASME,etc., the mechanical properties of girth seam are qualified in the case that there were no internal defects. With the development of high-power fiber laser and the continuous improvement of welding equipment, laser-arc hybrid welding technology for pipeline field welding will be available soon.展开更多
The weld appearance, deposition rate, welding efficiency, stability of arc, laser keyhole characteristic, and weld property were studied by using a novel laser-MIG hybrid welding process with filling wire of aluminum ...The weld appearance, deposition rate, welding efficiency, stability of arc, laser keyhole characteristic, and weld property were studied by using a novel laser-MIG hybrid welding process with filling wire of aluminum alloy. The results were also compared with those by conventional laser-MIG hybrid welding process. It was found that with the suitable process parameters this novel welding process for aluminum alloy was stable and final weld bead had fine appearance. Compared to conventional laser-MIG hybrid welding process, during this novel welding process the stability of arc, the laser keyhole characteristic and the weld property were similar, while the keyhole cycle frequency and keyhole opening area had differences of 1.23% and 15.34%, respectively, and the welding efficiency increased by about 31% without increasing heat input.展开更多
Plasma-MIG {metal inert gas arc welding) hybrid welding of aluminum alloy with 6 mm thickness using ER5356 welding wire was carried out. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were inve...Plasma-MIG {metal inert gas arc welding) hybrid welding of aluminum alloy with 6 mm thickness using ER5356 welding wire was carried out. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) , energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) , tensile test, hardness test and scanning electron microscope ( SEM) were used to judge the type of tensile fracture. The results showed that the tensile strength of welded joint was 142 MPa which was 53. 6% o f the strength o f the base metal. The welding seam zone was characterized by dendritic structure. In the fusion zone, the columnar grains existed at one side of the welding seam. The fibrous organization was found in the base metal, and also in the heat affected zone (HAZ) where the recrystallization occurred. The HAZ was the weakest position of the welded joint due to the coarsening of Mg2Si phase. The type of tensile fracture was ductile fracture.展开更多
LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment. Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position. The experimental results indicate that the inh...LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment. Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.展开更多
The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat ...The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As todeep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. Theheat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources.With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC isemployed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-M...The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.展开更多
Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a ...Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.展开更多
An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial...An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial hybrid. The experimental results indicate that hybrid welding has two welding mechanisms in CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. As the effect of the laser-induced keyhole, the arc root is condensed, the current density and penetration depth increase significantly, the welding characteristic is apt to deep penetration welding. When current increases to some degree, the keyhole induced by laser disappears, which produces a shallow penetration and wide bead. The weld exhibits heat conduction welding characteristics. Furthermore, the arc images and weld bead cross-sections of three kinds of hybrid manners were also compared and analyzed at different welding currents, which established the foundation for understanding the welding characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding comprehensively.展开更多
The temperature fields in laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding for different laser-wire distances in quasi-steady state were calculated using an developed combined heat source model, and the influence of laser-wire distance...The temperature fields in laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding for different laser-wire distances in quasi-steady state were calculated using an developed combined heat source model, and the influence of laser-wire distance on them was analyzed. The results show tbat, at a low level of arc power, the temperature profiles caused by laser and arc energy respecively cannot couple well when the laser-wire distance reaches 4 mm, a trend of separation between them beginning to take place. In the case of high arc power, both the critical laser-wire distance and HAZ width increase.展开更多
A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. I...A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-heat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO2 laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.展开更多
The temperature fields and the weld pool geometries for laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding, laser welding and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) are numerically simulated in quasi-steady state by using the developed ...The temperature fields and the weld pool geometries for laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding, laser welding and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) are numerically simulated in quasi-steady state by using the developed heat source models, respectively. The calculated weld cross-sectious of the three types of welding processes agree well with their respective measured results. Through comparison, it is found that the temperature distribution of laser+GMAW-P hybrid welding possesses the advantages of those in both laser and GMAW-P welding processes so that the improvement of welding productivity and weld quality are ensured.展开更多
The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of th...The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of thehybrid heat source to workpiece and its effect to weld shape were also analyzed. Through analyzing the enhancementeffect of the hybrid heat source, the absorption effect and defocusing effect of the hybrid arc to laser were calculated,and the regularity of the energy density to the current was obtained subsequently. At last, the critical energy matchesto induce the enhancement effect of CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding were obtained.展开更多
In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be ac...In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.展开更多
In this study, multi-information including spectrum, high-speed photograph and electrical signal was adopted to explore the coupling mechanism of alternate burning in laser-twin-arc welding process. Laser provides a c...In this study, multi-information including spectrum, high-speed photograph and electrical signal was adopted to explore the coupling mechanism of alternate burning in laser-twin-arc welding process. Laser provides a conductive, stable plasma channel for arcs. Plasma radiation strengthened especially in the center of the arc after hybrid. High temperature plasma erupting from keyhole provides an upward reacting force which can prevent droplet from transfer. The charged particles consisted in high temperature plasma reduce the voltage that maintains arc ignition or burning. The results show that laser can influence the arc shape, prevent droplet transfer, reduce resistivity and stabilize arcs.展开更多
Laser-arc hybrid welding at a speed of 6 000 mm/min is carried out on 2 mm thick magnesium alloy AZ61 plateand completely-penetrated butt joints are obtained, lnvestigations of the influence of parameters on weld fo...Laser-arc hybrid welding at a speed of 6 000 mm/min is carried out on 2 mm thick magnesium alloy AZ61 plateand completely-penetrated butt joints are obtained, lnvestigations of the influence of parameters on weld formation show that Ihe addition of pulsed laser can effctively enhance tlle heat penetrability attd directivity nf the hybrid heat source. Measurements on microstructures and mechanical properties the joint indicate that grain in the.fhsion zone is refined and the grain size is sensitive to the arc current ; the fitsioa zone exhibits the highest hardaess; the tensile strength of the joint reaches 93% of base metal; there is the brittle fracture along the grain bozmdaries in the fusion zone. High-speed camera images exhibit that although the two adjacent laser pulses can not overlap, the recorery relaxation of the concentrated electric arc after laser intlse action can still maintain the continuous welding process.展开更多
A novel hybrid visual servoing control method based on structured light vision is pro-posed for robotic arc welding with a general six degrees of freedom robot. It consists of a positioncontrol inner-loop in Cartesian...A novel hybrid visual servoing control method based on structured light vision is pro-posed for robotic arc welding with a general six degrees of freedom robot. It consists of a positioncontrol inner-loop in Cartesian space and two outer-loops. One is position-based visual control inCartesian space for moving in the direction of weld seam, i.e., weld seam tracking, another is image-based visual control in image space for adjustment to eliminate the errors in the process of tracking.A new Jacobian matrix from image space of the feature point on structured light stripe to Cartesianspace is provided for dierential movement of the end-e?ector. The control system model is simplifiedand its stability is discussed. An experiment of arc welding protected by gas CO2 for verifying iswell conducted.展开更多
Comparative studies on the relationship between the welding parameters and joining efficiency in the friction welding of hybrid Al2O3-reinforced aluminum composites were conducted. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with ...Comparative studies on the relationship between the welding parameters and joining efficiency in the friction welding of hybrid Al2O3-reinforced aluminum composites were conducted. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with 37% (volume fraction) aluminum particle were joined by friction welding. The results show that the effects of the rotation speed on the reduction rate of particle size are greater than those of the upset pressure, and the area of the MMC weld zone decreases as the joining efficiency increases, while it is considered that the joining efficiency does not increase as the reduction rate of particle size decreases. During the macro-examination of the bonding interface, a gray discolored region was observed on the bonding interface, and the center of the region was dark gray. After the micro-examination of the bonding interface, base metal made some second particulate formed by condensed alumina particulate but discoloration part distributed minute alumina particulate without second particulate. Consequently, it was also observed that rotational speed of 3 000 r/min and upset pressure of 63.6 MPa showed a very good joint.展开更多
In laser + P-GMA hybrid welding, laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc. The experiments results show that the optimal laser-w...In laser + P-GMA hybrid welding, laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc. The experiments results show that the optimal laser-wire distance with the deepest weld penetration increases with welding current and laser power being increased and decreases with welding speed being increased. Welding current, laser power and welding speed determine the hybrid welding heat input in laser + arc hybrid welding process, so there is a correlation between the optimal laser-wire distanee and the hybrid heat input welding parameters for the deepest weld penetration: the optimal laser-wire distance increases with the heat input being increased. The positive correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid welding heat input is induced by the characteristics of the limited influence of P-GMA welding process on laser transmission and the dependence of weld penetration of hybrid welding on laser power.展开更多
A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter...A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61640423)Additive Manufacturing&Laser Manufacturing of China(2016YFB1102100)High-end CNC Machine Tools&Basic Manufacturing Equipment of China(2016ZX04003002)
文摘Welding research of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy profile for high-speed train was done by using laser-MIG hybrid welding and MIG welding individually. And the weld appearance,welding distortion,mechanical properties of the joints and microstructures were analyzed. The test results demonstrated that high-efficient welding for the profile can be achieved by using laser-MIG hybrid welding,the speed of which can be over 3. 0 m/min. The processing had a good gap bridging ability,even if the gap of the butt joint was up to 2. 0 mm,a good weld appearance can also be got. While the hybrid welding speed was greater than 2. 5 m/min,the welding distortion of the laser-tandem MIG hybrid joints was just about 33% of that of the MIG joints,but the welding efficiency was over 3 times of MIG welding. And tensile strength of the hybrid joints was 85% of that of A6N01S-T5 base metal,9% higher than that of the MIG joints. Fatigue properties was tested individually with pulsed tensile fatigue method in the condition of 1 × 10~7 lifetime. The test results demonstrated that the fatigue strength of the joints was a little lower than that of base material,which could be up to 115 MPa. But the fatigue strength of hybrid welding joints was 107. 5 MPa,which was 23% higher than 87 MPa of MIG welding joints.
文摘In recent years, the research on pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding technology has been the important and difficult in the field of welding all over the world. China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute Co. Ltd. has firstly developed pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding system in China, and executed the welding tests based on X70/X80 steel. Preliminary experiment results showed that hybrid welding could meet the requirements of related standards such as API1104,ASME,etc., the mechanical properties of girth seam are qualified in the case that there were no internal defects. With the development of high-power fiber laser and the continuous improvement of welding equipment, laser-arc hybrid welding technology for pipeline field welding will be available soon.
基金supported by the Key Science and Technology of Jilin Province(Grant No.20140204070GX)
文摘The weld appearance, deposition rate, welding efficiency, stability of arc, laser keyhole characteristic, and weld property were studied by using a novel laser-MIG hybrid welding process with filling wire of aluminum alloy. The results were also compared with those by conventional laser-MIG hybrid welding process. It was found that with the suitable process parameters this novel welding process for aluminum alloy was stable and final weld bead had fine appearance. Compared to conventional laser-MIG hybrid welding process, during this novel welding process the stability of arc, the laser keyhole characteristic and the weld property were similar, while the keyhole cycle frequency and keyhole opening area had differences of 1.23% and 15.34%, respectively, and the welding efficiency increased by about 31% without increasing heat input.
基金Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Technology of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (Grant NO. JSAWT-11-02) for its financial support
文摘Plasma-MIG {metal inert gas arc welding) hybrid welding of aluminum alloy with 6 mm thickness using ER5356 welding wire was carried out. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) , energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) , tensile test, hardness test and scanning electron microscope ( SEM) were used to judge the type of tensile fracture. The results showed that the tensile strength of welded joint was 142 MPa which was 53. 6% o f the strength o f the base metal. The welding seam zone was characterized by dendritic structure. In the fusion zone, the columnar grains existed at one side of the welding seam. The fibrous organization was found in the base metal, and also in the heat affected zone (HAZ) where the recrystallization occurred. The HAZ was the weakest position of the welded joint due to the coarsening of Mg2Si phase. The type of tensile fracture was ductile fracture.
文摘LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment. Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in fiat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.
文摘The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. Withthe variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetrationwelding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As todeep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. Theheat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources.With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC isemployed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.
基金supported by Science and Technology Programs of Inner Mongolia(2020GG0301).
文摘The effect of fiber laser on MIG arc was investigated with 8 mm 7075-T6 high strength aluminum alloy as base material.The arc shape,droplet transfer form and electrical signal in the process of MIG welding and laser-MIG hybrid welding were analyzed.The stability of the hybrid welding process was evaluated by standard deviation analysis.The results show that with the increase of laser power,a large number of laser-induced plasma enters the arc column area,providing more conductive channels,which makes the heat of MIG arc more concentrated and the short circuit transition disappear.Due to the continuous effect of laser,the keyhole becomes a continuous electron emission source,and a stable cathode spot will be formed near the keyhole,which enhances the stability of MIG arc at the base current state.By using the method of standard deviation analysis,the voltage standard deviation of single MIG welding arc and laser-MIG hybrid arc within 4 seconds was calculated.The standard deviation of single MIG arc voltage was 1.05,and the standard deviation of MIG arc voltage in laser-MIG hybrid welding was 0.71–0.86,so the hybrid welding process was more stable.
基金supported by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Informatization(Grant No.15XI-1-15)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.PAPD)
文摘Composites are widely applied to the manufacturing of aircraft in aviation. Forming of large-scale composite component in aircraft requires the corresponding mold with precise size. The laser-MIG hybrid welding has a significant advantage in the manufacturing of Invar mold for aircraft composites. This paper mainly introduces the application of the laser-MIG hybrid welding,and the distribution of thermal field and flow field on the Invar alloy laser-MIG hybrid three-layer welding is analyzed and discussed specifically.
文摘An experiment for determining the laser-TIG hybrid welding characteristics was carried out in three kinds of hybrid methods: CO_2 laser-TIG coaxial hybrid, CO_2 laser-TIG paraxial hybrid and Nd: YAG laser-TIG paraxial hybrid. The experimental results indicate that hybrid welding has two welding mechanisms in CO_2 laser-TIG hybrid welding: deep penetration welding and heat conduction welding. As the effect of the laser-induced keyhole, the arc root is condensed, the current density and penetration depth increase significantly, the welding characteristic is apt to deep penetration welding. When current increases to some degree, the keyhole induced by laser disappears, which produces a shallow penetration and wide bead. The weld exhibits heat conduction welding characteristics. Furthermore, the arc images and weld bead cross-sections of three kinds of hybrid manners were also compared and analyzed at different welding currents, which established the foundation for understanding the welding characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding comprehensively.
文摘The temperature fields in laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding for different laser-wire distances in quasi-steady state were calculated using an developed combined heat source model, and the influence of laser-wire distance on them was analyzed. The results show tbat, at a low level of arc power, the temperature profiles caused by laser and arc energy respecively cannot couple well when the laser-wire distance reaches 4 mm, a trend of separation between them beginning to take place. In the case of high arc power, both the critical laser-wire distance and HAZ width increase.
文摘A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-heat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO2 laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.
基金The authors are grateful to the financial support for this research from the National Key Technologies R&D program of China under Grant No. 2006BAF04B10, and The key project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province under Grant No. ZJG0601.
文摘The temperature fields and the weld pool geometries for laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding, laser welding and pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-P) are numerically simulated in quasi-steady state by using the developed heat source models, respectively. The calculated weld cross-sectious of the three types of welding processes agree well with their respective measured results. Through comparison, it is found that the temperature distribution of laser+GMAW-P hybrid welding possesses the advantages of those in both laser and GMAW-P welding processes so that the improvement of welding productivity and weld quality are ensured.
文摘The hybrid source that combined CO2 laser with TIG arc to proceed welding was analyzed. Based on an energymodel, the temperature field and weld shape were calculated numerically. The heat transfer characteristic of thehybrid heat source to workpiece and its effect to weld shape were also analyzed. Through analyzing the enhancementeffect of the hybrid heat source, the absorption effect and defocusing effect of the hybrid arc to laser were calculated,and the regularity of the energy density to the current was obtained subsequently. At last, the critical energy matchesto induce the enhancement effect of CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding were obtained.
文摘In continuous wave CO2 laser-TlG hybrid welding process, the laser energy is not fully utilized because of the absorption and defocusing by plasma in the arc space. Therefore, the optimal welding result can only be achieved in a limited energy range. In order to improve the welding performance further, a novel hybrid welding method--pulse CO2 laser-TIG arc hybrid welding by coordinated control is proposed and investigated. The experimental results indicate that, compared with continuous wave CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding, the absorption and defocusing of laser energy by plasma are decreased further, and at the same time, the availability ratio of laser and arc energy can be increased when a coordinated frequency is controlled. As a result, the weld appearance is also improved as well as the weld depth is deepened. Furthermore, the effect of frequency and phase of pulse laser and TIG arc on the arc images and welding characteristics is also studied. However, the novel hybrid method has great potentials in the application of industrials from views of techniques and economy.
文摘In this study, multi-information including spectrum, high-speed photograph and electrical signal was adopted to explore the coupling mechanism of alternate burning in laser-twin-arc welding process. Laser provides a conductive, stable plasma channel for arcs. Plasma radiation strengthened especially in the center of the arc after hybrid. High temperature plasma erupting from keyhole provides an upward reacting force which can prevent droplet from transfer. The charged particles consisted in high temperature plasma reduce the voltage that maintains arc ignition or burning. The results show that laser can influence the arc shape, prevent droplet transfer, reduce resistivity and stabilize arcs.
文摘Laser-arc hybrid welding at a speed of 6 000 mm/min is carried out on 2 mm thick magnesium alloy AZ61 plateand completely-penetrated butt joints are obtained, lnvestigations of the influence of parameters on weld formation show that Ihe addition of pulsed laser can effctively enhance tlle heat penetrability attd directivity nf the hybrid heat source. Measurements on microstructures and mechanical properties the joint indicate that grain in the.fhsion zone is refined and the grain size is sensitive to the arc current ; the fitsioa zone exhibits the highest hardaess; the tensile strength of the joint reaches 93% of base metal; there is the brittle fracture along the grain bozmdaries in the fusion zone. High-speed camera images exhibit that although the two adjacent laser pulses can not overlap, the recorery relaxation of the concentrated electric arc after laser intlse action can still maintain the continuous welding process.
文摘A novel hybrid visual servoing control method based on structured light vision is pro-posed for robotic arc welding with a general six degrees of freedom robot. It consists of a positioncontrol inner-loop in Cartesian space and two outer-loops. One is position-based visual control inCartesian space for moving in the direction of weld seam, i.e., weld seam tracking, another is image-based visual control in image space for adjustment to eliminate the errors in the process of tracking.A new Jacobian matrix from image space of the feature point on structured light stripe to Cartesianspace is provided for dierential movement of the end-e?ector. The control system model is simplifiedand its stability is discussed. An experiment of arc welding protected by gas CO2 for verifying iswell conducted.
基金Project (2010-0008-277) partly supported by the National Core Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
文摘Comparative studies on the relationship between the welding parameters and joining efficiency in the friction welding of hybrid Al2O3-reinforced aluminum composites were conducted. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with 37% (volume fraction) aluminum particle were joined by friction welding. The results show that the effects of the rotation speed on the reduction rate of particle size are greater than those of the upset pressure, and the area of the MMC weld zone decreases as the joining efficiency increases, while it is considered that the joining efficiency does not increase as the reduction rate of particle size decreases. During the macro-examination of the bonding interface, a gray discolored region was observed on the bonding interface, and the center of the region was dark gray. After the micro-examination of the bonding interface, base metal made some second particulate formed by condensed alumina particulate but discoloration part distributed minute alumina particulate without second particulate. Consequently, it was also observed that rotational speed of 3 000 r/min and upset pressure of 63.6 MPa showed a very good joint.
基金Supported by the key project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (ZJG0601 and the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China during the 11^th Five-Year Plan Period (2006BAFO4B10).
文摘In laser + P-GMA hybrid welding, laser-wire distance is an important parameter to describe the distance from laser spot to the center of the pulsed gas metal arc. The experiments results show that the optimal laser-wire distance with the deepest weld penetration increases with welding current and laser power being increased and decreases with welding speed being increased. Welding current, laser power and welding speed determine the hybrid welding heat input in laser + arc hybrid welding process, so there is a correlation between the optimal laser-wire distanee and the hybrid heat input welding parameters for the deepest weld penetration: the optimal laser-wire distance increases with the heat input being increased. The positive correlation between the optimal laser-wire distance and the hybrid welding heat input is induced by the characteristics of the limited influence of P-GMA welding process on laser transmission and the dependence of weld penetration of hybrid welding on laser power.
文摘A mathematical model was established to simulate the weld pool development and dynamic process in stationary iaser-MlG hybrid welding. Surface tension and buoyancy were considered to calculate liquid metal flow patter, moreover, typical phenomena of MIG welding, such as filler droplets impinging weld pool, electromagnetic force in the weld pool, and typical phenomena of laser beam welding, such as recoil pressure, Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption, Fresnel absorption were all considered in the model. The laser beam and arc couple effect were introduced into this model by the plasma width during hybrid welding. The role of recoil pressure in the weld formation was discussed. Transient weld pool shape and complicated liquid metal velocity distribution from two kinds weld pool to an unified weld pool were calculated. The simulated weld bead geometry with consideration recoil pressure was in good agreement with experimental measurement.