Quantitative Analysis of Spatial Vitality of Urban Built-up Area: A Case Study of Shenzhen

As an important goal of urban design research,the evaluation of urban spatial vitality has been widely concerned.Taking Shenzhen as an example,the urban built-up area of Shenzhen was identifi ed using improved DENsi-Graph analysis,from the perspective of quantifi cation of urban spatial morphological features.The accessibility of urban streets,degree of construction and architectural form,and degree of functional mixing were quantitatively analyzed through space syntax,space matrix and mixeduse index(MXI),and the spatial vitality of urban built-up area was evaluated.Research results demonstrated that the improved Densi-Graph analysis could better identify the built-up area of Shenzhen,and the overall classifi cation accuracy was 0.810.The analysis results of spatial vitality showed that the urban spatial vitality in Shenzhen urban built-up area was well created.The street accessibility of Shenzhen generally hindered the creation of urban vitality;the spatial matrix value in the north of Shenzhen urban built-up area was lower;and the MXI of most areas within the study area was above the medium.

Examining Rate of Built-Up Areas on the Vegetation Cover along River Riara Riparian within Kiambu Town, Kenya

Urban river riparian spaces and their natural systems are valuable to urban dwellers;but are increasingly affected and ruined by human activities and in particular, urbanization processes. In this research, land sat and sentinel satellite imagery apt for change detection in vegetation cover, both landsat and sentinel imagery, covering the period between 1970 and 2021 in epochs of 1973, 1984, 1993, 2003, 2015 and 2021 years were used to establish the correlation between vegetation cover and built-up area along River Riara river reserve. The images were analysed to extract the built-up areas along the river reserve, including the buildings, and the rate of human settlements, which influenced vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed using the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and the Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands to show the rate of change over the years. Results indicate NDVI values were high, compared to NDBI values along river Riara in the years 1973 and 1993 implying that there was more vegetation cover then. However, in the year 2021, the NDVI indicated the highest value at 0.88, with the complementary NDBI indicating the highest NDBI value at 0.47. This represents a significant increase in built-up areas since 2015 more than in previous epochs. Either, there was a significant increase in NDBI values, from 0.24 in 1993 to 0.47 in 2021. More so, the R-squared value at 0.80 informed 80% relationship between NDBI and NDVI values indicating a negative correlation.

基于GIS的唐山市核心城区土地利用演变分析

研究2009-2020年的唐山核心城区土地利用演变。结果表明,2009年耕地主要集中在西北、西南部及南湖周边地区,至2020年耕地规模虽有缩减,但分布位置大体没有改变;2009年建筑用地占据主体,其主要分布在东北、东南和中部,至2020年建筑用地仍是主体,其分布位置由中心向西北方向扩展;从2009至2020年林草地、水体和城市公共绿地呈增加趋势,工矿用地和未利用地呈下降趋势,表明区域生态环境向好发展,土地有效利用有所提升。

Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Impact on Land-Use/Land-Cover: A Case Study of Megacity Delhi

The rapid expansion of urban areas due to rise in population and economic growth is increasing additional demand on natural resources thereby causing land-use changes especially in megacities. Therefore, serious problems associated with rapid development such as additional infrastructure, informal settlements, environmental pollution, destruction of ecological structure and scarcity of natural resources has been studied carefully using remote sensing and GIS technologies for a rapidly grown megacity namely, Delhi. The present work evaluates the land use/land cover (LULC) changes and urban expansion in Mega city Delhi and highlights the major impact of rapid urbanization and population growth on the land cover changes which needs immediate attention. The results indicate that the city is expanding towards its peripheral region with the conversion of rural regions in to urban expansions. Built-up area of Delhi witnessed an overall increment from 540.7 km2 to 791.96 km2 or 16.86% of the total city area (1,490 km2 ) during the study period 1997 to 2008 which mainly came from agriculture land, waste land, scrub-land, sandy areas and water bodies. The increment in forest cover of 0.5 % is very small when considering the increment in built up category to 17%. Total area of waterbodies has reduced by 52.9% in a ten year period (58.26 km2 in 1997 to 27.43 km2 in 2008) with shallow waterbodies now having a dismal presence. LULC changes are studied with the urban growth parameters such as population, vehicles, gross state domestic product etc. The results lay emphasis on the concepts of urban planning to be applied such that more consideration is towards the preservation and management of natural land use classes which will increase the quality of life in an urban environment.

Statistical Change Detection in Water Cycle over Two Decades and Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Surface and Sub-Surface Water Flows

Urbanization is termed as physical transformation of landscapes that alter the natural regime of the environment of its surrounding resulting in further changes in macro as well as micro climate of the region [1]. Urban areas are continually facing problems of water scarcity and urban flash floods. Recent news from IPCC report 2010, CIESIN’s Global Rural Urban Mapping Project [2] and World Water Vol. 7 2007, it is clear that urban land area has doubled and affected the hydrological cycle. The components of hydrological cycle affected are Infiltration, Runoff and Evaporation and the causing components are derived by studies as land use, land cover, water withdrawal and urban developments. Thus water availability, water recharge and water cycle are all destabilized in course or urban development. The paper is an attempt to correlate and identify the periodical changes in urban water cycle, during urbanization of Bhopal City, India, during last twenty years and above. The observations are based on GIS mapping of the study area from 1991 to 2009 using rational method of runoff and recharge calculations and statistical analysis of related built-up areas. Also change in natural course of drainages with the help of GIS imageries which have been detected during twenty years that help to observe the adaptation of natural system to urban course. Also the observations show an interesting relation which can be used for further research and sustainable development [3].

Analysis of the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation and Built-Up Indices in Upper-Hill, Nairobi

Designing “liveable” cities as climate change effects are felt all over the world has become a priority to city authorities as ways are sought to reduce rising temperatures in urban areas. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when there is a difference in temperature between rural and urban areas. In urban areas, impervious surfaces absorb heat during the day and release it at night, making urban areas warmer compared to rural areas which cool faster at night. This Urban Heat Island effect is particularly noticeable at night. Noticeable negative effects of Urban Heat Islands include health problems, air pollution, water shortages and higher energy requirements. The main objective of this research paper was to analyze the spatial and temporal relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Density Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Built-Up Density Index (BDI) in Upper-Hill, Nairobi Kenya. The changes in land cover would be represented by analyzing the two indices NDVI and BDI. Results showed the greatest increase in temperature within Upper-Hill of up to 3.96&#176C between the years 2015 and 2017. There was also an increase in impervious surfaces as indicated by NDVI and BDI within Upper-Hill and its surroundings. The linear regression results showed a negative correlation between LST and NDVI and a positive correlation with BDI, which is a better predictor of Land Surface Temperature than NDVI. Data sets were analyzed from Landsat imagery for the periods 1987, 2002, 2015 and 2017 to determine changes in land surface temperatures over a 30 year period and it’s relation to land cover changes using indices. Visual comparisons between Temperature differences between the years revealed that temperatures decreased around the urban areas. Minimum and maximum temperatures showed an increase of 1.6&#176C and 3.65&#176C respectively between 1987 and 2017. The comparisons between LST, NDVI and BDI show the results to be significantly different. The use of NDVI and BDI to study changes in land cover due to urbanization, reduces the time taken to manually classify moderate resolution satellite imagery.

Impact of Urbanisation on Land Use/Land Cover in Puducherry City, India

The change of land use plays a major role in the developmental activity of a developing country. Due to rapid growth of urbanisation and dramatic increasing population, the fertile agricultural land has been converted to built-up area with respect to the demand for housing requirement and to the need for basic infrastructure facilities. The quantum of open space and surface water bodies has also been encroached. There has been a rapid growth of population in Puducherry city from 3.48 million in 1991 to 5.44 million in 2011. Hence the conservation of natural resources becomes one of the major challenges especially in small and medium town. This study was conducted to assess the effect of change on land use in urban agglomeration area of Puducherry city for the duration period from 1997 to 2017. There has been an increase in population in Puducherry city mainly attributed to higher scale of migration from adjoining rural areas and medium town for better education, job opportunities and quality life. Hence, it has been strongly recommended for stringent Development Control Regulations to quantify the urban sprawl and manage the impact of urbanisation of land use/land cover in Puducherry city.

Analyzing Urban Expansion and Spatial Growth Patterns in Barahathawa Municipality of Central Tarai Region, Nepal

The rapid transformation of rural settlements into municipalities in Ne­pal has brought significant changes in land use,and urban expansion and growth patterns mostly through the conversion of agricultural land into the built-up area.The issue is studied taking a case of the rapidly growing town,Barahathawa Municipality of Tarai Region of Sarlahi District.After the declaration of the municipality,several new roads have been opened and upgraded;and the municipality is well-connected to the national transportation network.After promulgated the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and functioning the elected local body,the municipality budget has been increased significantly as a result of increasing municipal investment in so­cio-economic and physical infrastructure development and environmental protection which has attracted people,goods,and services creating the zone of influence on the municipality.One of the changes found in the munici­pality is the increasing built-up area and expansion of urban growth through the decreasing agricultural land.Urban growth has been observed taking place around the Barahathawa Bazaar and main roadsides.The built-up area in Barahathawa municipality has remarkably increased by 183percent with the decrease of shrub and agricultural land within 10 years.Implica­tions of such spatial and temporal dynamics have been a core issue of urban planning in most of the newly declared municipalities in Nepal.

Global mapping of urban built-up areas of year 2014 by combining MODIS multispectral data with VIIRS nighttime light data

An improved methodology for the extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas at a global scale is presented in this study.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-based multispectral data were combined with the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)-based nighttime light(NTL)data for robust extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas.The MODIS-based newly proposed Urban Built-up Index(UBI)was combined with NTL data,and the resulting Enhanced UBI(EUBI)was used as a single master image for global extraction of urban built-up areas.Due to higher variation of the EUBI with respect to geographical regions,a region-specific threshold approach was used to extract urban built-up areas.This research provided 500-m-resolution global urban built-up map of year 2014.The resulted map was compared with three existing moderate-resolution global maps and one high-resolution map in the United States.The comparative analysis demonstrated finer details of the urban built-up cover estimated by the resultant map.

Simulating dynamic urban expansion at regional scale in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area

在地区性的规模的动态城市的扩大模拟是在陆地使用 / 盖住变化(LUCC ) 和都市化影响的全球环境变化的重要研究方法论之一。然而，以前的研究显示为在本地规模的未来情形的单个城市的扩大模拟不能为描绘并且解释地区性的都市化和全球环境变化的交互机制满足要求。这研究构造了一个地区性的动态城市的扩大模型(Reg-DUEM ) 对由集成人工的神经网络(ANN ) 和细胞的自动机(CA ) 模型的不同情形合适。第一，我们分析了城市的扩大的时间、空间的特征并且获得了用陆地使用 / 盖住的规则改变的优先的知识 Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan 的数据集大主教区域。在不同情形下面的城市的扩大当时是的未来基于一个基线模型，经济模型，政策模型和结构的调整模型模仿了。结果显示 Reg-DUEM 在宏政策影响的地区性的规模为非线性的扩大模拟有好可靠性。模仿的结果显示出从大城市的区域的不同情形的城市的扩大模式有的那未来巨大的时间空间的差别。未来城市的扩大将沿着沿海的带从北京宗主国快速变到天津和 Tangshan 城市的圆周。

基于POI数据的生活便利性研究

基于高德开放平台获取到的兴趣点(POI)数据对唐山市生活便利性进行分析。首先将与生活便利性相关的生活服务设施进行归纳总结,然后结合优化的热点分析及标准差椭圆分析方法对唐山市主城区各类生活服务设施整体分布特征进行分析,最后利用专家打分与层次分析法(AHP)对生活便利性指标评价体系进行构建,并利用该体系进行唐山市主城区各住宅区生活便利指数评价,为城市生活服务设施的改善优化提供一定参考。

Underground space use of urban built-up areas in the central city of Nanjing:Insight based on a dynamic population distribution

With the expansion of cities and the emergence of various urban problems,urban underground space has been developed as a solution.In China’s urban transition context,there is a need for the development of underground space in urban built-up areas.In this casestudy of the central city of Nanjing,we used spatial analysis and statistical methods to characterize the underground space use of urban built-up areas from a dynamic spatiotemporal perspective.We first analyzed the relationship between the population distribution and the underground space use of the central city of Nanjing based on a Baidu heat map,which can reflect the real-time population distribution,and then,we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial structure of the underground space use in urban built-up areas.The analysis results provide a reference for planning to improve and optimize the layout of underground space in the central city of Nanjing and,more generally,for the stock-type planning of underground space in urban built-up areas.

Chinese City Size Ranking: A Comparative Study of the Urban Built-Up Area Based on Remote Sensing Data

Without a clear and unified definition of the urban built-up area, many city rankings by area are inconsistent, giving rise to confusion among the general public and even scholars. This paper summarizes various definitions of the urban built-up area and proposes three definition methods: all urban built-up areas in a municipal administrative area, concentrated contiguous built-up areas, and urban built-up areas in central cities. From the latest Landsat 8 satellite images, the paper obtains the data of urban built-up area in some of China’s big cities and makes a comparative study between the results of the urban built-up areas by the three definition methods and three other common statistical data. It finds that neither the area data nor the ranking is consistent. Finally, it further explores what causes differences in rankings and gives some advice for improving the definition of the urban built-up area.

唐山市区社区获得性肺炎患儿病原体分布及其耐药性分析

目的对唐山市区社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患儿病原体分布及其耐药性情况进行分析,为临床治疗提供依据。方法选择2015年6月至2016年9月在唐山市3所市区医院住院及门诊治疗的300例CAP患儿作为研究对象,对其临床资料、病原体检测结果及耐药性情况进行分析。结果 300例CAP患儿中269例病原体检测结果为阳性,占89.7%,其中单纯性细菌、病毒、支原体、衣原体感染患儿所占构成比分别为30.9%、21.2%、19.7%、1.1%,73例为混合感染,占27.1%。83例细菌感染患儿中,构成比居前4位的分别是肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏试验结果显示,肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素具有较高的耐药性,但对万古霉素均能保持良好的敏感性。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对青霉素类及第1、2代头孢菌素具有较高的耐药性,但对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持良好的敏感性。结论唐山市区儿童CAP的致病因素主要为细菌感染,其次为病毒、支原体,细菌感染中以肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌4种为主。

河北省城乡老年人基层卫生服务现况调查

目的了解唐山市城乡老年人基层卫生服务机构服务现状。方法 2010年11月—2011年12月在唐山市所辖的6个区中随机整群抽取5个区所有社区卫生服务（CHS）机构共计95家,在6个县、2个县级市中随机整群抽取4个县、1个县级市的所有乡镇卫生院共计122家。按照《全国社区卫生服务示范区评估参考标准》对217家基层卫生服务机构进行了调查和评估。结果多数卫生技术人员需承担100~199名老年居民的卫生服务需求,占总调查机构的32.7%。服务机构为老年居民提供的就诊便利服务中开展最广泛的项目为就诊时绿色通道（57.1%）。CHS机构中76.8%（73/95）开设了入户就诊和复查项目,其次是开设电话咨询老年热线（69.5%）和接受就诊前免费预约（62.1%）。乡镇卫生院中,开展率最高的是就诊时绿色通道（59.0%）。目前尚有31家机构（14.2%）暂未开展老年就诊的便利服务。217家调查的基层卫生服务机构中,99.1%（215/217）的机构开展了老年慢性病管理及干预的卫生服务;96.3%（209/217）的机构为老年慢性病居民进行了健康筛查、建立慢病档案,95.9%（208/217）的机构对老年人健康信息进行了动态管理,91.7%（199/217）的机构针对健康信息对老年居民进行了慢性病危险因素干预;4家机构（1.8%）开展钟点式护工提供家庭陪护及生活照料服务,仅有3家机构（1.4%）开展了长期居家照护。对卧床老年人的诊后随访及康复指导开展率（46.1%）最高,其次为对家庭成员护理及康复培训（38.3%）和开设家庭病床（32.7%）;有96.3%（209/217）的基层卫生服务机构为老年居民建立了健康档案,但仅有80.6%（175/217）的机构设立了专门科室对老年居民健康档案的信息进行统计及管理,有0.8%（1/122）的乡镇卫生院暂未为居民建立健康档案。217家基层卫生服务机构中,多采用设立宣传栏和免费发放宣传手册的方式对辖区居民展开健康教育工作（91.7%）,其次是定期举办健康讲座,以宣传健康的生活方式及防病治病的科学知识（76.0%）,但尚有8家乡镇卫生院（6.6%）暂未开展针对老年居民的健康教育工作。在基层卫生服务机构开展的老年卫生服务项目中,除老年居民健康档案建立外,CHS机构与乡镇卫生院其他7项针对老年人的服务项目开展率间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。178家机构（82.0%）反映政府政策或资金支持不足,其次175家机构（80.6%）反映高素质卫生技术人员配备不足,133家机构（61.3%）反映服务项目不齐全,122家机构（56.2%）反映医疗用房不足。结论唐山市基层卫生服务网络虽已初步建成,但存在卫生技术人员不足、服务项目开展不齐全等情况,仍需继续建设。

基于网络数据的居住用房属性信息分析方法及其示范

以唐山中心城区及周边快速城镇化乡镇为研究示范,以该范围内的居住用房为研究对象,利用Google Earth影像、互联网地图、各类房产商业网站、街景等各类网络资源,借助ArcGIS、API和网络爬虫技术,获取了房屋地震灾害风险分析所需的结构类型、各结构类型的面积、空间分布等核心属性信息;在此基础上,简略分析了研究区房屋抗震能力状况,为地震应急基础数据生产及更新和地震灾害风险分析提供方法支持。

对影响唐山市市区学校体育场馆对外开放因素的调查研究

采用文献资料法、访问法、问卷调查法及数理统计法等研究方法,对唐山市市区30所学校体育场馆的拥有量、开放情况及影响开放的因素进行调查研究,在理论上找出影响学校场馆对外开放的主要因素并提出合理化建议。为唐山市市区学校体育场馆的对外开放奠定基础,为推动唐山市全民健身运动的快速发展做贡献。

Examining the influence of the implementation of Major Function-oriented Zones on built-up area expansion in China

China had implemented the national strategies for Major Function-oriented Zones （MFOZs） to realize the goal of national sustainable development since 2010. This study analyzed and compared spatio-temporal characteristics and differences in built-up area for China＇s MFOZs using a China＇ s Land Use Database （CLUD） derived from high-resolution remotely sensed images in the periods of 2000-2010 and 2010-2013. To sum up： （1） The percentage of built-up area in each of the MFOZs was significantly different, revealing the gradient feature of national land development based on the distribution of the main functions. （2） Annual growth in built-up area in optimal development zones （ODZs） decreased signifi- cantly during 2010-2013 compared with the period 2000-2010, while annual growth in built-up area in key development zones （KDZs）, agricultural production zones （APZs） and key ecological function zones （KEFZs） increased significantly. （3） In ODZs, the average annual increase in built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta region was significantly higher than in other regions; the average area increase and rate of increase of built-up area in KDZs was faster in the western region than in other regions; average annual area growth of built-up area in APZs in the northeast, central and western regions was twice as high as the previous decade on average; the annual rate of change and increase in the dynamic degree of built-up area were most notable in KEFZs in the central region. （4） The spatial pattern and charac- teristics of built-up area expansions in the period 2010-2013 reflected the gradient feature of the plan for MFOZs. But the rate of increase locally in built-up area in ODZs, APZs and KEFZs is fast, so the effective measures must be adopted in the implementation of national and regional policies. The conclusions indicated these methods and results were meaningful for future regulation strategies in optimizing national land development in China.

A standardized dataset of built-up areas of China’s cities with populations over 300,000 for the period 1990-2015

China’s urbanization has attracted a lot of attention due to its unprecedented pace and intensity in terms of land,population,and economic impact.However,due to the lack of consistent and harmonized data,little is known about the patterns and dynamics of the interaction between these different aspects over the past few decades.Along with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,a standardized dataset for assessing the sustainability of urbanization in China is needed.In this paper,we used remote sensing data from multiple sources(time-series of Landsat and Sentinel images)to map the impervious surface area(ISA)at five-year intervals from 1990 to 2015 and then converted the results into a standardized dataset of the built-up area for 433 Chinese cities with 300,000 inhabitants or more.This dataset was produced following the well-established rules adopted by the United Nations(UN).Validation of the ISA maps in urban areas based on the visual interpretation of Google Earth images showed that the average overall accuracy(OA),producer’s accuracy(PA)and user’s accuracy(UA)were 91.24%,92.58%and 89.65%,respec-tively.Comparisons with other existing urban built-up area datasets derived from the National Bureau of Statistics of China,the World Bank and UN-habitat indicated that our dataset,namely the stan-dardized urban built-up area dataset for China(SUBAD-China),provides an improved description of the spatiotemporal character-istics of the urbanization process and is especially applicable to a combined analysis of the spatial and socio-economic domains in urban areas.Potential applications of this dataset include combin-ing the spatial expansion and demographic information provided by UN to calculate sustainable development indicators such as SDG 11.3.1.The dataset could also be used in other multidimensional syntheses related to the study of urbanization in China.

Evaluating impervious surface growth and its impacts on water environment in Beijing- Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area

The impervious surface area （ISA） at the regional scale is one of the important environmental factors for examining the interaction and mechanism of Land Use/Cover Change （LUCC）-ecosystem processes-climate change under the interactions of urbanization and global environmental change. Timely and accurate extraction of ISA from remotely sensed data at the regional scale is challenging. This study explored the ISA extraction based on MODIS and DMSP-OLS data and the incorporation of China＇s land use/cover data. ISA datasets in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area （BTTMA） in 2000 and 2008 at a spatial resolution of 250 m were developed, their spatiotemporal changes were analyzed, and their impacts on water quality were then evaluated. The results indicated that ISA in BTTMA increased rapidly along urban fringe, transportation corridors and coastal belt both in intensity and extents from 2000 to 2008. Three cities （Tangshan, Langfang and Qinhuangdao） in Hebei Province had higher ISA growth rates than Beijing due to the pressure of population-resour- ces-environments in the city resulting in increasingly transferring industries to the nearby areas. The dense ISA distribution in BTTMA has serious impacts on water quality in the Haihe River watershed. Meanwhile, the proportion of ISA in sub-watersheds has significantly linear relationships with the densities of river COD and NH3-N.