Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates inflammatory response ulcerative colitis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Ulcer colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,and noninfectious inflammatory bowel disease.Recently,Toll-like receptors(TLRs)have been found to be closely associated with clinical inflammatory diseases.Achieving complete remission in patients with intermittent periods of activity followed by dormancy is challenging.Moreover,no study has explored the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.AIM To explore the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.METHODS This prospective clinical study included patients who met the exclusion criteria in 2020 and 2021.The patients with UC were divided into two groups(control and experimental).The peripheral blood of the experimental and control groups were collected under aseptic conditions.The expression of TLR4 protein,NF-κB,IL-6,and IL-17 was detected in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group and control group before and 1 month after taking the drug.Linear co rrelation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the expression level of TLR4 protein and the expression levels of downstream signal NF-κB and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics between the control and experimental groups.The results showed that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The TLR4 protein expression in the experimental group was positively correlated with the expression level of downstream signal NF-κB and was positively correlated with the levels of downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17(r=0.823,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates the inflammatory response of UC through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Ramulus Cinnamomi extract attenuates neuroinflammatory responses via downregulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in BV2 cells

Ramulus Cinnamomi （RC）, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to attenuate inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RC extract on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms involved. BV2 cells were incubated with normal medium （control group）, LPS, LPS plus 30 pg/mL RC extract, or LPS plus 100 pg/mL RC extract. The BV2 cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Nitric oxide level in BV2 cells was detected using Griess regents, and the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 β, and tumor necrosis factor u in BV2 cells were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 proteins were detected by western blot assay. Compared with the LPS group, both 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract had no significant effect on the viability of BV2 cells. The levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor ct in BV2 cells were all significantly increased after LPS induction, and the levels were significantly reversed after treatment with 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract. Furthermore, RC extract significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that RC extract alleviates neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.

Phycocyanin attenuates X-ray-induced pulmonary inflammation via the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway

Phycocyanin (PC), a natural algal protein, is reported for having anti-oxidant and antiinfl ammatory properties. We investigated its ability to attenuate lung infl ammation in mice subjected to X-ray radiation. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to the control, total body irradiation, PC pretreatment, and PC treatment groups. Mice in the PC pretreatment group were gavaged with 200 mg/kg PC for 7 consecutive days before irradiation, and those in the PC treatment group were gavaged with 200 mg/kg PC for 7 consecutive days after irradiation. Lungs were collected on Day 7 after irradiation exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse lung sections showed considerable infl ammation damage 7 days after irradiation compared with the control lung but a reduction in pathological injury in the PC treatment group. Pretreatment or treatment with PC signifi cantly decreased levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the lung, and also increased the relative mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. In vivo, PC signifi cantly reduced the expression of Toll-like receptor TLR2, myeloid diff erentiation primary response Myd88, and nuclear factor NF-κB, at both the transcriptional and translation level. Taken together, these data indicated that PC attenuated lung infl ammatory damage induced by radiation by blocking the TLR2- MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, PC could be a protective agent against radiation-induced infl ammatory damage in normal tissues.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of PSH in patients with severe craniocerebral injury by regulating TLR4/My D88/NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the regulation of TLR4/My D88/NF-κB in the prevention of paroxysmal sympathetic over-excitation (PSH) in patients with severe head injury. Methods:One hundred patients with severe head injury who were admitted to our hospital from September 2016 to May 2019 were enrolled. The randomized digital table method was divided into 50 cases in the study group and the control group. Patients in the study group were given dexmedetomidine at a dose of 1.0 μg/kg before anesthesia induction, followed by infusion at 0.4 μg / (kg·h), and the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline. The incidence of PSH, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, mechanical ventilation time, tracheal intubation/incision duration, ICU hospitalization time, total length of hospital stay, and GCS scores three months after discharge were compared between the two groups. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity, TLR4, NF-κB expression level and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression levels in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes of the two groups were detected. Results:The incidence of PSH was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group at 7 and 3 months (P<0.05). The total length of hospital stay, duration of ICU hospitalization, intraoperative tracheotomy, and mechanical ventilation time were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. And the GCS score was higher than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, the imaging results showed that there were some differences in the location of imaging lesions between the two groups. The proportion of lesions in the ventricular system and surrounding areas was higher in the control group than in the study group (P<0.05). And the T14-T3 CD14+ PBMC MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate were significantly higher than those of T0 (P<0.05), but the MyD88 fluorescence intensity, TLR4 and NK-κB positive expression rate in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1~T3 (P<0.05). The levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 groups were significantly higher than those in T0 (P<0.05), but the levels of serum TNF-α in T1~T3 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusions:Dexmedetomidine can reduce the oxidative stress response in patients with severe head injury by inhibiting TLR4/My D88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus effectively reducing the risk of PSH and improving the prognosis of patients.

β-arrestin 2 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation in mice

AIM To study the role and the possible mechanism of β-arrestin 2 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro.METHODS Male β-arrestin 2^(+/+) and β-arrestin 2^(-/-)C57 BL/6 J mice were used for in vivo experiments, and the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used for in vitro experiments. The animal model was established via intraperitoneal injection of LPS or physiological sodium chloride solution. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected to analyze liver injury and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cultured cell extracts were collected to analyze the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.RESULTS Compared with wild-type mice, the β-arrestin 2 knockout mice displayed more severe LPS-induced liver injury and significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, and IL-10. Compared with the control group, pro-inflammatory cytokines(including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) produced by RAW264.7 cells in the β-arrestin 2 si RNA group were significantly increased at 6 h after treatment with LPS. Further, key molecules involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, including phosphoIκBα and phosho-p65, were upregulated.CONCLUSION β-arrestin 2 can protect liver tissue from LPS-induced injury via inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathwaymediated inflammation.

Chaihu Longgu Muli Decoction relieving temporal lobe epilepsy in rats by inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway through miR-146a-3p and miR-146a-5p

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of Chaihu Longgu Muli Decoction(柴胡龙骨牡蛎汤,CHLGMLD)in rats with temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE).Methods A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley(SD)male rats were randomized into control(CON),model(MOD),carbamazepine(CBZ,0.1 g/kg),CHLGMLD low dose(CHLGMLD-L,12.5 g/kg),and high dose(CHLGMLD-H,25 g/kg)groups,with 16 rats in each group.TLE rat models were established in the four groups with the use of lithium-pilocarpine except for the CON group.After the successful establishment of TLE models,all drugs were administered through gavage,and distilled water was given to rats in the CON and MOD groups for four weeks.The frequency and duration of seizures before and after treatment were recorded for the evaluation of the alleviation degree.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the expression levels of miR-146a-3p and miR-146a-5p.The expression levels of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1(IRAK1),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6),TAK1-binding protein(TAB),nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB),and interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β)in hippocampus were tested by immunofluorescence assay.Correlation analysis between the above factors and expressions of miR-146a-3p and miR-146a-5p were performed separately.Results CHLGMLD decreased the frequency(P<0.05)and duration(P<0.01)of seizures in rats.CHLGMLD down-regulated the expression levels of miR-146a-5p and miR-146a-3p(P<0.05),and inhibited the expression levels of TLR4,IRAK1,TRAF6,TAB,NF-κB,and IL-1β(P<0.01).The correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of TLR4,IRAK1,TRAF6,TAB,NF-κB,and IL-1β were positively correlated with the expression levels of miR-146a-3p and miR-146a-5p detected by qRT-PCR,respectively(P<0.01).Conclusion CHLGMLD can inhibite the TLR4 signaling pathway by lowering the expression levels of miR-146a-3p and miR-146a-5p to alleviate hippocampal dentate gyrus inflammation in TLE rats,thus relieving seizures.

Effects of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective:To observe the effect of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC);Methods:40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group,Liancao-Xieli group and mesalazine group,with 10 mice in each group.In addition to the control group,the remaining three groups of mice were induced by 3%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)to induce acute UC model.During the modeling period,mice in each group were given corresponding drugs and normal saline by gavage.At the end of the experiment,HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colonic tissue in each group,and ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γ)in serum and colonic tissue.The expression levels of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway related proteins were also detected by Western blot;Results:Compared with the model group,Liancao-Xieli capsule could significantly increase the colon length and decrease the score of colon histopathology in UC mice(P<0.01).In addition,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γwere significantly reduced in serum and colon tissue,and the expressions of TLR4,PI3K,p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly down-regulated in LiancaoXieyi group when compared with the model group(P<0.01).While the expressions of Akt and mTOR were not significantly affected in Liancao-Xieyi group(P>0.05);Conclusion:LiancaoXieli capsule can reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors,improve the intestinal mucosal damage and inflammatory response in UC by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway。

紫杉醇水蛭素支架涂层复合物对HCASMC炎性活化过程中TLR4-MyD88信号通路的影响

目的探讨支架涂层复合物紫杉醇水蛭素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导人冠状动脉平滑肌细胞(HCASMC)炎性活化过程中TLR4-MyD88信号通路的影响。方法选用4-6代的HCASMC,用四唑盐(MTT)比色法筛选出紫杉醇水蛭素支架涂层复合物干预HCASMC的无毒性大、小两个浓度,使细胞活力保持在90%以上。进而将细胞分为空白对照组、脂多糖(LPS)造模组、LPS造模+紫杉醇水蛭素大浓度组、LPS造模+紫杉醇水蛭素小浓度组,其中大、小浓度紫杉醇水蛭素复合物处理组在LPS造模前预处理细胞4 h,继而用Q-PCR法对TLR4和MyD88 mRNA进行检测,并用Western blotting法检测对应蛋白表达的变化。结果 1μmol/L的紫杉醇配比0.8 mg/ml水蛭素对HCASMC生长有明显的抑制作用,细胞活力与空白对照组相比差异明显(P<0.05)。1μmol/L的紫杉醇配比0.4 mg/ml水蛭素干预后细胞活力降低为78.7%,对细胞生长产生了一定影响,其余各浓度组细胞活力均能保持在90%以上。紫杉醇水蛭素复合物预处理细胞4 h后,Q-PCR结果显示,与空白对照组相比,LPS造模后可同时激活TLR4、MyD88的mRNA表达(P<0.05),HCASMC炎症模型构建成功。各干预组经紫杉醇水蛭素处理后,与单纯LPS模型组相比,TLR4的mRNA基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05),但不影响MyD88基因表达(P>0.05)。Western blotting结果显示:与空白对照组相比,LPS模型组TLR4、MyD88蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),成功构建了稳定的HCASMC炎症模型。经紫杉醇水蛭素处理后,各干预组TLR4、MyD88蛋白表达较LPS模型组显著降低(P<0.05),其中紫杉醇水蛭素大浓度组的抗炎作用相对更强。结论紫杉醇水蛭素支架涂层复合物对LPS诱导的HCASMC细胞炎性活化过程中TLR4-MyD88通路的激活具有明显的抑制作用,此抑制作用不通过影响MyD88基因表达来产生,而可能与其对MyD88蛋白水平的调控有关。

薯蓣皂苷元对缺血性脑卒中大鼠神经运动功能及TLR4-MyD88/TRIF信号通路调节作用研究

目的:研究薯蓣皂苷元对缺血性脑卒中大鼠神经运动功能及TLR4-MyD88/TRIF信号通路的调节作用。方法:将大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血性脑卒中模型组、薯蓣皂苷元低、中、高剂量组及阳性对照组,每组12只。采用四血管阻断法建立缺血性脑卒中大鼠模型,薯蓣皂苷元各剂量组分别灌胃给予12.5 mg/kg、25 mg/kg及50 mg/kg的薯蓣皂苷元,阳性对照组给予大鼠尼莫地平,1次/d,连续21 d。测定给药前后大鼠神经功能缺损评分,使用Morris水迷宫测定大鼠逃避潜伏期及90 s内穿过平台的次数;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定脑组织Toll样受体(TLR)-2、白介素(IL)-1β、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平;苏木精—伊红(HE)染色法测定脑组织病理改变;实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)及免疫印迹法(Western blotting)测定大鼠脑组织TLR4、MyD88、TRIF mRNA及蛋白水平。结果:与缺血性脑卒中模型组比较,薯蓣皂苷元各剂量组及阳性对照组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、逃避潜伏期、脑组织TLR-2、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平,脑组织TLR4、MyD88及TRIF mRNA及蛋白水平均明显降低(均P<0.05),90 s内穿越平台次数显著增加(P<0.05),大鼠脑组织病理性变化明显恢复,且各项指标变化与薯蓣皂苷元的剂量表现出依赖性。结论:薯蓣皂苷元能够修复缺血性脑卒中大鼠神经运动功能及神经损伤,抑制脑组织炎症反应,其机制可能与调节TLR4-MyD88/TRIF信号通路有关。

脂多糖通过TLR4-MyD88信号通路诱导BV2小胶质细胞激活模型的建立

目的探讨不同活化程度的BV2小胶质细胞与炎性介质之间的关系及可能的细胞信号转导途径,建立高效稳定的BV2小胶质细胞激活模型。方法体外常规培养BV2小胶质细胞,CCK-8法绘制细胞生长曲线;采用不同浓度的脂多糖(LPS)(0.25、0.5、1、2、4μg/mL)诱导BV2小胶质细胞24 h,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态变化;应用CCK-8法和Griess法分别检测细胞活性和一氧化氮(NO)水平;应用蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分别检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)蛋白和mRNA的表达。同时选取浓度为1μg/mL的LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞24 h,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)浓度。结果 CCK-8法和Griess法结果显示:BV2小胶质细胞传代培养后第2~3天处于对数生长期;LPS能明显降低BV2小胶质细胞存活率及提高NO释放量(均P<0.05),且在实验剂量范围内呈现剂量-效应关系。Western blot和qRT-PCR结果显示:TLR4、MyD88 mRNA及蛋白的表达随着LPS浓度增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且均在LPS为1μg/mL时达到峰值(均P<0.05)。ELISA结果显示:LPS(1μg/mL)显著提高TNF-α和IL-1β浓度,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 LPS可能通过TLR4-MyD88信号通路诱导BV2小胶质细胞活化,进而上调其炎性介质的水平;1μg/mL LPS是建立高效稳定BV2小胶质细胞激活模型的最佳浓度。

卡维地洛对肝纤维化动物模型TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路的影响及其抗肝纤维化的作用机制

目的探讨卡维地洛对肝纤维化动物模型TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路的影响及其抗肝纤维化的作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为空白对照组、模型组以及低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组,每组各12只。采用胆总管结扎法建立模型组和卡维地洛组大鼠的肝纤维化模型,并于造模成功后48 h开始,低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组每天分别灌胃给药药液0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/kg;空白对照组和模型组灌胃等量蒸馏水。干预4 w后比较各组大鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)水平、炎症因子[白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)]水平以及肝纤维化血清指标[羟脯氨酸(Hyp)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、III型前胶原肽(PIIINP)]水平。并取出每组大鼠的肝脏左叶组织进行切片,采用常规HE染色和Masson三色染色后于显微镜下观察对比肝脏纤维化程度;采用Westernblot法检测各组大鼠肝组织中NF-κB与TLR4/MyD88蛋白表达水平;采用实时定量PCR法检测NF-κB与TLR4/MyD88 mRNA水平。结果HE及Masson三色染色结果显示模型组大鼠肝纤维模型造模成功,与空白对照组比较,模型组IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α、ALT、AST以及Hyp、LN、PIIINP水平明显升高(P<0.05),ALB水平水平明显下降(P<0.05);干预4 w后,低、中、高剂量卡维地洛组大鼠血清ALT、AST、炎症因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及Hyp、LN、PIIINP相比模型组明显下降(P<0.05),ALB水平明显上升(P<0.05),且随着给药剂量增加,各因子水平改善更显著。模型组大鼠TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达水平相比空白对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。不同剂量卡维地洛干预后,随着剂量增加,TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达水平逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论卡维地洛可能通过调控TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路调控TLR4、MyD88以及NF-κB蛋白表达,发挥抑制肝脏炎症反应和抗纤维作用,从而改善肝纤维化程度。

哮喘丸抑制顽固性咳嗽及其对TLR4-MyD88-NF-κBp65信号通路的调控作用

目的:咳嗽变异性哮喘是顽固性咳嗽的主要病因。观察哮喘丸对咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠的治疗效果,并进一步探讨其作用机制。方法:选用4%鸡蛋清白蛋白和2%的Al(OH)3共同致敏大鼠,建立咳嗽变异性哮喘大鼠模型。模型大鼠分别灌胃给予低、中、高剂量(0.9,1.8,3.6 g/kg)哮喘丸或孟鲁司特钠,每天1次,连续14 d,并于干预7,14 d后从各组分别随机取5,10只大鼠用于采集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)和气管、肺组织。对BALF中的白细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞计数;采用ELISA试剂盒检测各组大鼠BALF中IFN-γ,IL-1β,TNF-α的水平;对各组大鼠肺组织行病理学检查,观察其组织形态学变化;采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组大鼠肺组织中TLR4,MyD88,NF-κBp65和p-p65的蛋白质表达。结果:哮喘丸能明显减少变异性哮喘模型大鼠BALF中白细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞的数目(P<0.05或P<0.01),并能改善气管及支气管黏膜上皮增生和肺组织炎症细胞浸润程度;干预14 d,与模型对照组比较,哮喘丸高剂量组IFN-γ水平明显升高(P<0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α水平明显降低(均P<0.05),大鼠肺组织TLR4,MyD88,p-p65及p65的蛋白质表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:哮喘丸对大鼠顽固性咳嗽具有治疗作用,其作用机制可能与调控气道TLR4-MyD88-NF-κBp65信号通路,调节炎症和免疫反应有关。

葛根素通过调节TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤的改善作用

目的:研究葛根素(puerarin)通过调节TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤的改善作用。方法:小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建糖尿病小鼠模型,分为糖尿病模型组(模型组)、二甲双胍组、葛根素组,另设正常对照组。正常对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃予生理盐水,二甲双胍组灌胃予二甲双胍320 mg/kg·d^(-1),葛根素组腹腔注射葛根素65 mg/kg·d^(-1),各实验组共干预4周。每周测定各组小鼠的空腹血糖(FBG),称量体重,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组小鼠血清肌酐、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),苏木精—伊红(HE)染色观察小鼠肾组织病理损伤情况,免疫组化观察Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子κB(NF-κB)蛋白在肾组织的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组FBG、肌酐、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显升高(P<0.05),肾小球增大,肾组织正常结构被破坏,肾小球基底膜增厚,且肾组织TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表达增多(P<0.05);与模型组比较,葛根素组的FBG、Scr、IL-6、TNF-a的含量明显降低(P<0.05),减轻肾组织损伤,肾组织TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB表达减少(P<0.05)。结论:葛根素对糖尿病小鼠肾损伤具有明显的改善作用,可能与其调控TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB信号通路有关。

黄芪甲苷对子宫内膜异位症大鼠TLR4-MyD88信号通路的影响

目的分析黄芪甲苷对子宫内膜异位症大鼠的作用及对Toll样受体4(TLR4)-髓样分化因子(MyD88)信号通路的影响。方法将50只SPF级无交配史SD雌性大鼠按随机数字表法分为模型组、对照组和黄芪甲苷低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,除对照组外均构建子宫内膜异位症模型。黄芪甲苷低、中、高剂量组分别给予20、40、80 mg/kg黄芪甲苷灌胃处理,对照组、模型组灌胃等量生理盐水,连续给药28 d。测量各组大鼠异位子宫内膜体积;测定血清性激素指标雌二醇(E_(2))、孕酮(P)、促黄体生成激素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH),以主炎症因子指标肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8水平;苏木精-伊红染色观察子宫内膜组织病理变化;蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测子宫内膜异位组织中TLR4-MyD88信号通路蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠异位子宫内膜体积增大(P<0.05),以及血清E_(2)、P、LH、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平升高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,模型组大鼠移植内膜生长,被覆柱状上皮,间质较多,可见炎性浸润,子宫内膜组织TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB、NF-κB蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,黄芪甲苷低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组大鼠异位子宫内膜体积缩小(P<0.05),以及血清E_(2)、P、LH、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平下降(P<0.05),且存在剂量依赖性(P<0.05);与模型组相比,黄芪甲苷低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组大鼠移植内膜变少,生长不完整,腺体减少或消失,腺上皮萎缩,子宫内膜组织TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB、NF-κB蛋白水平均降低(P<0.05),且存在剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论黄芪甲苷可剂量依赖地抑制子宫内膜异位症大鼠异位病灶生成,下调性激素水平,降低炎症反应,抑制TLR4-MyD88信号通路激活。

基于TLR4-MyD88依赖通路白喉乌头单体Ⅰ抑制树突状细胞成熟的作用机制

目的研究白喉乌头单体I(Delvestidine)抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞(BMDCs)成熟的分子机制,进一步评价白喉乌头的药效。方法提取小鼠骨髓来源单核细胞,体外LPS诱导为BMDCs,设立正常组、LPS组、LPS+Delvestidine 20μg/mL组、LPS+Delvestidine 40μg/mL组、LPS+Delvestidine 80μg/mL组,流式细胞术检测各组BMDCs表面标记CD80、CD86表达情况,筛选Delvestidine最适浓度;设立正常组、LPS组、LPS+Delvestidine 80μg/mL组,ELISA法检测各组BMDCs上清液中细胞因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量,qRT-PCR和Western blot法检测各组BMDCs中TLR4-MyD88依赖通路关键基因和蛋白的表达情况。结果LPS组CD80+CD86+细胞比例明显高于正常组(P<0.05),LPS+Delvestidine各组CD80+CD86+细胞比例均明显低于LPS组(P均<0.05),且LPS+Delvestidine 80μg/mL组明显低于LPS+Delvestidine 20μg/mL组和LPS+Delvestidine 40μg/mL组(P均<0.05),Delvestidine的最适给药浓度为80μg/mL。与正常组比较,LPS组IL-10含量明显降低(P<0.05),IL-6含量和TLR4-MyD88依赖通路中TLR4、MyD88、IRAK4、TRAF6、Ikk2 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05);与LPS组比较,LPS+Delvestidine 80μg/mL组IL-10含量明显升高(P<0.05),IL-6含量和TLR4-MyD88依赖通路中TLR4、MyD88、IRAK4、TRAF6、Ikk2 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P均<0.05)。结论Delvestidine可抑制BMDCs的成熟及活化,其作用机制可能与TLR4-MyD88依赖通路有关。

Research Progress and Research Ideas on Anti-hepatic Fibrosis and Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis of the National Drug Plumbapin Based on TLR4 Signal Pathway

Hepatic fibrosis is a reversible pathological phenomenon in the early and middle stages,but but no satisfactory intervention drugs have been available so far.Recent studies have suggested that microcirculation disturbance of liver is one of the important pathogenesis of chronic liver disease,the improvement of microcirculation is beneficial to the recovery of liver function and the delay of liver fibrosis.Hepatic stellate cells are the core cells of hepatic fibrosis,and also the most critical cells that affect the microcirculation of the liver.While TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TLR4/MyD88/MAPKs which are based on the action of hepatic stellate cells are two pathways that have very important influence on the inflammatory response of liver,the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells,and the secretion of fibrogenic cytokines.It was found that Plumbapin,the active ingredient of Guangxi specialty ethnic medicine,has the definite effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis and anti-hepatic fibrosis,but its mechanism is not clear.In this study,the research progress of the above problems was reviewed,and further research ideas were derived as follows:the pharmacological effect of Plumbapin on anti-hepatic fibrosis,promoting blood circulation and removing stasis was based on the influence of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathway.

Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Verification of QJHGD on Caerulein-induced Inflammatory Response in SAP Model Rats Based on TLR4/NF-κB/My D88 Pathway

[Objectives]To conduct bioinformatic analysis and experimental verification of Qingjie Huagong Decoction(QJHGD)on caerulein-induced inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)model rats based on TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 pathway.[Methods]The effective component groups and potential targets of QJHGD were collected by the network pharmacology method.A drug-component-target network was constructed.The GO and KEGG of targets were enriched and analyzed with the aid of Metascape database,and the target pathway related to SAP inflammation was screened.The SAP rat model was established by caerulein combined with lipopolysaccharide,and QJHGD was intragastrically administered.Pancreatic tissue was observed by HE staining.In addition,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the anti-inflammatory effect of QJHGD on SAP rats and its regulatory effect on TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 target pathway.[Results]A total of 105 active components of QJHGD and 148 key targets of SAP were predicted and screened;KEGG was enriched in 320 different pathways including toll-like receptor and NF-κB classical pathways.Animal experiment verified that QJHGD reduced serum amylase,serum lipase activity,IL-6,TNF-αlevels in SAP rats;HE staining showed the effect of QJHGD on the pathological changes of pancreas,and QJHGD inhibited the positive expression of key proteins of TLR4,NF-κB and MyD88 in the inflammatory transduction pathway.[Conclusions]The mechanism of QJHGD improving pancreatic injury in SAP rats may be related to down-regulating the expression of key proteins in the TLR4/NF-κB/MyD88 pathway.

To investigate the effect of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula on CSE induced inflammatory response of MH-S cells based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway

Objective:To study the effects of Shenqi Tiaoshen Formula(SQTS)on the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by cigarette smoking extract(CSE)and its mechanism based on TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Methods:MH-S cells were used as subjects to evaluate cell viability by CCK-8 method.The levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA.ROS were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein,and TAK-242,a TLR4 inhibitor,was used to verify the role of SQTS in the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.Results:Compared with blank group,the cell survival rate of CSE group was decreased,and the contents of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 were increased(P<0.05),ROS fluorescence expression level was significantly increased(P<0.01),TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein expression was significantly increased(P<0.05);Compared with CSE group,the survival rate of cells in SQTS groups was increased,and the expression levels of the above indexes were decreased(P<0.05),and TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway protein decreased in TAK-242 groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:SQTS can reduce the inflammatory response of MH-S cells induced by CSE by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 pathway.

Electroacupuncture Attenuates Immune-Inflammatory Response in Hippocampus of Rats with Vascular Dementia by Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway

Objective:To investigate whether electroacupuncture(EA)alleviates cognitive impairment by suppressing the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)signaling pathway,which triggers immune-inflammatory responses in the hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia(VaD).Methods:The experiments were conducted in 3 parts and in total the Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups by a random number table,including sham,four-vessel occlusion(4-VO),4-VO+EA,4-VO+non-EA,sham+EA,4-VO+lipopolysaccharide(LPS),4-VO+LPS+EA,and 4-VO+TAK-242 groups.The VaD model was established by the 4-VO method.Seven days later,rats were treated with EA at 5 acupoints of Baihui(DV 20),Danzhong(RN 17),Geshu(BL 17),Qihai(RN 6)and Sanyinjiao(SP 6),once per day for 3 consecutive weeks.Lymphocyte subsets,lymphocyte transformation rates,and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)were measured to assess immune function and inflammation in VaD rats.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of nerve cells in the hippocampus.The levels of TLR4,MyD88,IL-6,and TNF-αwere detected after EA treatment.TLR4/MyD88 signaling and cognitive function were also assessed after intracerebroventricular injection of TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 or TLR4 agonist LPS with or without EA.Results:Compared with the 4-VO group,EA notably improved immune function of rats in the 4-VO+EA group,inhibited the protein and mRNA expressions of TLR4 and MyD88 in the hippocampus of rats,reduced the expressions of serum IL-6 and TNF-α(all P<0.05 or P<0.01),and led to neuronal repair in the hippocampus.There were no significant differences between the 4-VO+LPS+EA and 4-VO+EA groups,nor between the 4-VO+TAK-242 and 4-VO+EA groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:EA attenuated cognitive impairment associated with immune inflammation by inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.Thus,EA may be a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of VaD.

Albiflorin attenuates inflammatory injury by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway and its negative regulating factor Tollip in experimental models of ulcerative colitis

Albiflorin （AF） is the main active component extracted from Paeoniae Radix Alba. This study investigated the efficacy of AF in attenuating inflammatory injury by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway and its negative regulating factor Tollip in an experimental ulcerative colitis （UC） model. We administrated trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid for 21 d to induce UC in rats. The efficacy of AF in attenuating UC was assessed using various biochemical markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin- 1 （IL- 1）, interleukin- 10 （IL- 10）, 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）, and tissue myeloperoxidase （MPO）, along with histopathological studies on toll-like receptor-4 （TLR-4） signaling pathway and its negative regulating factor Tollip. The results showed that AF can significantly downregulate the levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-10, and 5-HT. AF decreased the activation of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 protein expression by increasing Tollip expression. AF can relieve symptoms of UC by suppressing the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway and upregulating its negative regulating factor Tollip. Therefore, AF may be a potential natural product for treating UC.