Forest tree species reproduction is a key factor in maintaining the genetic diversity of future generations and the stability of forest ecosystems.The ongoing ash dieback disease could affect the reproductive ecology ...Forest tree species reproduction is a key factor in maintaining the genetic diversity of future generations and the stability of forest ecosystems.The ongoing ash dieback disease could affect the reproductive ecology of Fraxinus excelsior L.and have a major impact on the quantity and quality of pollen and seeds.In this study,we investigated pollen production and viability of pollen and seeds of ash trees with different health status from 2018 to 2022.Inflorescences were collected from 105 trees(pollen production),pollen from 125 trees(pollen viability),and seeds from 53 trees(seed quality)in two seed orchards and in one floodplain forest in southern Germany.Not all parameters were examined at every site every year.The average pollen production per tree was estimated at 471.2±647.9 billion pollen grains.In addition,we found that a high number of inflorescences did not equate to high pollen production per inflorescence.Pollen production of healthy and diseased trees did not differ significantly,although only 47%of severely diseased male trees(vs.72%for healthy trees)produced flowers.With regards to pollen viability,the TTC test showed an average viability of 73%±17%.Overall,there was a slight tendency for diseased trees to have less viable pollen.However,a significant difference could only be calculated for trees in the floodplain forest.The percentage of germinable seeds in 2018 was 38%in the floodplain forest and 57%in one of the seed orchards.The percentage of viable seeds(TTC test)ranged from 17 to 22%in the orchards in 2020.Non-viable seeds were usually heavily infested by insects.In general,seed quality was not significantly different between healthy and diseased trees.Our results indicate that ash dieback affects flower formation and pollen viability but not pollen production or seed quality.Nevertheless,the fact that hardly any flowering was observed,especially for trees that were seriously affected,suggests a negative effect of ash dieback on reproductive performance.Thus,severely diseased trees will transfer their genes to a smaller extent to the next generation.展开更多
深度学习由于其强大的非线性建模能力,在输电断面极限传输容量(total transfer capability,TTC)评估问题中具有良好的应用前景。然而,由于电力系统的时变性和不确定性,需要快速更新数据和模型以满足在线应用需求。为充分利用历史场景数...深度学习由于其强大的非线性建模能力,在输电断面极限传输容量(total transfer capability,TTC)评估问题中具有良好的应用前景。然而,由于电力系统的时变性和不确定性,需要快速更新数据和模型以满足在线应用需求。为充分利用历史场景数据并减少在线更新的计算代价,提出一种基于主动迁移深度学习的输电断面TTC评估方法。该方法包括两个阶段:第一阶段引入迁移学习预训练,推导了迁移泛化误差界以及最优经验误差组合权重,用于指导预训练阶段得到具有最小泛化误差的新场景模型;第二阶段引入主动学习和模型微调,基于TTC评估网络灵敏度进行重要样本主动查询,显著降低了模型更新所需的新样本标注时间,并利用模型微调进一步提升了新场景模型的性能。算例分析表明,所提方法与传统的深度模型训练方法相比,大幅降低了将模型应用于新场景的标注样本需求与时间成本,提升了模型迁移的效率。展开更多
文摘Forest tree species reproduction is a key factor in maintaining the genetic diversity of future generations and the stability of forest ecosystems.The ongoing ash dieback disease could affect the reproductive ecology of Fraxinus excelsior L.and have a major impact on the quantity and quality of pollen and seeds.In this study,we investigated pollen production and viability of pollen and seeds of ash trees with different health status from 2018 to 2022.Inflorescences were collected from 105 trees(pollen production),pollen from 125 trees(pollen viability),and seeds from 53 trees(seed quality)in two seed orchards and in one floodplain forest in southern Germany.Not all parameters were examined at every site every year.The average pollen production per tree was estimated at 471.2±647.9 billion pollen grains.In addition,we found that a high number of inflorescences did not equate to high pollen production per inflorescence.Pollen production of healthy and diseased trees did not differ significantly,although only 47%of severely diseased male trees(vs.72%for healthy trees)produced flowers.With regards to pollen viability,the TTC test showed an average viability of 73%±17%.Overall,there was a slight tendency for diseased trees to have less viable pollen.However,a significant difference could only be calculated for trees in the floodplain forest.The percentage of germinable seeds in 2018 was 38%in the floodplain forest and 57%in one of the seed orchards.The percentage of viable seeds(TTC test)ranged from 17 to 22%in the orchards in 2020.Non-viable seeds were usually heavily infested by insects.In general,seed quality was not significantly different between healthy and diseased trees.Our results indicate that ash dieback affects flower formation and pollen viability but not pollen production or seed quality.Nevertheless,the fact that hardly any flowering was observed,especially for trees that were seriously affected,suggests a negative effect of ash dieback on reproductive performance.Thus,severely diseased trees will transfer their genes to a smaller extent to the next generation.
文摘深度学习由于其强大的非线性建模能力,在输电断面极限传输容量(total transfer capability,TTC)评估问题中具有良好的应用前景。然而,由于电力系统的时变性和不确定性,需要快速更新数据和模型以满足在线应用需求。为充分利用历史场景数据并减少在线更新的计算代价,提出一种基于主动迁移深度学习的输电断面TTC评估方法。该方法包括两个阶段:第一阶段引入迁移学习预训练,推导了迁移泛化误差界以及最优经验误差组合权重,用于指导预训练阶段得到具有最小泛化误差的新场景模型;第二阶段引入主动学习和模型微调,基于TTC评估网络灵敏度进行重要样本主动查询,显著降低了模型更新所需的新样本标注时间,并利用模型微调进一步提升了新场景模型的性能。算例分析表明,所提方法与传统的深度模型训练方法相比,大幅降低了将模型应用于新场景的标注样本需求与时间成本,提升了模型迁移的效率。
