Inhibitory Effect of Bergenin on TLR-4/NF-κB Signal Pathway in Reducing Allergic Rhinitis in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effect and possible mechanism of bergenin in relieving allergic rhinitis(AR)in mice.[Methods]50 C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into blank group(n=10),model group(n=10)and high(100 mg/kg),medium(50 mg/kg)and low(25 mg/kg)dose bergenin groups with 10 mice in each group.Except for the blank group,the other mice were sensitized by basic ways combined with attack to replicate the AR model.From the 15th d of modeling(from the second d after the end of the basic modeling),the drug group was given bergenin orally for 15 d,and the blank group and model group were given the same volume of normal saline once a day.24 h after the last establishment of the model,the content of interleukin 4(IL-4),IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum of mice in each group was detected by ELISA.The expression of TLR-4,NF-κB and p-NF-κB in nasal mucosa of mice was detected by Western blot.[Results]Compared with the blank group,the content of inflammatory factors IL-4,IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum of model group was significantly increased,and the protein expression of TLR-4 and p-NF-κB was significantly increased.After the intervention of bergenin,the content of IL-4,IL-6,TNF-αand IL-1βin nasal lavage fluid and serum and TLR-4 and p-NF-κB protein in tissue was significantly inhibited in bergenin group.[Conclusions]Bergenin can effectively reduce allergic inflammation in AR model mice,and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of inflammation and down-regulation of TLR-4/NF-κB signal pathway.

Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates inflammatory response ulcerative colitis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Ulcer colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,and noninfectious inflammatory bowel disease.Recently,Toll-like receptors(TLRs)have been found to be closely associated with clinical inflammatory diseases.Achieving complete remission in patients with intermittent periods of activity followed by dormancy is challenging.Moreover,no study has explored the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.AIM To explore the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.METHODS This prospective clinical study included patients who met the exclusion criteria in 2020 and 2021.The patients with UC were divided into two groups(control and experimental).The peripheral blood of the experimental and control groups were collected under aseptic conditions.The expression of TLR4 protein,NF-κB,IL-6,and IL-17 was detected in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group and control group before and 1 month after taking the drug.Linear co rrelation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the expression level of TLR4 protein and the expression levels of downstream signal NF-κB and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics between the control and experimental groups.The results showed that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The TLR4 protein expression in the experimental group was positively correlated with the expression level of downstream signal NF-κB and was positively correlated with the levels of downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17(r=0.823,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates the inflammatory response of UC through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Aszonapyrone A Isolated from Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 Inhibits the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Activated by Expression of the Ependymoma-Causing Fusion Protein ZFTA-RELA

Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-translocation-associated (ZFTA, ST-EPN-ZFTA), exhibits the expression of a fusion protein comprising ZFTA and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), an effector transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (ZFTA-RELA). The expression of ZFTA-RELA results in the hyperactivation of the oncogenic NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the development of ST-EPN-ZFTA. To identify inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by the expression of ZFTA-RELA, we used a doxycycline-inducible ZFTA-RELA-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line and found that extracts of the fungus Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. We identified eight compounds [aszonapyrone A (2), sartorypyrone A (3), epiheveadride (4), acetylaszonalenin (5), (R)-benzodiazepinedione (6), aszonalenin (7), sartorypyrone E (8) and (Z, Z)-N,N’-(1,2-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-formamide (9)] from N. spinosa IFM 47025 culture extract using a variety of chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were identified through the analysis of various instrumental data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS, and optical rotation). The NF-κB responsive reporter assay indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited inhibitory activity. We further evaluated the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the expression of endogenous NF-κB responsive genes (CCND1, L1CAM, ICAM1, and TNF) and found that compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 2, which may serve as a lead compound for the development of a novel therapy for ST-EPN-ZFTA.

基于TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB对健脾化滞丸治疗溃疡性结肠炎的机制进行拆方研究

目的:通过建立脾虚湿蕴型溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠模型,探讨健脾化滞丸及其不同拆方对TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路的影响。方法:64只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组8只、模型组56只,采用中医证候联合乙醇-2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸灌肠法复制UC大鼠模型,造模成功后,将模型大鼠随机分为模型组(M)、美沙拉嗪组(A)、健脾化滞丸全方组(B)、健脾清化方组(C)、健脾清化活血方组(D)、健脾清化导滞方组(E)、清化导滞活血方组(F),每组8只,给予相应药物灌胃4周,疗程结束后处死所有大鼠并取材,观察大鼠体质量变化、疾病活动度及结肠病理改变,ELISA及免疫组化检测大鼠结肠组织TNF-α表达;RT-PCR及Western blot检测大鼠结肠组织TLR-4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达。结果:健脾化滞丸全方、健脾清化方、健脾清化活血方组及健脾清化导滞方组大鼠体质量明显高于模型组(P<0.01),各治疗组均能明显改善UC模型大鼠结肠组织病理损伤及疾病活动指数,其中健脾化滞丸全方组及健脾清化活血方组作用最好。各治疗组均可抑制结肠组织TLR-4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达(P<0.001),其中美沙拉嗪组、健脾化滞丸全方组、健脾清化导滞方组及清化导滞活血方组在降低NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达上明显优于健脾清化方组及健脾清化活血方组(P<0.05)。各组均能降低结肠组织TNF-α表达(P<0.001),组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:健脾化滞丸及各拆方均可能通过TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路发挥作用,其中黄连、煨木香、凤尾草、炮姜可能为本方核心药物,对临床具有一定指导意义。

基于TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路探究金花茶提取物对非酒精性脂肪肝的作用

探讨金花茶提取物对非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)大鼠模型的改善作用及其机制。随机选取10只SD大鼠为空白组,剩余50只则灌服高糖高脂乳剂复制非酒精性脂肪肝模型,14 d后造模大鼠按血清中总胆固醇(TC)水平随机分为模型组、辛伐他汀组(8 mg/kg)及金花茶高、中、低剂量组(260、130、65 mg/kg)。分组后连续给药6周,于末次给药前进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)并计算血糖曲线下面积(AUC),末次给药后采集血清及肝组织,检测血脂指标总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)及游离脂肪酸(FFA),肝脂指标TC及TG,肝功能指标谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST),肝脏脂质过氧化指标丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD);测定大鼠血清炎症因子指标白介素6(IL-6)、白介素8(IL-8)及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α);检测血清胰岛素(FINS)并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);HE染色法观察肝脏病理形态学变化并进行非酒精性脂肪肝病活动度积分(NAS)评分;测定肝组织中Toll样受体4(TLR-4)和核因子κB(NF-κB)的基因及蛋白的表达。结果表明:与模型组相比,金花茶药物组AUC、HOMA-IR及血清中FINS、TG、TC、LDL-C、FFA、ALT、AST、IL-6、IL-8、TNF水平显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平明显升高(P<0.05);肝组织TG、TC、MDA中含量显著降低(P<0.05),SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05);肝脏脂肪肝病样变减轻,肝细胞形态异常及炎症浸润明显改善,NAS评分显著下降(P<0.05);TLR-4、NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中以金花茶高剂量的改善效果最佳。综上所述,金花茶提取物可通过TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路来调节糖脂代谢紊乱,降低炎症反应和减轻炎症浸润,改善NAFLD大鼠肝脏病变。

拉考沙胺联合奥卡西平治疗局灶性癫痫的疗效及对脑电图频段功率、血清TLR-4、NF-κB水平影响

目的探讨拉考沙胺联合奥卡西平治疗局灶性癫痫的疗效及对患者脑电图频段功率、血清Toll样受体-4(TLR-4)、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)水平影响。方法选取2022年1月至2023年2月本院收治的局灶性癫痫患者102例,根据随机数字表法分为基线组和试验组,每组51例。基线组采用奥卡西平治疗,试验组采用拉考沙胺联合奥卡西平治疗。两组均治疗6个月后评估疗效。比较两组患者治疗前、治疗6个月癫痫发作频率、脑电图频段功率,检测血清TLR-4、NF-κB水平。分析两组患者治疗6个月TLR-4、NF-κB水平与疗效的关系。统计两组患者治疗期间不良反应发生率。结果试验组治疗总有效率高于基线组(P<0.05)。治疗6个月,两组患者癫痫发作频率降低,且试验组低于基线组(P<0.05);两组α、β频段功率升高,δ、θ频段功率降低,且试验组变化幅度大于基线组(P<0.05)。治疗6个月,试验组、基线组TLR-4(r=-0.820、-0.666,P均<0.001)、NF-κB(r=-0.744、-0.643,P均<0.001)水平与疗效均呈负相关。治疗期间试验组不良反应发生率与基线组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论拉考沙胺联合奥卡西平治疗局灶性癫痫疗效显著,可有效改善患者脑电图频段功率,减少发作频率,且安全性有保障。

支气管肺泡灌洗液及血清NF-κB、TLR-2、TLR-4、TNF-α在肺炎诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)及血清核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、Toll样受体2(TLR-2)、Toll样受体4(TLR-4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在肺炎诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2023年1月—2024年3月于吉林大学第二医院就诊的57例肺炎患者纳入研究组,另取同期体检的健康者57例纳入对照组,均采集外周静脉血与肺泡灌洗液,检测NF-κB、TLR-2、TLR-4、TNF-α水平,采用Pearson相关性分析患者血清及BALF中NF-κB、TLR-2、TLR-4、TNF-α的相关性。结果研究组患者血清NF-κB(41.74±4.75)μg/L、TLR-2(5.32±1.12)ng/L、TLR-4(6.44±1.61)ng/L、TNF-α(4.36±1.03)ng/L水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者BALF中NF-κB(8.19±2.62)μg/L、TLR-2(2.97±0.79)ng/L、TLR-4(4.24±1.18)ng/L、TNF-α(2.04±0.59)ng/L水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,患者血清及BALF中NF-κB、TLR-2、TLR-4、TNF-α水平呈正相关性(P<0.05)。结论肺炎患者血清及BALF中NF-κB、TLR-2、TLR-4、TNF-α均呈高表达,联合检测有助于早期诊断及评估病情。

Downregulation of MUC1 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis by Inactivating NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Objective To investigate the effect of mucin 1(MUC1)on the proliferation and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)and its regulatory mechanism.Methods The 60 NPC and paired para-cancer normal tissues were collected from October 2020 to July 2021 in Quanzhou First Hospital.The expression of MUC1 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)in the patients with PNC.The 5-8F and HNE1 cells were transfected with siRNA control(si-control)or siRNA targeting MUC1(si-MUC1).Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assay,and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry analysis in the 5-8F and HNE1 cells.The qPCR and ELISA were executed to analyze the levels of TNF-αand IL-6.Western blot was performed to measure the expression of MUC1,NFкB and apoptosis-related proteins(Bax and Bcl-2).Results The expression of MUC1 was up-regulated in the NPC tissues,and NPC patients with the high MUC1 expression were inclined to EBV infection,growth and metastasis of NPC.Loss of MUC1 restrained malignant features,including the proliferation and apoptosis,downregulated the expression of p-IкB、p-P65 and Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of Bax in the NPC cells.Conclusion Downregulation of MUC1 restrained biological characteristics of malignancy,including cell proliferation and apoptosis,by inactivating NF-κB signaling pathway in NPC.

Apatinib reduces liver cancer cell multidrug resistance by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway

Objectives:This investigation aimed to elucidate the inhibitory impact of apatinib on the multidrug resistance of liver cancer both in vivo and in vitro.Methods:To establish a Hep3B/5-Fu resistant cell line,5-Fu concentrations were gradually increased in the culture media.Hep3B/5-Fu cells drug resistance and its alleviation by apatinib were confirmed via flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8)test.Further,Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)siRNA was transfected into Hep3B/5-Fu cells to assess alterations in the expression of multidrug resistance(MDR)-related genes and proteins.Nude mice were injected with Hep3B/5-Fu cells to establish subcutaneous xenograft tumors and then categorized into 8 treatment groups.The treatments included oxaliplatin,5-Fu,and apatinib.In the tumor tissues,the expression of MDRrelated genes was elucidated via qRT-PCR,immunohistochemistry,and Western blot analyses.Results:The apatinibtreated mice indicated slower tumor growth with smaller size compared to the control group.Both the in vivo and in vitro investigations revealed that the apatinib-treated groups had reduced expression of MDR genes GST-pi,LRP,MDR1,and p-p65.Conclusions:Apatinib effectively suppresses MDR in human hepatic cancer cells by modulating the expression of genes related to MDR,potentially by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Protective effects of Bifi dobacterium breve on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice through secondary bile acid production and FXR-TLR4/NF-κB pathway

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bifi dobacterium breve CCFM683 on psoriasis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.B.breve CCFM683 significantly ameliorated psoriasis in mice as well as elevated the deoxycholic acid(DCA)and lithocholic acid(LCA)in the colon compared with those of the imiquimod(IMQ)-treated mice.Meanwhile,B.breve CCFM683 increased the relative abundance of DCA-producing Lachnoclostridium and diminished the harmful Desulfovibrio and Prevotellaceae UCG001.Additionally,the farnesoid X receptor(FXR)in the skin was activated and the expression of the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)pathway was inhibited,and the downstream interleukin(IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αwere downregulated whereas IL-10 was up-regulated.Moreover,the subsequent hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and the dysfunction of the epidermal barrier were improved.In conclusion,CCFM683 administration ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriasis via modulating gut microbiota,promoting the DCA production,regulating the FXR-TLR4/NF-κB pathway,diminishing proinflammatory cytokines,and regulating keratinocytes and epidermal barrier.These findings may be conducive to elucidating the mechanism for probiotics to ameliorate psoriasis and to promote its clinical trials in skin disease.

Quercetin regulates depression-like behavior in CUMS rat models via TLR4/NF-κB signaling

Background:Depression is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world,imposing a substantial burden on individuals,families,as well as society.Quercetin is known to be highly effective in treating depression.However,additional research is needed to dissect the mechanisms of its anti-depressive effects.Methods:For this study,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomized into the control,model,quercetin,or fluoxetine group.The latter three groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)for 42 d.The first two groups received saline solution daily via oral gavage.Meanwhile,the quercetin group was orally administered a quercetin suspension(52.08 mg/kg)every day,while the fluoxetine group was orally administered a fluoxetine solution(2.08 mg/kg).Here,fluoxetine served as the positive control drug to compare the therapeutic effects of quercetin.The experimental period was 6 weeks.Depressive behaviors in rats were assessed through various physiological and behavioral measures.Additionally,pathological changes in hippocampal tissues were examined using Nissl staining.Serum cytokines were detected using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and immunohistochemistry was employed to quantify the levels and integral optical density(IOD)values of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1)expression in the brain.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was utilized to evaluate the mRNA levels of inflammatory indicators as well as toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),and nuclear factor-κappa B P65(NF-κB P65)in hippocampus.Western blot(WB)technique was employed to observe the protein levels of TLR4,NF-κB P65,and phospho-NF-κB P65(p-NF-κB P65).Results:After 42 d of exposure to CUMS,rats exhibited a slow increase in body weight,a reduction in food intake,an abnormal preference for sugar water,and aberrant open-field behaviors.Pathological analysis revealed the disintegration,rupture,interruption,and disorganization of hippocampal neuronal cells after CUMS exposure,along with a decrease in Nissl bodies in the CA1 region.This was accompanied by the elevated expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)in the serum and the upregulation of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αmRNA expression in the hippocampus.Increases in Iba-1-positive cells and the IOD values of Iba-1 were detected in hippocampal microglia.Furthermore,TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in hippocampal tissues.Quercetin,an antidepressant,could alleviate depression-like symptoms in rats and downregulate inflammatory factors associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in hippocampal microglia,and its therapeutic effect was comparable to fluoxetine.Conclusion:In rat models of CUMS,quercetin may act as an antidepressant by inhibiting inflammation in hippocampal microglia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results offer experimental and theoretical support for applying quercetin in the clinical management of depression.

Branched-chain fatty acids from goat milk alleviate ulcerative colitis via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Branched-chain fatty acids(BCFAs)are new bioactive fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties.However,the role of BCFAs in alleviating ulcerative colitis has not been clarified.Herein,we evaluated the protective effect of BCFAs from goat milk in mice with colitis induced using dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)and explored the corresponding mechanism.These results show that BCFAs extracted from goat milk can significantly alleviate weight loss in mice,and reduce the disease activity index and the activity of myeloperoxidase while increasing the content of antioxidant enzymes in colon tissue and reducing the oxidation stress response.These data also show that BCFAs can down-regulate the gene and protein expression of the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factorκB p65(NF-κB p65)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway,and at the same time significantly reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),interleukin 1β(IL-1β),and IL-18 in colon tissue,and significantly increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10.In conclusion,these results demonstrated that BCFAs in goat milk exerted effects on colitis-related inflammatory cytokines and inhibited inflammation by inducing the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway to alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis.This study provides evidence for the potential of BCFAs as bioactive fatty acids in food products and to ameliorate ulcerative colitis development in mice.

β-arrestin 2 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation in mice

AIM To study the role and the possible mechanism of β-arrestin 2 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Male β-arrestin 2^(+/+) and β-arrestin 2^(-/-)C57 BL/6 J mice were used for in vivo experiments, and the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used for in vitro experiments. The animal model was established via intraperitoneal injection of LPS or physiological sodium chloride solution. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected to analyze liver injury and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cultured cell extracts were collected to analyze the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.RESULTS Compared with wild-type mice, the β-arrestin 2 knockout mice displayed more severe LPS-induced liver injury and significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, and IL-10. Compared with the control group, pro-inflammatory cytokines(including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) produced by RAW264.7 cells in the β-arrestin 2 si RNA group were significantly increased at 6 h after treatment with LPS. Further, key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, including phosphoIκBα and phosho-p65, were upregulated.CONCLUSION β-arrestin 2 can protect liver tissue from LPS-induced injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation.

Anti-inflammation Effects of Sinomenine on Macrophages through Suppressing Activated TLR4/NF-kB Signaling Pathway

Sinomenine(SN)has been used in the clinical treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis for many years.Studies showed that SN held protective effects such as anti-inflammation,scavenging free radicals and suppressing immune response in many autoimmune diseases.The purpose of the present study is to explore the mechanism of anti-inflammation of SN on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced macrophages activation and investigate whether the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway participated in.Macrophages isolated from mouse peritoneal cavity were stimulated by 1 pg/mL LPS for 24 h.And then the cells were treated with various concentrations of SN,TLR4 inhibitor respectively for additional 48 h.Drug toxicity was detected by MTT assay and Transwell experiment was used to assess chemotaxis.Furthermore,TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR.Western blotting was used to examine TLR4,MyD88 and phosphorylated IκB protein expression in macrophages.Immunofluorescence assay was applied to observe p65 NF-κB protein expression in macrophage nucleus.We extracted macrophages with high purity and activity from the abdominal cavity of mice.SN remarkably inhibited the chemotaxis and secretion function of LPS-stimulated macrophages.It also down-regulated both the protein levels of inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-β and IL-6)and the RNA and protein levels of the key factors(TLR4,MyD88,p-IkB)in TLR4 pathway.The expression of p65 NF-κB protein in nuclei was down-regulated,which was correlated with a similar decrease in p-IκB protein level.In conclusion,SN can inhibit the LPS induced immune responses in macrophages by blocking the activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results may provide a therapeutic approach to regulate inflammatory responses.

Immunoregulatory polysaccharides from Apocynum venetum L.flowers stimulate phagocytosis and cytokine expression via activating the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells

Two immunomodulatory polysaccharides(Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3) were isolated and identified from Apocynum venetum L. flowers, and their innate immune-stimulating functions and working mechanisms were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Both the level of released nitric oxide(NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) m RNA were significantly enhanced in the RAW264.7 macrophages cells treated by Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3. Vp2a-Ⅱ(100–800 μg/m L) and Vp3(400 μg/mL) could significantly increase the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and the secretion and m RNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentrationdependent manner through affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activity and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Vp2a-Ⅱ might activate the MAPK signaling pathways and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, whilst Vp3 likely activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways without influencing the p38 MAPK route.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of PSH in patients with severe craniocerebral injury by regulating TLR4/My D88/NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the regulation of TLR4/My D88/NF-κB in the prevention of paroxysmal sympathetic over-excitation (PSH) in patients with severe head injury. Methods:One hundred patients with severe head injury who were admitted to our hospital from September 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled. The randomized digital table method was divided into 50 cases in the study group and the control group. Patients in the study group were given dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1.0 μg/kg before anesthesia induction, followed by infusion at 0.4 μg / (kg·h), and the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline. The incidence of PSH, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, mechanical ventilation time, tracheal intubation/incision duration, ICU hospitalization time, total length of hospital stay, and GCS scores three months after discharge were compared between the two groups. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity, TLR4, NF-κB expression level and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes of the two groups were detected. Results:The incidence of PSH was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group at 7 and 3 months (P<0.05). The total length of hospital stay, duration of ICU hospitalization, intraoperative tracheotomy, and mechanical ventilation time were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. And the GCS score was higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the imaging results showed that there were some differences in the location of imaging lesions between the two groups. The proportion of lesions in the ventricular system and surrounding areas was higher in the control group than in the study group (P<0.05). And the T14-T3 CD14+ PBMC MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate were significantly higher than those of T0 (P<0.05), but the MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1~T3 (P<0.05). The levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 groups were significantly higher than those in T0 (P<0.05), but the levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine can reduce the oxidative stress response in patients with severe head injury by inhibiting TLR4/My D88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus effectively reducing the risk of PSH and improving the prognosis of patients.

基于TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路探讨苍附导痰汤对痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征大鼠的治疗作用

目的基于TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路探讨苍附导痰汤对痰湿型多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)模型大鼠的影响。方法将50只SD雌性大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组及中药(苍附导痰汤)低、中、高剂量组(3.12、6.24、12.48 g·kg^(-1))。采用Poresky造模法联合高脂饮食建立痰湿型PCOS病证结合大鼠模型。造模成功后采用相应剂量的苍附导痰汤灌胃给药,每日1次,连续28 d。采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法进行大鼠卵巢组织病理形态学观察;采用ELISA法测定血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)等炎性因子水平;采用qRT-PCR法检测卵巢组织中核因子κB(NF-κB)、Toll样受体4(TLR-4)、氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)mRNA表达;采用免疫组织化学法检测卵巢组织中高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)的表达。结果与空白组比较,模型组大鼠卵巢的成熟卵泡数和黄体数明显减少(P<0.05);血清IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平明显升高(P<0.05);卵巢组织中NF-κB、TLR-4及ox-LDL mRNA表达及HMGB1蛋白表达均明显上调(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,中药中、高剂量组大鼠卵巢的成熟卵泡数、黄体数均明显增加(P<0.05);大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平明显下降(P<0.05);卵巢组织中NF-κB、ox-LDL、TLR-4 mRNA表达及HMGB1蛋白表达均明显下调(P<0.05)。结论苍附导痰汤可能通过下调HMGB1的表达,抑制TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路,进而减少IL-6、TNF-α、CRP等炎性因子的释放,从而发挥对PCOS的治疗作用。

基于TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路研究老鹳草素对四氯化碳致肝损伤小鼠的保肝作用

目的:研究老鹳草素对四氯化碳(CCl_4)致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,并探索其作用机制。方法:将60只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、水飞蓟宾(180 mg/kg)阳性对照组及老鹳草素低(50 mg/kg)、中(100 mg/kg)、高(200 mg/kg)剂量组,连续灌胃给药10 d。末次给药2 h后,除正常对照组外,其余各组腹腔注射0.1%CCl_4花生油溶液(10 mL/kg)建立CCl_4致小鼠急性肝损伤模型。16 h后,收集血清和肝组织。生化法测定血清ALT、AST、ALP、TBIL、γ-GT、MDA、T-SOD、GSH-Px水平;ELISA法检测肝组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量;Western-blot检测肝组织中TLR-4、NF-κB蛋白表达;HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化。结果:与模型组比较,老鹳草素能显著降低肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST、ALP、TBIL、γ-GT、MDA水平,显著升高血清T-SOD、GSH-Px活性,显著降低肝组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6含量和TLR-4、NF-κB蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01);HE染色结果显示其对肝组织损伤有明显的改善作用。结论:老鹳草素对CCl_4制备的急性肝损伤小鼠具有显著的保护作用,其作用机制可能与抗炎、抗氧化及调控TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路有关。

升降散对呼吸机相关性肺炎TLR-4/NF-κB表达的影响

目的:观察升降散对VAP患者CPIS评分、降钙素原、TNF-α、TLR-4、NF-κB、中医证候积分的影响及病原菌分布情况。方法:将60例VAP患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,对照组给予常规西药治疗;治疗组同时予升降散鼻饲治疗,疗程为7 d。检测治疗前后CPIS评分、降钙素原、TNF-α、TLR-4、NF-κB、中医证候积分变化,取肺泡灌洗液培养病原菌。结果:治疗第3天、第7天后两组CPIS评分、降钙素原、TNF-α、TLR-4、NF-κB、中医证候积分较治疗前显著变化(P<0.05),治疗组相对对照组数值差异明显(P<0.05);升降散能明显减轻VAP患者喘息、黄白黏痰、发热和伤阴证候,解除热毒内盛证。结论:升降散对呼吸机相关性肺炎毒热内盛证具有显著疗效,可能通过TLR-4/NF-κBTNF-α通路实现。

升降散调控TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路对脂多糖诱导脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤的影响

目的研究升降散调控TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路对LPS诱导脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤的影响。方法采用腹腔注射LPS法构建急性脓毒血症大鼠模型,大鼠随机分为正常组(n=6),脓毒症模型组(n=6),中药组(n=6),抑制剂组(n=6),除正常组外,各组均腹腔注射注射脂多糖,miR-146a抑制剂组心肌内注射miR-146a抑制剂(0.2μl/g),中药组升降散灌胃。48 h后采集大鼠心肌组织,观察心肌组织切片病理改变,测定白介素-1(IL-1)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等因子的水平,及miRNA-146a、NF-κB mRNA、TNF-αmRNA、IL-6 mRNA、IL-1βmRNA活性水平。结果与正常组相比,各组IL-1、IL-6、TLR4及NF-κB蛋白水平升高(P<0.05),模型组及抑制组TNF-α高于对照组(P<0.05);模型组miR-146a、NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1基因表达增高(P<0.01),中药组miR-146a及NF-κB表达增高(P<0.05);抑制剂组NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1表达增高(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,中药组、TNF-α、TLR4及NF-κB蛋白水平降低(P<0.05),中药组miR-146a表达增高,而NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-1及IL-6基因表达降低(P<0.05);抑制剂组IL-6、TNF-α、TLR4及NF-κB活性升高(P<0.01),抑制剂组miR-146a表达降低(P<0.01),NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1表达增高。与抑制剂组相比,中药组IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α、TLR4及NF-κB蛋白水平降低(P<0.01),miR-146a基因表达增高,而NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1表达降低(P<0.01)。结论升降散能减轻脓毒症大鼠心肌损害,其机制可能与其促进miRNA-146a表达,负反馈调节TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路,减轻抑制炎症反应有关。