Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features....Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.展开更多
Based on the Decisions of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms and the Overall Plan on Deepening Fiscal and Tax Reforms, this paper presents a systematic assessme...Based on the Decisions of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms and the Overall Plan on Deepening Fiscal and Tax Reforms, this paper presents a systematic assessment of the progress of China's new round of fiscal and tax reforms from November 2013 to October 2016 with the following findings. Reform of the budgetary management system has yielded initial results yet remains in the preliminary stage. While progress has been made in reforming indirect taxes, the reform of direct taxes is slow and presents a major obstacle. Despite breakthroughs, the progress of public finance reforms remains slow and impedes reforms on other fronts. Fiscal and tax reforms are uneven and should be implemented in coordination. Fiscal and tax reforms should more vigorously support overall reforms.展开更多
This paper summarizes the main characteristics of China's tax revenue growth during the period of 1994-2010, and probes the causes behind the sustained and rapid growth of China's taxation from its sources including...This paper summarizes the main characteristics of China's tax revenue growth during the period of 1994-2010, and probes the causes behind the sustained and rapid growth of China's taxation from its sources including the fiscal and taxation system, and tax collection mechanisms. Additionally, the author lists the major challenges confronting China's sustainable tax growth during the "12th Five-Year Plan "period (2011-2015), for example, slowed growth in sources of taxation, a mismatched tax system, lagging reform in fiscal structure and the management system, and restrictions in tax collection and administration capacity. The author proposes the following suggestions: 1) a structural taxation reform should be carried out to promote sustainable economic growth and a change in development model, thereby consolidating the source base of taxation; 2) to consolidate the fiscal and taxation system through taxes and fees reform, standardizing the government budget, advancing reform in the tax-sharing system, and optimizing fiscal expenditure; and 3) to strengthen tax collection mechanisms by promoting taxation by law, implementing comprehensive taxation administration in the government, and improving the tax collection capacity.展开更多
China's current tax structure is seriously out of balance.It is dominated by indirect tax primarily paid by firms,and the share of direct tax is limited and the share of direct tax paid by households and individua...China's current tax structure is seriously out of balance.It is dominated by indirect tax primarily paid by firms,and the share of direct tax is limited and the share of direct tax paid by households and individuals is still more limited.In order to achieve a more equitable distribution of the tax burden,the tax reform initiated by the Third Plenum of the 18 th CPC Central Committee mandated increasing the direct tax and reducing the indirect tax as key priorities to improve China's tax structure.展开更多
Since the beginning of 1994,Chinahas conducted a series of majorreform of the systems of taxation,finance,foreign trade and investment,achieving remarkable progress,whichhas played a good role in promotingthe establis...Since the beginning of 1994,Chinahas conducted a series of majorreform of the systems of taxation,finance,foreign trade and investment,achieving remarkable progress,whichhas played a good role in promotingthe establishment and developmentof the socialist market economic system.Not long ago,Xiang Huaicheng,DeputyDirector-General of the State TaxationBureau,made an introduction to thestate of China’s tax system reform anddevelopment trend to Chinese andforeign reporters.展开更多
Housing is related to the well-being of people’s livelihood,but at present,the real estate market is overheated,and the price of commercial housing remains high.The implementation of the reform of real estate tax in ...Housing is related to the well-being of people’s livelihood,but at present,the real estate market is overheated,and the price of commercial housing remains high.The implementation of the reform of real estate tax in Shanghai and Chongqing has aroused heated discussions in the society.A timely promotion of real estate tax reform and legislation can play a role in tax regulation.This study takes the reform of real estate tax in regard to personal housing ownership link as the research theme and discusses the setting of collection scheme,the application of tax evaluation technology,as well as tax collection and management.展开更多
Since 2013,optimizing the business environment has become China's national strategy.In recent years,the Party and the government have continuously introduced a series of new measures such as the'"streamli...Since 2013,optimizing the business environment has become China's national strategy.In recent years,the Party and the government have continuously introduced a series of new measures such as the'"streamline administration,delegate power,strengthen regulation,and improve services55 reform to promote the continuous optimization of the business environment.As an important part of the business environment,the tax business environment is of great significance to improve the business environment and promote economic development.By analyzing the current situation of the tax business environment in China,this article discusses the existing problems in the process of optimizing tax business environment in China.Taking Shunde Taxation Bureau's innovative reform of tax business environment optimization as an example,this article introduces the practical innovation and promotion of optimizing tax business environment from four aspects:promoting convenience,digitalization,legalization,and intensive reform,in order to provide relevant experience for the optimization of tax business environment in other areas of China.展开更多
The"replacement of business tax by VAT reform"(hereby refer to as"VAT reform"for short)is a newly promulgated and implemented tax policy,and its impact on various industries in China is very differ...The"replacement of business tax by VAT reform"(hereby refer to as"VAT reform"for short)is a newly promulgated and implemented tax policy,and its impact on various industries in China is very different,and the highway project industry is no exception.The implementation of the"VAT reform"will not only have a positive impact on the cost of highway projects,but will also have some negative impacts.For this reason,highway project construction corporates must actively respond.The author explores and analyzes the positive and negative effects of the"VAT reform"on the cost of highway projects,and proposes a reform strategy for highway project cost work under the background of the"VAT reform",in hope of helping with bringing out the intrinsic value of highway project cost management work.展开更多
The confluence of several factors including government fiscal pressures and growing opportunities for tax minimization in a digital economy prompted the OECD to embark on a program to reduce base erosion and profit sh...The confluence of several factors including government fiscal pressures and growing opportunities for tax minimization in a digital economy prompted the OECD to embark on a program to reduce base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS).At the same time,countries became increasingly unhappy about international tax rules that left them unable to impose income taxes on companies earning profits by selling to customers inside their country without establishing a taxable presence there.The frustration led to unilateral responses that prompted the OECD to develop proposals to address this problem as well.The OECD’s proposals to reduce profit shifting and enhance taxing rights of sales destination countries evolved into what are now known as Pillar One and Pillar Two international tax reforms.This paper provides an overview of the operation of each of the Pillars and notes the limitations that prevent them from addressing the underlying causes of profit shifting and providing full taxing rights to sales destination jurisdictions.展开更多
Maintaining economic growth is a challenging undertaking.A nation requires numerous resources to keep its economy running and growing.In Indonesia,taxes continue to be the major contributor to the budget.Indonesia’s ...Maintaining economic growth is a challenging undertaking.A nation requires numerous resources to keep its economy running and growing.In Indonesia,taxes continue to be the major contributor to the budget.Indonesia’s tax authority must collect taxes and duties owed in line with the law and in a manner that maintains confidence in the tax system and its administrations in order to keep the economy afloat.Thus,it is vital to devise a plan to prevent revenue loss.This article aims to evaluate the efforts of Indonesia’s tax authority to improve tax services as an investment and trade promotion strategy,as well as to improve tax compliance among taxpayers.This article will detail the efforts taken by the Directorate General of Taxes(DGT)to reform tax services,and the current work and future outlook of DGT’s tax services reform.展开更多
The area of international taxation is constantly evolving due to factors including globalisation,technological advancements,and the economy’s increasing digitalisation.In recent times,there has been an increased focu...The area of international taxation is constantly evolving due to factors including globalisation,technological advancements,and the economy’s increasing digitalisation.In recent times,there has been an increased focus on addressing tax avoidance,promoting tax justice,and addressing tax issues resulting from the digitalisation of the economy.One of the most significant developments in international taxation in recent years was the BEPS Action Plan and the Two-Pillar Solution framework proposed by the OECD and G20 on BEPS.Indonesia released Government Regulation No.55/2022,which includes regulations on international tax matters,among other things,in response to the globalisation of international taxation.Apart from that,Indonesia is considering applying Amount B as a rule or safe harbour provision because of the dynamics surrounding international tax.Overall,a strong correlation exists between the transformation of international taxation worldwide and the shifts in Indonesia’s international field.展开更多
Resource tax reform will be done during China's 12m Five-Year Plan, but related research is still lacking. Here, we build a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) comprising the functional equations of producti...Resource tax reform will be done during China's 12m Five-Year Plan, but related research is still lacking. Here, we build a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) comprising the functional equations of production, consumption, income/expenditure and resources to analyze the resource tax rate. The model uses the valorem tax levy to simulate the impact of economic and resource systems with different resource tax rates, by referencing the expected rate ranges of China and developed countries. The results show that the impact is different for social, economic and resources of varying degrees. In the relatively stable period of economic development, we can select a tax rate of 5% to 7%; during higher economic development we can select an optional high level of resource tax; and in a fluctuating economy we can choose a lower tax level.展开更多
Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued ...Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued that the issues associated with rural taxation and local governance in China result from inherent tension between an increasingly liberalized economic system and a still centralized political system. Although rural tax reform has helped to reduce farmers" tax burdens in the short term, the establishment of an effective local governance regime requires coordinated reforms to downsize local bureaucracy by providing social security for laid-off cadres, to strengthen local accountability by granting higher local formal tax autonomy, and to promote meaningful participation by expanding local democracy.展开更多
The present paper describes the trajectory of China's fscal and tax reform in the past 40 years, which can be summarized in five phases. The reform commenced with "'decentralizing power and transferring benefits....The present paper describes the trajectory of China's fscal and tax reform in the past 40 years, which can be summarized in five phases. The reform commenced with "'decentralizing power and transferring benefits. '" Then, under great fiscal pressure, institutional reform was instigated, which aimed to establish a new fiscal and tax system. To regulate the government revenue and expenditure beyond the fiseal and tax system, reforms were put in place to build an institutional framework for public finance. As the fiscal and tax reform had gradually entered the more sophisticated phases, China took a series of measures to further improve the public finance system. Since 2012, based on the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reform, China has embarked on establishing a modern public finance system. The present paper characterizes China's fiscal and tax reform as gradually moving toward a system that aligns with the overall reform and complements the goal of marketization and modernization of state governance.展开更多
This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers' income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of t...This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers' income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers' income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers' income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers' income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers' income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments' unauthorized extractions.展开更多
Since the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)in 2013,the economic and trade cooperation between China and related BRI economies has flourished over the past eight years.The Chinese government has given top p...Since the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)in 2013,the economic and trade cooperation between China and related BRI economies has flourished over the past eight years.The Chinese government has given top priority to improving its doing-business environment to implement the national initiative of"bringing in"and"going abroad",which echoes the BRI economic activities.Being a core part of the doing-business environment,tax reforms and the building of a more growth-friendly tax environment serve as one of the key drivers to further attract foreign investment and encourage domestic enterprises to go abroad.This article starts with the background of China’s tax reforms,followed by an in-depth analysis of the corporate income tax and individual income tax reforms,and finally discusses the impacts of China’s tax reforms on cross-border investment and trade.展开更多
Premised on international good practices,the Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool(TADAT)provides a standardized and objective framework for conducting an evidence-based and outcome-focused assessment of the k...Premised on international good practices,the Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool(TADAT)provides a standardized and objective framework for conducting an evidence-based and outcome-focused assessment of the key strengths and weaknesses of a country’s tax administration system.TADAT is a global tool that applies to any country’s system of tax administration.The results of a TADAT assessment provide country authorities,supported by their capacity development partners,with a baseline to strengthen or develop,and monitor tax administration reform strategies and work plans.展开更多
Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of i...Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.展开更多
China's fiscal and taxation law reform is at a critical stage since Chinese economy development needs to consider compromising interests and conflicts from all sources, such as the social benefit network, real estate...China's fiscal and taxation law reform is at a critical stage since Chinese economy development needs to consider compromising interests and conflicts from all sources, such as the social benefit network, real estate industry avidity, internationalizing currencies, fostering a philanthropic culture, and growing as a leader in the world market. These undertakings all demand a modern, handy fiscal and taxation law system. On the other hand, after two decades of implementation of the 1994 tax sharing system, the original initiative of strengthening centralized control might not keep pace with the needs of balancing decentralization and local financing demands, in addition to the troublesome taxpayers' protection, tax judicature reform, and worsening environmental irregularities. Admittedly, China's fiscal and taxation law reform faces new challenges and incentives. Rigorous international tax frameworks and multi-jurisdictional cooperation drive China to respond as an international trade giant and a responsible game player. Such international tax policy orientations create another layer of incentives and necessity for China to fine-tune its domestic fiscal and taxation legal framework, ranging from promotion of free trade zones, global sourcing practice and supply chain management, renegotiation of outdated tax treaty articles, more active participation in consequential overseas investments, to WTO Protocol compliance review, and international tax dispute resolution. Therefore, this article argues that, no matter the extent to which feasible, plausible or pragmatic proposals are presented, a top level architecting and a serious pursuit to upgrade citizens' livelihood must be prioritized in earnest.展开更多
In handling the fiscal relations between the central and local governments,especially in relation to taxation,the method of revenue-sharing has been widely adopted.Findings of this study show that when the intergovern...In handling the fiscal relations between the central and local governments,especially in relation to taxation,the method of revenue-sharing has been widely adopted.Findings of this study show that when the intergovernmental division of administrative authority and spending responsibility is relatively stable,tax-sharing is superior to revenue-sharing,and that tax-sharing should take precedent over revenue-sharing in future tax and fiscal reforms.Reform initiatives should include measures to significantly reduce value-added tax(VAT)rates and classify it as central tax,to collect retail sales tax in commodity consumption as a local tax and to cancel the business tax.Under this system,the main types of taxes levied by the central government include VAT,corporate income tax and consumption tax,personal income tax is imposed by provincial governments,retail sales tax by county governments.展开更多
文摘Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.
文摘Based on the Decisions of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms and the Overall Plan on Deepening Fiscal and Tax Reforms, this paper presents a systematic assessment of the progress of China's new round of fiscal and tax reforms from November 2013 to October 2016 with the following findings. Reform of the budgetary management system has yielded initial results yet remains in the preliminary stage. While progress has been made in reforming indirect taxes, the reform of direct taxes is slow and presents a major obstacle. Despite breakthroughs, the progress of public finance reforms remains slow and impedes reforms on other fronts. Fiscal and tax reforms are uneven and should be implemented in coordination. Fiscal and tax reforms should more vigorously support overall reforms.
文摘This paper summarizes the main characteristics of China's tax revenue growth during the period of 1994-2010, and probes the causes behind the sustained and rapid growth of China's taxation from its sources including the fiscal and taxation system, and tax collection mechanisms. Additionally, the author lists the major challenges confronting China's sustainable tax growth during the "12th Five-Year Plan "period (2011-2015), for example, slowed growth in sources of taxation, a mismatched tax system, lagging reform in fiscal structure and the management system, and restrictions in tax collection and administration capacity. The author proposes the following suggestions: 1) a structural taxation reform should be carried out to promote sustainable economic growth and a change in development model, thereby consolidating the source base of taxation; 2) to consolidate the fiscal and taxation system through taxes and fees reform, standardizing the government budget, advancing reform in the tax-sharing system, and optimizing fiscal expenditure; and 3) to strengthen tax collection mechanisms by promoting taxation by law, implementing comprehensive taxation administration in the government, and improving the tax collection capacity.
文摘China's current tax structure is seriously out of balance.It is dominated by indirect tax primarily paid by firms,and the share of direct tax is limited and the share of direct tax paid by households and individuals is still more limited.In order to achieve a more equitable distribution of the tax burden,the tax reform initiated by the Third Plenum of the 18 th CPC Central Committee mandated increasing the direct tax and reducing the indirect tax as key priorities to improve China's tax structure.
文摘Since the beginning of 1994,Chinahas conducted a series of majorreform of the systems of taxation,finance,foreign trade and investment,achieving remarkable progress,whichhas played a good role in promotingthe establishment and developmentof the socialist market economic system.Not long ago,Xiang Huaicheng,DeputyDirector-General of the State TaxationBureau,made an introduction to thestate of China’s tax system reform anddevelopment trend to Chinese andforeign reporters.
文摘Housing is related to the well-being of people’s livelihood,but at present,the real estate market is overheated,and the price of commercial housing remains high.The implementation of the reform of real estate tax in Shanghai and Chongqing has aroused heated discussions in the society.A timely promotion of real estate tax reform and legislation can play a role in tax regulation.This study takes the reform of real estate tax in regard to personal housing ownership link as the research theme and discusses the setting of collection scheme,the application of tax evaluation technology,as well as tax collection and management.
文摘Since 2013,optimizing the business environment has become China's national strategy.In recent years,the Party and the government have continuously introduced a series of new measures such as the'"streamline administration,delegate power,strengthen regulation,and improve services55 reform to promote the continuous optimization of the business environment.As an important part of the business environment,the tax business environment is of great significance to improve the business environment and promote economic development.By analyzing the current situation of the tax business environment in China,this article discusses the existing problems in the process of optimizing tax business environment in China.Taking Shunde Taxation Bureau's innovative reform of tax business environment optimization as an example,this article introduces the practical innovation and promotion of optimizing tax business environment from four aspects:promoting convenience,digitalization,legalization,and intensive reform,in order to provide relevant experience for the optimization of tax business environment in other areas of China.
文摘The"replacement of business tax by VAT reform"(hereby refer to as"VAT reform"for short)is a newly promulgated and implemented tax policy,and its impact on various industries in China is very different,and the highway project industry is no exception.The implementation of the"VAT reform"will not only have a positive impact on the cost of highway projects,but will also have some negative impacts.For this reason,highway project construction corporates must actively respond.The author explores and analyzes the positive and negative effects of the"VAT reform"on the cost of highway projects,and proposes a reform strategy for highway project cost work under the background of the"VAT reform",in hope of helping with bringing out the intrinsic value of highway project cost management work.
文摘The confluence of several factors including government fiscal pressures and growing opportunities for tax minimization in a digital economy prompted the OECD to embark on a program to reduce base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS).At the same time,countries became increasingly unhappy about international tax rules that left them unable to impose income taxes on companies earning profits by selling to customers inside their country without establishing a taxable presence there.The frustration led to unilateral responses that prompted the OECD to develop proposals to address this problem as well.The OECD’s proposals to reduce profit shifting and enhance taxing rights of sales destination countries evolved into what are now known as Pillar One and Pillar Two international tax reforms.This paper provides an overview of the operation of each of the Pillars and notes the limitations that prevent them from addressing the underlying causes of profit shifting and providing full taxing rights to sales destination jurisdictions.
文摘Maintaining economic growth is a challenging undertaking.A nation requires numerous resources to keep its economy running and growing.In Indonesia,taxes continue to be the major contributor to the budget.Indonesia’s tax authority must collect taxes and duties owed in line with the law and in a manner that maintains confidence in the tax system and its administrations in order to keep the economy afloat.Thus,it is vital to devise a plan to prevent revenue loss.This article aims to evaluate the efforts of Indonesia’s tax authority to improve tax services as an investment and trade promotion strategy,as well as to improve tax compliance among taxpayers.This article will detail the efforts taken by the Directorate General of Taxes(DGT)to reform tax services,and the current work and future outlook of DGT’s tax services reform.
文摘The area of international taxation is constantly evolving due to factors including globalisation,technological advancements,and the economy’s increasing digitalisation.In recent times,there has been an increased focus on addressing tax avoidance,promoting tax justice,and addressing tax issues resulting from the digitalisation of the economy.One of the most significant developments in international taxation in recent years was the BEPS Action Plan and the Two-Pillar Solution framework proposed by the OECD and G20 on BEPS.Indonesia released Government Regulation No.55/2022,which includes regulations on international tax matters,among other things,in response to the globalisation of international taxation.Apart from that,Indonesia is considering applying Amount B as a rule or safe harbour provision because of the dynamics surrounding international tax.Overall,a strong correlation exists between the transformation of international taxation worldwide and the shifts in Indonesia’s international field.
基金National Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.71203002)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.2013M540398)
文摘Resource tax reform will be done during China's 12m Five-Year Plan, but related research is still lacking. Here, we build a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) comprising the functional equations of production, consumption, income/expenditure and resources to analyze the resource tax rate. The model uses the valorem tax levy to simulate the impact of economic and resource systems with different resource tax rates, by referencing the expected rate ranges of China and developed countries. The results show that the impact is different for social, economic and resources of varying degrees. In the relatively stable period of economic development, we can select a tax rate of 5% to 7%; during higher economic development we can select an optional high level of resource tax; and in a fluctuating economy we can choose a lower tax level.
基金financial support from the Chinese National Science Foundation(Project 703030l1,70633002)Ford Foundation+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Science Innovation Project(KSCX2-YW-N.039)the Matching NSFC Fund of the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research,the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued that the issues associated with rural taxation and local governance in China result from inherent tension between an increasingly liberalized economic system and a still centralized political system. Although rural tax reform has helped to reduce farmers" tax burdens in the short term, the establishment of an effective local governance regime requires coordinated reforms to downsize local bureaucracy by providing social security for laid-off cadres, to strengthen local accountability by granting higher local formal tax autonomy, and to promote meaningful participation by expanding local democracy.
文摘The present paper describes the trajectory of China's fscal and tax reform in the past 40 years, which can be summarized in five phases. The reform commenced with "'decentralizing power and transferring benefits. '" Then, under great fiscal pressure, institutional reform was instigated, which aimed to establish a new fiscal and tax system. To regulate the government revenue and expenditure beyond the fiseal and tax system, reforms were put in place to build an institutional framework for public finance. As the fiscal and tax reform had gradually entered the more sophisticated phases, China took a series of measures to further improve the public finance system. Since 2012, based on the overall plan of comprehensively deepening reform, China has embarked on establishing a modern public finance system. The present paper characterizes China's fiscal and tax reform as gradually moving toward a system that aligns with the overall reform and complements the goal of marketization and modernization of state governance.
文摘This paper examines the effect of Chinese agricultural tax reform on local fiscal revenues as well as farmers' income. Fixed effects results show that a tax rate reduction from 15.3 to 8.4 % in the first 5 years of the reform did not lead to a corresponding decrease in local fiscal revenues. At the same time, farmers' income slightly decreased. In the second 5 years of the reform, the tax rate was reduced to zero. This time, local fiscal revenues decreased linearly with the tax cuts, and farmers' income increased by 17.8 %. The link between the actual fiscal revenue reduction and farmers' income suggests that merely changing the nominal level of taxation does not necessarily increase farmers' income. Rather, the complete implementation of the reform relates crucially to curbing local governments' unauthorized extractions.
文摘Since the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)in 2013,the economic and trade cooperation between China and related BRI economies has flourished over the past eight years.The Chinese government has given top priority to improving its doing-business environment to implement the national initiative of"bringing in"and"going abroad",which echoes the BRI economic activities.Being a core part of the doing-business environment,tax reforms and the building of a more growth-friendly tax environment serve as one of the key drivers to further attract foreign investment and encourage domestic enterprises to go abroad.This article starts with the background of China’s tax reforms,followed by an in-depth analysis of the corporate income tax and individual income tax reforms,and finally discusses the impacts of China’s tax reforms on cross-border investment and trade.
文摘Premised on international good practices,the Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool(TADAT)provides a standardized and objective framework for conducting an evidence-based and outcome-focused assessment of the key strengths and weaknesses of a country’s tax administration system.TADAT is a global tool that applies to any country’s system of tax administration.The results of a TADAT assessment provide country authorities,supported by their capacity development partners,with a baseline to strengthen or develop,and monitor tax administration reform strategies and work plans.
文摘Next year marks 100 years since the introduction of the first law on income tax in Russia.Over this period a number of reforms on income tax has been conducted,and various results have been achieved.It has become of importance to analyze the experience of income tax reforms.This paper aims to study the formation and reformation of income tax in Russia.This work singles out and analyzes five stages of formation of income tax in Russia-the main focus being on the analysis of the two last stages of income tax functioning:during the transition to a market economy and in a market economy.The paper identifies the main prerequisites of the personal income tax reform in 2001 and analyzes the results of the reform.The paper validates the conclusion that the reform had mixed results.The transition to the proportional model of personal income tax failed to significantly affect the fiscal significance of this tax,and did not lead to the desired legalization of salaries or a drastic decrease in the share of wages paid off the books.Moreover,the income tax reform did not result in a significant decrease in the number of tax concessions that reduce the neutrality and fiscal significance of the tax.At the same time,the income tax reform made it possible to drastically increase the neutrality and economic effectiveness of this tax,reduced the cost of administration for taxpayers,withholding agents,and tax services.In light of a possible new reform of the tax system,this article makes the assumption that the return to progressive tax rates will fall short of expectations of the poor,as the wealth gap in Russian society will not be reduced.This paper draws the conclusion that as the achievement of the expected results is not guaranteed,preserving the existing model of personal income tax may be the most pragmatic option.At the same time,it might be advisable to take an inventory of tax deductions,and possibly cancel some of them that are exclusively enjoyed by the rich in the first place.
文摘China's fiscal and taxation law reform is at a critical stage since Chinese economy development needs to consider compromising interests and conflicts from all sources, such as the social benefit network, real estate industry avidity, internationalizing currencies, fostering a philanthropic culture, and growing as a leader in the world market. These undertakings all demand a modern, handy fiscal and taxation law system. On the other hand, after two decades of implementation of the 1994 tax sharing system, the original initiative of strengthening centralized control might not keep pace with the needs of balancing decentralization and local financing demands, in addition to the troublesome taxpayers' protection, tax judicature reform, and worsening environmental irregularities. Admittedly, China's fiscal and taxation law reform faces new challenges and incentives. Rigorous international tax frameworks and multi-jurisdictional cooperation drive China to respond as an international trade giant and a responsible game player. Such international tax policy orientations create another layer of incentives and necessity for China to fine-tune its domestic fiscal and taxation legal framework, ranging from promotion of free trade zones, global sourcing practice and supply chain management, renegotiation of outdated tax treaty articles, more active participation in consequential overseas investments, to WTO Protocol compliance review, and international tax dispute resolution. Therefore, this article argues that, no matter the extent to which feasible, plausible or pragmatic proposals are presented, a top level architecting and a serious pursuit to upgrade citizens' livelihood must be prioritized in earnest.
文摘In handling the fiscal relations between the central and local governments,especially in relation to taxation,the method of revenue-sharing has been widely adopted.Findings of this study show that when the intergovernmental division of administrative authority and spending responsibility is relatively stable,tax-sharing is superior to revenue-sharing,and that tax-sharing should take precedent over revenue-sharing in future tax and fiscal reforms.Reform initiatives should include measures to significantly reduce value-added tax(VAT)rates and classify it as central tax,to collect retail sales tax in commodity consumption as a local tax and to cancel the business tax.Under this system,the main types of taxes levied by the central government include VAT,corporate income tax and consumption tax,personal income tax is imposed by provincial governments,retail sales tax by county governments.