Value-Added Tax （VAT） on Selected Financial Transactions

This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.

Talk about the necessity and realistic significance of the separation between the financial accounting and tax accounting

The tax accounting and financial accounting＇ s different target, different legal basis, different accounting principles as well as the different time of recognition between incomes and expenses will result in significant differences between accounting income and taxable income. We think that drawing on the experience of the United States and other countries to establish the specialized accounting theory and methods, the implementation of tax accounting and financial accounting separation is an inevitable requirement. Whether the financial accounting and tax accounting should be separated, of which the key lies in the degree of difference and coordinability between accounting income and taxable income. We believe that from our tax system, financial system and the history and current status of the development of accounting systems perspective, it do not exist realistic necessity of the separation between the tax accounting and the financial accounting.

The Financial Structure of Italian Companies

The choice of capital structure by firms is a recurring topic of corporate finance and evolving on a theoretical and empirical level. On a theoretical level, scholars propose variations to the models by removing the theoretical hypothesis or expanding variables considered, likewise, on an empirical level, researchers provide survey, which contributions aimed at increasing the understanding of the phenomenon as a whole, considering the possible events in the variety and variability of firms. In particular, one of the most debated topics in the literature regards the existence or absence of relationship between the choices of financial structure and firm value, or the determination of an optimal leverage for the value. Therefore, the attention of researchers has focused on the identification of relationship between debt and equity that maximizes firm＇s performance and meet shareholders＇ expectations in terms of return on capital employed for the same risk. Hence, the aim of this paper is to provide another piece to the cognitive complexity of the phenomenon, focusing the research on Italian firms, given the importance of leverage in the financial structure of Italian firms. The methodology used is based on the analysis conducted using the Mediobanca database aggregated sector by sector to identify the main determinants of financial structure. The conclusion is that it is not possible to say with certainty which financial structure theory better represents the behavior of Italian firms concerning financial structure.

Factors Affecting Financial Performance of Tourism Destination Firms Listed on Stock Exchanges in China

Purpose:the aim of this research is to test the effect of financial ratio on the financial performance of tourism destination firms listed on stock exchange in China.The research selected ratios:current ratio(CR)as a dimension of liquidity,total asset turnover ratio(TATR)as a dimension of asset utilization,debt ratio(DE)as a dimension of leverage,natural logarithm of total asset(LNTA)as a dimension of firm size,GDP growth rate as a dimension of economic prosperity,and effective tax rate as a dimension of effective tax.This research will use return on asset(ROA),return on sales(ROS),return on equity(ROE)and sales growth(SG)to determine the financial performance.Since stock exchange founded in China,tourism destination firm developed very fast.However tourism destination listed firms have weakness financial performance.Design/methodology/approach:the research data collected from quarterly financial report,from 2012 Q1 to 2018 Q4.The secondary data has been analyzed by multiple regression.Finding:the result indicate that CR,TATR,GDP growth rate have positive impact on financial performance.While DE has negative impact on financial performance.And LNTA has a mix result with financial performance.Originality/value:This study led to the effect of financial ratios on tourism's financial performance since past researches with this aim were difficult to identify and certain references were not specifically linked to the topic.

Sources of Income and Financial Autonomy of Local Self-government

An important feature of local self-government which differs from other public authorities should be the independence of its organs from the government system of administration. The empowerment of local communities, which takes place in all democratic states, has been achieved by giving the guarantee of autonomy to local self-government, including financial autonomy. These are fundamental assumptions of local self-government functioning. The subject of this paper is to present self-government, in the field of shaping the basic sources of public tasks. issues relating to the financial autonomy of loca of its financial supply in cash, enabling the performance

Non-Value-Added Tax to improve market fairness and quality

The promotion of both market fairness and efficiency has long been a goal of securities market regulators worldwide.Accelerated digital disruption and abusive trading behaviors,such as the GameStop mania,prompt regulatory changes.It is unclear how this“democratization”of trading power affects market fairness as economies cope with pandemic-driven shifts in basic systems.Excessive speculation and market manipulation undermine the quality of financial markets in the sense that they cause volatil-ity and increase the pain of bubble and crash events.Thereby,they weaken public confidence in financial markets to fulfill their roles in proper capital allocation to irrigate the real economy and generate value for society.While previous studies have mostly focused on market efficiency,our study proposes a tool to improve market fairness,even under periods of stress.To encourage value generation and improve market quality,we advance a graduated Non-Value-Added Tax that we implement in an agent-based model that can realistically capture the properties of real-world financial markets.A profitable transaction is taxed at a higher rate if it does not enhance the efficiency measured by deviation from fundamentals.When an agent locks in profit not supported by fundamentals but driven by trend-following strategies,the generated profit is taxed at various rates under the Non-Value-Added Tax regime.Unlike existing financial transaction taxes,the non-value-added tax is levied on profit rather than on price or volume.We show that the proposed tax encourages profitable trades that add value to the market and discourages valueless profit-making.It significantly curtails volatility and prevents the occurrence of extreme market events,such as bubbles and crashes.

新一轮财税体制改革的战略谋划

作为进一步全面深化改革的重要组成部分,新一轮财税体制改革的谋划宜从如下四个方面展开:第一,以着力破解妨碍中国式现代化顺利推进的体制机制障碍,以为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障为主攻方向。第二,以党的十八届三中全会以来围绕建立现代财政制度和现代税收制度所作出的一系列改革部署和所取得的一系列进展和成果为逻辑起点。第三,首先盯住相关行为主体关切,将着力点和着重点放在稳定相关行为主体预期、激发相关行为主体内在动力和创新活力上。第四,承继历史传统,在进一步全面深化改革中充当“先锋官”和“突击队”。

环境规制影响企业税收规避吗?--基于新《环保法》实施的准自然实验

作为重要的命令控制型环境规制工具,新《环保法》实施对企业经营产生了广泛的影响。以2010-2020年我国A股上市公司为样本,利用新《环保法》这一外生冲击事件,采用双重差分模型检验环境规制对企业税收规避的影响。结果表明,环境规制趋严促使企业提高税收规避程度。机制检验表明,环境规制导致企业融资约束程度和经营风险增加。进一步分析发现,环境规制与税收规避的正相关关系主要存在于融资难度较高和经营压力较大的企业,新《环保法》实施情境下的企业避税行为提升了财务业绩和企业价值。研究结论提供了微观企业如何应对宏观环境规制的经验证据,为政府部门结合税收政策优化环境政策提供了参考。

税收激励、ESG绩效与企业价值——基于内外部互动视角

增强ESG(Environment,Social and Governance,环境、社会和企业治理)绩效已成为提升企业价值的新方式,而内外部良性互动是企业可持续发展的重要途径。使用2009—2022年中国上市公司数据,探究税收激励政策对企业ESG绩效的影响及其与外部市场监管、内部财务冗余的互动效应。实证结果表明:税收激励总体上能显著促进企业ESG绩效,经多种稳健性检验后结论仍然成立。考虑到企业内外部环境因素,资本市场监管程度较高或企业财务冗余较丰富时,税收激励对企业ESG绩效的提升作用更强,其中市场监督与税收激励的互动效应尤为显著。进一步研究表明,税收激励政策对制造业企业绿色转型的影响更明显。经济后果研究表明,税收激励能进一步促进ESG绩效对企业价值提升的作用。

新一轮财税体制改革的目标:建立健全中国式现代财政制度

谋划新一轮财税体制改革,已经在紧锣密鼓地推进。本文拟在理解新一轮财税体制改革的基础上,围绕财政管理体制、税制和预算制度三个方面阐述新一轮财税体制改革的目标。总体来看,新一轮财税体制改革的目标是建立健全中国式现代财政制度。具体来看,建立健全中国式现代财政制度包括建立健全中国式分税制财政管理体制、建立健全中国式现代税制和建立健全中国式现代预算制度。新一轮财税体制改革应该能够较好地落实“财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱”的定位要求,推动中国式现代财政制度的建立健全。

重塑国家发展治理:分税制改革三十年评述

本文以1994年分税制改革为起点,系统评述了中国现代财政体制的演进历程和影响。首先回顾了分税制改革的背景和主要内容,接着探讨了分税制改革后中国财政体制改革的持续推进,包括法治建设、改革思路、重要举措以及未来改革的重点和难点。其次分析了分税制改革后我国财政体制的运行情况,包括总体财力、中央与地方财政收入分配、地方财力构成以及预算支出等公共资金的汲取与配置问题。最后论证了财政体制建设与国家发展治理的关系,包括完善市场经济体制、宏观经济调控和提升国家发展治理能力等方面。通过对历年数据的分析和图表呈现,本文得出如下结论:第一,分税制改革是中国财政体制历史上的一次深刻变革,是重新界定中央与地方财政关系的一个起点,此后财政体制的持续改革不断推进了财政治理体系与治理能力现代化。第二,分税制改革提升了国家以及中央的财政汲取能力,为有效推进国家发展治理提供了财政基础。第三,分税制改革后,随着财政体制的不断完善,财政对于国家发展治理发挥了积极作用。本文全面评估了分税制改革对中国国家发展治理的重要影响和未来发展的挑战与机遇。

中国地方的拉弗曲线——契税税率自主下调与城市财政能力

为何在财政重压下,一些地方反而利用自由裁量权下调了契税这一重要地方税的基准税率?本文研究发现,下调契税税率非但没有削弱地方财政能力,反而对其有提升效应,尤其是在三线及以下、投资投机性需求旺盛、房租收入比高的城市。对住房减税的拉弗效应优于对土地及其他房屋,全部标的物一起减税的效果最佳。在机制上,下调契税税率能够产生“放水养鱼”效应,助力楼市“保交付”、“促需求”、“去库存”和经济“稳增长”;但也会产生税费替代效应,增加超额非税收入并导致更高的非税依赖度;由于地方是主动而非被动减税,因此其不会像在中央减税时那样为抵御冲击而加大税收努力或“节流”支出。进一步分析表明,下调契税税率有助于降低税收不确定性、举债规模,且对土地财政的影响保持中性,能够有效保障地方财政可持续。

分税制下财政治理现代化的双重内涵与建构路径——基于结构功能主义的视角

财政治理现代化决定了国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化。分税制财政体制已经从“适应市场经济体制”转型为“匹配国家治理现代化”,作为中国式现代化的重要内容,分税制下财政治理现代化具有纵横协同治理体系现代化和权、责、利相统一的治理能力现代化的双重内涵,前者呈现出治理主体间的三重结构,后者则呈现出治理功能上的四重维度。纵横协同的治理体系优化需要实施“有效市场”与“有为政府”的衔接配合、增强统一领导与“两个积极性”的有机联动以及落实“省负总责”与“分级负责”,而权、责、利相统一的治理能力现代化则需要优化配置事权、支出责任与财力、财权,将纵横协同的治理体系优势转化为国家治理的效能。结构功能主义的研究范式有助于阐释中国式财政治理现代化的规范内涵,并为新一轮财税体制改革提供理论依据和制度支撑。

地方政府招商引资优惠“小政策”问题及改进对策建议

近年来,地方政府在招商引资中采取了一些违规和不合理的招商引资优惠“小政策”并导致不良后果。这些“小政策”包括违规实施税费减免等优惠政策,违规提供融资支持,随意许诺或兑现优惠政策,不切实际外资招引要求下的假外资导致招商资源被套取,实施超财政承受能力或违反上位法的优惠政策,对不恰当产业结构和竞争性领域等实施优惠政策。对此,建议地方政府应确立适宜的重点招商产业方向和投资方式;贯彻建设全国统一大市场要求,清理规范招商优惠“小政策”;严格兑现优惠政策以提高招商优惠政策实施效果;加强招商引资全方位监督以减少招商工作的失误和舞弊,从而促进提升招商引资优惠的合法合规性和实施效果。

财政压力与地方政府策略性行为——基于非税收入竞争视角的考察

基于2011—2018年省级面板数据,采用空间杜宾模型(SDM)考察财政压力对地方政府间非税收入竞争策略性行为的影响。结果表明:财政压力的增加显著削弱了地方政府间非税收入竞争的程度;地方政府在应对财政压力时针对不同类别的非税收入采取了差异化的竞争策略;地方政府倾向于通过提高非税收入负担率以应对财政压力的策略性行为不仅扰乱了地区间公平有序的竞争,而且增加了居民与企业的经济负担。提升财政透明度有助于抑制这一现象。

财税优惠政策对战略性新兴产业发展的影响研究

我国“十四五”规划中明确提出要大力发展战略性新兴产业,推动我国加快转变经济发展方式、带动经济社会长远发展。为此选取654家战略性新兴产业上市公司2013—2020年的财务数据作为研究样本,实证研究财税优惠政策对战略性新兴产业发展的整体效应和作用机制。研究发现,从整体效应来看,财政补贴和税收优惠都能促进产业发展,但作用效果存在差异;从作用机制来看,财政补贴能够通过提高研发投入水平来促进产业发展;税收优惠能通过研发投入和融资约束两条渠道影响产业发展;从异质性分析来看,财政补贴和税收优惠对不同产权性质、不同地区、不同行业的战略性新兴产业的影响作用均有差异。为此,提出建议:加大研发领域的扶持力度;调整税收优惠的实施方式;制定“差异化”财税优惠政策,提高实施精准性。

财税政策对充电设施企业技术创新的影响研究--来自中国A股上市企业的证据

双碳背景下,充分释放财税政策的创新激励效应对于促进充电设施企业高质量发展具有重要意义。基于此,选取2015—2020年91家充电设施概念上市企业作为研究样本,实证分析财税政策对其企业技术创新的影响。研究结果表明:(1)相较于税收优惠,财政补贴能够更显著地促进充电设施企业的技术创新,且主要通过增加研发投入和人力资本的方法来促进企业的技术创新;(2)财政补贴、税收优惠作用于非国有充电设施企业技术创新的效果要显著于国有企业;(3)财政补贴作用于非东部地区的充电设施企业以及充电设施产业链中下游企业的技术创新效果要显著于东部地区和产业链上游企业,但税收优惠作用效果略显不足。上述结论将为政府促进充电设施产业高质量发展与落实“双碳”战略提供重要的参考依据。

企业负债率对实体企业金融化的中介效应与门槛效应——基于债务税盾角度

以2010—2022年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,基于债务税盾视角,选取企业现金流为中介变量,检验企业负债率对实体企业金融化的影响。实证结果表明:企业负债率与实体企业金融化显著负相关;企业现金流在企业负债率对实体企业金融化的影响过程中起部分中介作用;企业负债率对实体企业金融化存在门槛效应,当企业负债率超过门槛值时,企业负债率对实体企业金融化的抑制作用明显减弱;代理问题会削弱企业负债率对实体企业金融化的抑制作用;相较于民营企业,企业负债率对实体企业金融化的负向影响在国有企业中更加明显。

控股股东财务资助与企业价值创造——基于民营上市公司的经验证据

党的二十大报告再次重申“两个毫不动摇”,为民营企业价值创造提供强有力的政策支持,而融资方式是影响企业价值的重要因素之一。控股股东财务资助凭借其融资成本低、内部风险可控等优势,成为民营企业融资新渠道。以2007—2021年沪深A股民营上市公司为样本,实证检验了控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造的影响。研究结果发现,控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造具有显著的正向影响。作用机制研究表明,控股股东财务资助通过降低税收负担激发企业价值创造。异质性分析表明,控股股东财务资助对企业价值创造的促进作用随着产品市场竞争程度的提高而增强,且对小规模企业的影响更加明显。研究既丰富了控股股东财务资助的经济后果及企业价值创造影响因素方面的文献,又为相关部门制定政策制度提供参考以及民营上市公司有效融资提供了理论依据。

我国新能源汽车产业的财税补贴政策现状及其对策研究

随着全球能源危机和环保意识的增强,新能源汽车产业在全球范围内受到广泛关注。财税政策作为政府调控经济的重要手段,对新能源汽车产业的发展具有重要影响。文章将对新能源汽车产业发展的财税政策进行梳理,找出目前新能源汽车产业财税政策的不足之处,进而提出相应的优化建议,以期促进我国新能源汽车产业更好更快发展。