Concentrations and contamination trends of heavy metals in the sediment cores of Taihu Lake,East China,and their relationship with historical eutrophication

To assess the contamination trends and potential bio-availability of sediment-bound heavy metals,concentrations of heavy metals in acid-leaching fraction and in bulk sediments from the two typical bays(the Meiliang Bay and Xuhu Bay) of the Taihu Lake,East China,were studied.Pb and Zn showed elevated concentrations in the sediments from both areas,although sedimentation history and degree of pollution are different between the two bays.In the Meiliang Bay,both Pb and Zn pollutions started in the late 1970's,the same time as the beginning of eutrophication of the lake,while the in the Xuhu Bay the metal contamination started since recent 10 years.The concentrations of acid-leachable Pb in the sediments from the Meiliang Bay are correlated with the historical eutrophication process.Before the eutrophication and heavy metal pollution,the chemical properties of the lake sediments were the same as the source compositions of the Xiashu loess.Both Pb and Zn in the sediments mainly occur in leachable forms by nitric or hydrochloric acid,whilst most of Cu is in residual fraction.The results indicate that both Pb and Zn may have higher mobility and bioavailability in water and biology than Cu.

Speciation and potential remobilization of heavy metals in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China

The species of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in sediments of the Taihu Lake, China, have been analyzed using the sequential chemical extraction method. Variations in the chemical fractions of these metals and their geographic distributions have also been studied. For all five metals, the residual fraction is highest but the exchangeable fraction is lowest among all the fractions. Compared to other metals, Cd has the highest percentage in the exchangeable fraction, and Cr is associated mainly with the residual fraction. Cu in the organic fraction and Pb in the Fe-Mn fraction are the important species, whereas the lowest percentages are found for Cd in the organic fraction, Cu in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction and Pb in the carbonate fraction. With respect to spatial differences, the total contents in the non-residual fractions of the metals in bay sediments are found to be higher than those in other sediments. The fractions of Cd, Cu and Cr showed significant variations in different regions. The fractions of Pb and Zn, however, did not show significant variations in spatial distribution, suggesting different amounts and different paths of anthropogenic input for the metals. Comparisons of the metal speciation indicated that Cd might be the most bioavailable metal, followed by Pb.

General Thinkingon the Management of Blue Algae Outbreak in the Taihu Lake,the Chaohu Lake and the Dianchi Lake

Among the Chinese lakes with the problem of eutrophication, the Taihu Lake, the Chaohu Lake and the Dianchi Lake have the worst cases of blue algae outbreak, which happen every year. Other lakes also have problems of blue algae outbreak at various degrees. However, some lakes don＇t have such problems. Practices have shown that through comprehensive management, the problem can be basically eliminated or significantly alleviated. ＂Water bloom＂ and blue algae outbreak have different connotation. The major factors affecting blue algae outbreak are sources of pollutants and ecological environment. Experiences are summed up and a new thinking on its management is developed： resolving the problem of blue algae is fundamental to lake management and development goals should be clearly set forth so as to eventually build a healthy aquatic ecosys- tem. The problem of blue algae can＇t be fully tackled by solely relying on the management of eutrophication but only by combining efforts of reducing the amount of blue algae and the management of eutrophication. The number of reduced blue algae should be larger than that of naturally prolifera- ted algae so as to alleviate and eliminate the problem of blue algae outbreak. Various engineering and technical measures and relevant protective procedures should be carried out in a scientific and proper manner. The total amount of nitrogen and phosphorous entering the lake either from point-source or non-point source pollution should be substantially reduced. Controlling the source of pollution and intercepting pollutants are the bas- ic measures. Wastewater treatment plant is the largest point source pollution in the future and adequate plants should be built with improved emission standards. Meanwhile, other measures including fishing out blue algae, diverting water, dredging, ecological restoration and expanding reed zone, should be implemented to alleviate the problem of eutrophication and eventually eliminate the problem of blue algae outbreak.

Study on Pollution Sources and Degree of Sediments in Northwestern Rivers Flowing into Taihu Lake

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the pollution sources and degree of sediments in seven northwestern rivers flowing into Taihu Lake. [ Method] Based on a survey for the sediments in seven rivers flowing into the northwestern Taihu Lake from 2005 to 2007, the molar ratio of major elements was used to determine the main pollution sources of each channel, and the heavy metal pollution of sediments in the seven rivers was assessed by enrichment coefficient. [ Result] Mashan River, Liangxi River and Xiwan River mainly suffered municipal pollution; Zhihu Port and Caoqiao River were chiefly subjected to industrial pollution; Dapu River and Wujin River were mainly affected by agricultural pollution. In addition, the rivers mainly suffering industrial pollution had the most serious heavy metal pollution, followed by the rivers mainly undergoing agricultural pollu- tion, while the rivers chiefly affected by municipal pollution had the minimum pollution. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the control of river pollution by heavy metals along Taihu Lake basin.

Ontogenetic changes in isotopic signatures of an omnivorous fish Cultrichthys erythropterus in East Lake Taihu,China

The relationship between body size and stable isotopic signatures of the omnivorous Redfin Culter(C ultrichthys erythropterus),commonly found in East Lake Taihu,was investigated. Previous analyses of C. erythropterus stomach contents have shown that this species undergoes a diet switch from being predominantly zooplanktivorous to piscivorous during its life history. This was confirmed by stable carbon isotopic signature(δ 13 C) in this study,in which δ 13 C was positively correlated with both standard length and weight. The importance of littoral-benthic resources in supporting C. erythropterus during its lifespan was also demonstrated using a two-source mixing model,the results of which showed a significant increasing trend in the contribution of littoral-benthic energy. However,the stable nitrogen isotopic signature(δ 15N) exhibited an unusual pattern compared with previous studies. The δ 15 N of C. erythropterus showed no relationship with body size,even though dietary changes were observed. This indicated that δ 15 N alone cannot fully reflect a diet shift in a species and possible variability in isotopic signatures over its life history. This should be considered when using stable isotopic signatures to investigate intra-specific variations and the timing of life-history events,such as estimating the trophic positions of fish species.

1990-2021年东太湖网围养殖规模变化下的水质变化特征及成因分析

2019年,东太湖30 km^(2)养殖网围实现清零,结束了长达34年的太湖网围养殖历史。系统整理东太湖30年来(19902021年)水体氮、磷等营养盐浓度监测资料,对比分析14个监测点位水质在不同网围利用和整治时期的时空差异性及影响因素,判识网围拆除后水体营养盐变化趋势及存在问题对东太湖生态修复与保护具有重要意义。结果表明,东太湖30年来水体营养盐浓度年际变化随养殖结构(主养鱼到主养蟹)和养殖规模(过度利用到网围整治和拆除)的变化而变化,网围养蟹因其有效的水生植物管控和生态混养相对于主养鱼类水质较优,但水质均随着养殖强度的增大而变差,网围规模缩减对改善水质有正面效应。总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度分别由1990年的0.53 mg/L、0.014 mg/L、3.58 mg/L和2.90μg/L上升到2021年的1.87 mg/L、0.128 mg/L、5.72 mg/L和28.09μg/L,TN是主要的污染因子。原网围区和湖心区因较高的水生植被覆盖度,TN、TP、磷酸盐、悬浮颗粒物(SS)30年来变化不大,原网围区透明度维持在0.8 m左右;太浦河口和东茭咀水域TN、TP、Chl.a、COD_(Mn)和SS浓度上升明显,透明度显著下降,该水域的Chl.a浓度与太浦河口出水量呈显著正相关。网围拆除、出湖水量增加和水生植被消失造成的水动力作用增强,加上原网围区底泥营养盐释放,是引起东太湖南部区域营养盐浓度大幅上升的主要原因。网围拆除后东太湖营养盐浓度和Chl.a浓度存在夏、秋季较低和冬、春季较高的季节波动,冬季水草腐败坏水的风险增大。30年来东太湖水体营养盐变化对网围拆除湖泊生态修复与保护具有启示意义:应及早开展水生植物资源调控,强化水质净化,加强对湖泊生态环境进行监测并建立生态档案,创建渔业新模式,确保恢复健康自然的草型生态系统格局。

环太湖出入湖水量变化背景下东太湖水环境的水文影响要素

针对东太湖近年来出现的水环境质量下降、蓝藻水华事件频发的现象,根据1986年—2020年环太湖水文巡测资料与东太湖相关水文资料,从水文角度对影响东太湖水环境的潜在影响因素进行探究。研究表明,水质较差的湖西区入湖水量的增加,会向湖区输入更大的污染物负荷;而水质相对较好的浙西区在年内水资源调度期入湖水量的减少,也对湖区水环境的稳定造成了负面影响。在环太湖出、入湖水量整体增加背景下,太湖湖体交换周期明显缩短,这会限制水体循环过程中污染物的有效沉降,进而影响东太湖来水水质。此外,流域下游地区供水需求的增加,也会在一定程度上影响东太湖湖区的水动力条件,从而对湖泊底部沉积物造成更大的扰动,这还包括围网拆除之后湖面风浪扰动加强等因素的潜在影响。在后续东太湖水环境治理过程中,应对水文条件的变化予以重视,从合理规划太浦河取水量等方面入手,结合流域上游区控源截污等工作,帮助实现东太湖水环境的稳定提升,保障太湖下游地区供水安全。

东太湖水生植物群落结构的演变及其沼泽化

2002年东太湖水生植被调查结果表明,沉水植被和浮叶植被是该湖水生植被的主要生态类型,分布面积分别占全湖总面积73.6%和18.3%。东太湖水生植被主要有9个群丛,其中沉水植被主要的5个群丛是伊乐藻(外来种)群丛、金鱼藻群丛、伊乐藻+微齿眼子菜群丛、菜-伊乐藻+微齿眼子菜群丛、苦草+竹叶眼子菜+黑藻群丛,其分布面积分别占东太湖植被总面积的30.7%、17.2%、16.7%、15.8%、9.3%。随着对东太湖的不断改造和资源的不断利用,20世纪60年代东太湖人工种植沼泽植被菰群丛,20世纪80年代初环湖水陆交错带被围垦而芦苇群丛消失,微齿眼子菜替代竹叶眼子菜而占据东太湖40%的水面。近10a来,东太湖网围养蟹迅速发展,占全湖总植被面积25.6%的沼泽植物——菰群丛及其占40%的微齿眼子菜群丛被清除,外来种伊乐藻和无根植物金鱼藻分布面积达90%的湖区。东太湖水生植被由20世纪50年代的原生演替到现在的次生演替,群落演变激烈,同时东太湖沼泽化进程加剧。

东太湖沼泽化发展趋势及驱动因素分析

东太湖沼泽化呈加速发展的趋势 :无沼泽化湖区面积显著减少 ,由 195 9年的 90 %降至 2 3 9% ;沼泽化综合指数由195 9年的 1 47增加到 2 41.这与近 40年来湖区人类活动强度增强有关 :沿湖合理的池塘养殖可以延缓局部湖区的沼泽化进程 ;但外来污染、围垦、滥种挺水水生植物以及网围养殖的过度发展等显著地促进了沼泽化的发展 .

东太湖湖泊面积及网围养殖动态变化的遥感监测

东太湖高密度网围养殖已是东太湖水资源过度开发的重要问题,彻底查清东太湖网围养殖规模,是采取一切治理措施的前提,遥感技术可真实反映湖区网围养殖情况,能避免人为的虚报、错报现象.本文利用六景TM图像和三期高精度航片,分析了东太湖20世纪80年代以来湖泊面积、网围养殖的时空变化情况并提出控制网围养殖盲目发展的对策.1984年以来,东太湖湖泊面积持续减小,20年内共减少了249.23hm2;其中1994—2000年是湖泊消失的快速时期,消失的湖泊主要用于围垦养殖.1990年以来,网围养殖规模逐渐增大.目前几乎布满整个东太湖;1995年以来的增长速度更为迅速,2003年的网围面积10647.02hm2,比1995年增加了9401.29hm2,该时期内网围规模增加的年速率是1990-1995年的4倍.

东太湖表层沉积物的磷饱和度初步研究

对东太湖一个横断面上8个样点、1个网围养鱼区样点、1个鱼塘样点的表层10cm沉积物含磷量进行了分层采样分析．并以表层沉积物和湖水组成系统．通过磷添加研究了沉积物的磷饱和度．结果表明，东太湘表层沉积物总磷含量已经达到了0．0465％－0．0993％，略低于鱼塘沉积物的含磷量．表层沉积物的磷蓄积量已经基本达到饱和，当湖水中PO3-4－P含量达到了200－300μg／L（是现在湖水实际含量的25－48倍），表层沉积物的总磷含量也只能增加0．037－0．077mg／g（是现在沉积物实际含量的0．06－0．14倍）．网围养殖区沉积物磷含量和磷饱和度均高于非养殖区．

东太湖生态环境的演变与对策

分析了40多年来东太湖生态环境的演变,随时间的推移,东太湖的水质逐渐恶化,水体营养状态由中-富营养型向中-富-富营养型过渡,并接近富营养状态.淤积层厚度逐步上升,沼泽化趋势明显.藻类密度不断增加,种类不断减少,浮游生物和鱼类的小型化趋势明显.20世纪50年代马来眼子菜为沉水植物的优势种,但进入20世纪90年代后,挺水植物、浮叶植物的扩展和湖底的沉积物迅速於积导致了沼泽化进程的加速.东太湖的渔业产量一直呈上升趋势,自1984年网围养殖出现后,网围养殖经历了由粗放型到精养型和效益型的转变,从污染型向生态型方向发展.目前必须加强对东太湖的综合治理,进行生态恢复与重建,以维持东太湖资源的可持续发展.

太湖大型水生植物的管理探讨

太湖是我国的第三大浅水湖泊,其东、西太湖两部分的水体状况、水生植被差异甚大。西太湖大部分水域出现严重的藻型富营养化,许多水生植被消失,水质恶化;东太湖水生植物群落结构发生变化,沼生植物比例增大,湖泊沼泽化严重。针对东、西太湖的具体情况,参考国内外湖泊治理的经验,本文提出了对东、西太湖水生植被采取相应管理措施的建议。

东太湖水质污染特征研究

2008年8月至2009年7月研究了江苏东太湖网围养殖区、东茭咀、油车港等12个典型湖区的水环境特征,运用主成分分析法研究东太湖水质的空间异质性及主控因素.结果表明,东太湖水质在各区域存在显著差异,季节变化明显,主要表现为丰水期水质优于枯水期.12个水质指标简化成2个主成分,主成分I代表水体的总磷、溶解性总磷和磷酸盐水平,是东太湖水域最主要的污染因子;主成分II主要反映水体的有机污染状况,叶绿素a和高锰酸盐指数的贡献率较大.利用主成分得分进行聚类分析,将12个采样点分为4类,北部由于受东山镇生活污水影响,各入湖河道口污染较为严重,特别是油车港;网围养殖区由于人工栽植的水草较为茂盛,水质较好,同东茭咀、太浦河口等水域的水质一样.

东太湖水环境现状及保护对策

根据2002年4月至2003年4月东太湖的水质监测结果,分析了东太湖的水质现状、空间分布特征及变化趋势．其中TN变化范围0．57-3．91mg／L,平均值1．61 mg／L,NH4+-N变化范围0．01-0．42mg／L,平均值0．14mg／L,NO3--N 变化范围0．044-0．549mg／L,平均值0．16mg／L,而TP平均值为0.103mg／L,与以前的调查结果相比,TN、TP和NH4+-N 均明显增加,CODMn有所下降,水质状况总体较差,但不同水域因其影响因子不同,水质亦有明显差别,湖心区水质最好．目前,东太湖水体总体上处于中富营养状态,部分湖区已达到富营养状态．最后根据东太湖水环境的现状,提出一些措施和建议．

东太湖CDOM吸收光谱的影响因素与参数确定

CDOM吸收特性是湖泊水色遥感的重要研究内容之一,影响着水体的遥感反射率;吸收光谱的形状一般符合波长的负指数关系,但不同水体的形态因子即S值是不同的.实地采集东太湖水样,实验室测量叶绿素、悬浮物质以及黄色物质的组份含量,室内测试计算水样的CDOM吸收光谱,根据光谱曲线形状,把样点分为三组,分别进行考察,结果发现对东太湖春季水体而言,浮游植物的降解对CDOM吸收具有重要甚至主导作用;水体中有机悬浮颗粒占有一定的比例,在测试或计算东太湖总的吸收或散射系数时,必须充分考虑有机悬浮颗粒的吸收与散射特性,否则会带来较大的误差;以500nm为分界点,把300—700nm的波段范围分为两个部分即300—500nm和500—700nm,分别定义CDOM吸收光谱的曲线斜率即S值,可以提高CDOM吸收光谱的估测精度,把S值定义为随波长线性变化的函数,可以进一步提高CDOM吸收光谱的估测精度,对东太湖春季水体而言,当:300≤λ<500nm时,S(μm-1)=-0.0193×λ+20.821,当500≤λ≤700nm时,S(μm-1)=-0.0121×λ+16.003.

东太湖河蟹网围养殖的环境效应

通过对东太湖网围养蟹区内外的生态环境因子的观测分析和养蟹区N、P等营养物质的平衡估算,结果表明,草型湖泊适合河蟹的养殖;不投饵时,养蟹有助于减轻湖泊内的营养负荷;而投饵的利用和转化率很低,多数饵料沉积于湖底或进入湖水中,从而影响湖泊生态环境。与湖泊小面积高密度养鱼相比较,网围养蟹的万元利润污染只有养鱼的1/14,利润却是养鱼的1.8倍。因此低密度网围养蟹是兼顾东太湖渔业资源开发和环境保护的有效方式。

东太湖水生植物及其与环境的相互作用

2006-2007年对东太湖网围养殖区及航道水生植物种群结构和水环境状况进行了调查.结果表明:采样区内共有水生植物10种,其中沉水植物6种﹑浮叶植物3种﹑漂浮植物1种;养殖区植物种类较单一,耐污染、再生能力强以及水质净化能力好的金鱼藻﹑狐尾藻和伊乐藻在养殖区呈优势种分布;航道和敞水区优势种类为苦草和马来眼子菜.从水生植物生物量变化来看,9月生物量最高,平均为2882.4±748.8g/m2;养殖区水生植物生物量高于航道和敞水区,两个网区平均可达1251.2±1012.7g/m2、993.9±968.6g/m2.水生植物与水环境相互关系来看,温度、透明度和pH等水体物理环境因子对水生植物季节生长和光合作用具有重要影响;水生植物具有吸收水体氮磷营养盐和抑制藻类生长的作用,从而改善了东太湖水质,同时植物季节性生长以及空间分布差异也影响水质时空差异.

牧食损害对伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)生长的影响

在室外实验条件下,研究了模拟牧食损害(动物牧食所造成的损害)对伊乐藻植株生长的影响。结果表明:3种人工损害方式(去除植株50%叶片,去除植株顶端,以及同时去除植物顶端与50%叶片)对伊乐藻的生长率、主枝与分枝长度的增长、植物的干物质、氮、磷含量等均有不同程度的影响。其中,去叶与去顶去叶损害显著抑制了伊乐藻的生长,相对生长率分别占未受损植株的62.8%与74.4%;去顶与去顶去叶损害使伊乐藻主枝生长几乎停止,却显著促进了植物分枝的生长;去叶损害对植株的生长率、主枝与分枝长度的生长无明显抑制并却显著地降低了分枝的重量。对受损伊乐藻生长的机理进行了分析,探讨了东太湖伊乐藻现存量近年来迅速增加的原因并认为植物残体是伊乐藻种群扩张的重要因素之一。