Technological Evolution of Historic Structural Mortars

Mortars are among the first building materials used in constructions, even from prehistoric times （8th millennium BC）. Their study reveals a great source of information regarding the evolution of their technological characteristics and application techniques, the availability and exploitation of raw materials, as well the wider socio-economic aspects of each era. The aim of this paper is to comparatively evaluate the analysis results from approximately 1,000 structural mortar samples taken from various monuments and historic buildings of Greece, dated from the Hellenistic period, until the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis focused in the determination of their physico-mechanical and chemical properties, such as porosity, apparent specific gravity, mechanical strength, aggregates type and granulometry and chemical composition. Through the results＇ evaluation, significant remarks can be made upon the evolution of the raw materials used （binding system, aggregates, additives）, as well as regarding the final properties of historic structural mortars. It is concluded that hydrated lime was the main binding agent used for a long-lasting period of 2.5 millenniums, while mixed type binding systems based on lime and natural pozzolan were systematically used for producing durable mortars, resistant to humidity. In any case, it seems that ancient masons were fully aware of the significant role of mortars in constructions and were capable of exploiting the available raw materials and application techniques to the maximum.

The Study on the Evolutional Mechanics of Technological Innovation Network

Based on the statistical mechanics and technology innovation network, this paper analyzed network evolutional mechanics, and constituted its evolutional model.

Fractal characterization for the mining crack evolution process of overlying strata based on microseismic monitoring technology

In order to study the evolution laws during the development process of the coal face overburden rock mining-induced fissure,we studied the process of evolution of overburden rock mining-induced fissures and dynamically quantitatively described its fractal laws,based on the high-precision microseismic monitoring method and the nonlinear Fractal Geometry Theory.The results show that:the overburden rock mining-induced fissure fractal dimension experiences two periodic change processes with the coal face advance,namely a Small→ Big→ Small process,which tends to be stable;the functional relationship between the extraction step distance and the overburden rock mining-induced fissure fractal dimension is a cubic curve.The results suggest that the fractal dimension reflects the evolution characteristics of the overburden rock mining-induced fissure,which can be used as an evaluation index of the stability of the overburden rock strata,and it provides theoretical guidance for stability analysis of the overburden rock strata,goaf roof control and the support movements in the mining face.

An SAO-based approach to technology evolution analysis using patent information: Case study—graphene sensors

Purpose: This paper introduces an approach to technology evolution analysis using patent information based on Subject-Action-Object(SAO) structures.Design/methodology/approach: First, SAO structures were extracted from patent documents and were cleaned. Second, several dimension-reduction techniques were used to generate technology topics. Then, the hierarchical relationships between technology topics were calculated based on patent clustering. Finally, technology evolution maps were drawn by adding a timeline.Findings: This approach can reveal technology evolution processes from multiple perspectives than other approaches.Research limitations: The semantic annotation of an SAO type is not very accurate and the semantic types of technology topics need to be enriched.Practical implications: The approach can be applied to draw technology evolution maps using different types of technology topics such as problem or solution.Originality/value: This approach offers an analytical dimension and more details than existing techniques, and it helps identify fundamental and emerging technologies more accurately and comprehensively.

Progress of 3G Evolution Technology Standardization

The challenges brought by broadband wireless access technologies to cellular mobile communication technologies speed up the study and standardization of 3G evolution technologies that support higher data rates. Both the 3GPP and the 3GPP2 have launched research programs on the study and standardization of the emerging 3G evolution technologies. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) program of 3GPP has made progress in key technical indexes of air interface, wireless network architecture and high-level protocols. At the same time, the Air Interface Evolution (AIE) program of 3GPP2 has made study achievements in the formulation of air interface standards for Layer 2 and upper layers, as well as for the physical layer.

Evolution of Key Technologies for WiMAX Physical Layer

Despite the rapid development in Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technologies,key technologies for the Physical Layer (PHY) still need to be further improved so as to achieve highly efficient and reliable communication performance,as well as to support a mobile environment with a higher transmisison rate. As an amendment to IEEE 802.16d (for fixed broadband wireless access systems),IEEE 802.16e (for mobile broadband wireless access systems) introduces the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies into the PHY,doubling the transmission rate while supporting a certain degree of mobility. In the future,more advanced Air Interface (AI) technology is to be applied in the IEEE 802.16m standard.

Endogenous Innovation in Chinese IC Firms:A Case Study Based on the Technology Strategy Evolution of NSBIC

It is a common sense that enterprise is the principal of endogenous innovation, but why many firms do not innovate actively？ What kind of difficulty will enterprises suffer in endogenous innovation？ What can the government do for the endogenous innovation？ These questions are very crucial to realize endogenous innovation. This paper tries to answer the questions mentioned above from the perspective of technology evolution. The industrial environment of emerging technology is emphasized for analyzing the endogenous innovation in Chinese enterprises. The process of endogenous innovation in NanShanBridge Co. Ltd （NSBIC）, which is an IC design firm, is analyzed as a case. From the case study, we can answer the questions above in certain extent, give some suggestions to the enterprises as a later-comer, and present some advice to government.

Research on Technology Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Extraction Based on Patent Information

Objective To understand the development status of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology,so as to provide a reference for enterprises and scientific research institutions to determine the direction of technological innovation.Besides,the government can formulate scientific and technological innovation strategies.Methods Based on patent information,statistical methods were applied to analyze the development of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology.Then,the core technology was identified by constructing a patent citation network.Finally,the main path analysis method was applied to discover the technological evolution path.Results and Conclusion The extraction technology of traditional Chinese medicine is still in the growth stage.At present,its R&D is based on enterprises,supplemented by scientific research institutions.The core technologies are ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic extraction.The main path represented by enzymatic extraction technology reveals the evolution process of traditional Chinese medicine extraction technology.Based on this,relevant suggestions are put forward.Firstly,technological innovation cooperation should be strengthened to explore new models of achievement transformation and cooperation.Secondly,key enterprises of technology clusters should be cultivated to accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies.Thirdly,combined technologies can achieve high-efficiency enzyme-assisted extraction and open up new ways of extracting traditional Chinese medicine.Fourthly,traditional techniques should be improved to develop innovative modern techniques.

TRIZ TECHNOLOGY FORECASTING AS QFD INPUT WITHIN THE NPD ACTIVITIES

As a result of the fierceness of business competition, companies, to remaincompetitive, have to charm their customers by anticipating their needs and being able to rapidlydevelop exciting new products for them. To overcome this challenge, technology forecasting isconsidered as a powerful tool in today's business environment, while there are as many successstories as there are failures, a good application of this method will give a good result. Amethodology of integration of patterns or lines of technology evolution in TRIZ parlance ispresented, which is also known as TRIZ technology forecasting, as input to the QFD process to designa new product. For this purpose, TRIZ technology forecasting, one of the TRIZ major tools, isdiscussed and some benefits compared to the traditional forecasting techniques are highlighted. Thena methodology to integrate TRIZ technology forecasting and QFD process is highlighted.

Prediction of rock-burst-threatened areas in an island coal face and its prevention:A case study

The island coal face arises in coal mines with the purpose of preventing gas explosion or maintaining the balance between mining and tunneling. However, its particular stress conditions in the surrounding rock may increase the difficulty of stress control in the coal face and in its mining roadways, especially when the coal seam, the roof, and the floor have rock-burst propensities, The high energy accumulated in the island coal face and in its roof and floor will intensify rock-burst propensity or even induce rock burst, which further result in great casualties and financial losses. Taking island coal face 2321 in Jinqiao coal mine as a case, we propose a method for the prediction of rock-burst-threatened areas in an island coal face with weak rock-burst propensity. Based on the anaHysis of the movement of the overlying roof and characteristics of stress distribution, this method combined numerical simulation with drilling bits to ensure the prediction accuracy. The effects of coal pillars with different widths on the mitigation of stress concentration in the coal face and on the prevention of rock burst are analyzed together with the mech- anism behind. Finally, corresponding measures against the rock burst in the island coal face are proposed.

BACKBONE OF TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION IN THE MODERN ERA AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: AN ANALYSIS BY THE PATENTS CITATION NETWORK

In the automobile industry, especially in its modem era, large amount of technologies have been generated to produce automobiles. The technological evolution in this industry is formed by complicated effects of the emergence of some milestone inventions and interaction, integration, and succession among diverse technologies. It＇s a big challenge to sort out crucial inventions and technologies progresses that mainly form this industry＇s technological evolution. We use patent citation data and apply network analytical techniques to reveal characteristics of the ＂backbone＂ in the automobile industry＇s technological evolution. We employ three algorithms respectively to explore the main path of the technological evolution, the most important subnetwork which outlines the main characteristics of the industry＇s technological evolution, and the most important technological inventions （act as authorities and hubs of the technological evolution） in the industry. Main results are reported in detail by tables, figures and interpretations to disclose the most influential technologically developing path, pivotal transfers in technological trajectories, and important technological convergences and divergences over time, of the modem era automobile industry.

The Evolution of Desertification Control and Restoration Technology in Typical Ecologically Vulnerable Regions

Global economic development and increasing human activities have brought great challenges to fragile ecosystems.In order to avoid,reduce,and reverse desertification,Chinese and foreign scientists and ecological governance institutions have developed a series of ecological restoration technologies(ERTs)and models in the past few decades.These technologies can improve residents’livelihoods,strengthen disaster resilience,and launch a comprehensive review of degraded ecosystems in desertification regions.However,some studies and practices have limited the selection and promotion of good technologies and the assessments of these technologies,resulting in the waste and loss of funds and manpower.The objective of this study is to identify desertification control and restoration technologies and models,summarize the evolutionary features and trends of these technologies under different natural conditions,and evaluate the various ERTs that are now available.The data sources of this study include the databases of international organizations,CNKI,related literature and reports,and questionnaires from institutions and experts.First,the three stages of ERTs evolution were summarized,and the key events and social-economic developments were identified as the driving forces of evolution.Then,the four categories of ERTs were identified as biological,engineering,agricultural,and management ERTs.Finally,the key ERTs were evaluated in the five dimensions of the degree of difficulty,the degree of maturity,effectiveness,suitability,and potential for transfer.The management ERTs scores for the degree of difficulty,the degree of maturity,and potential for transfer are higher.This study provides a reference for adapting to local conditions,the comprehensive management,rational development,and utilization of dryland resources,improving the application of ecological technologies,and promoting the export and import of the excellent technologies.

Hotspots and trends of biological water treatment based on bibliometric review and patents analysis

In order to reveal the hotspots and trends of biological water treatment from the perspectives of scientific and technological innovation, both of the bibliometric review and patents analysis were performed in this study. The Web of Science Core Collection database and Derwent Innovation Index database recorded 30023 SCI papers and 50326 patents, respectively were analyzed via information visualization technology. The results showed that China ranked the first in both papers and patents, while the United States and Japan had advantages in papers and patents, respectively. It was concluded through literature metrology analysis that microbial population characteristics, biodegradation mechanism,toxicity analysis, nitrogen and phosphorus removal and biological treatment of micropolluted wastewater were the research hotspots of SCI papers. Activated sludge process and anaerobic-aerobic combined process were the two mainstream technologies on the basis of patent technology classification analysis. Technology evolution path of biological water treatment was also elucidated in three stages based on the citation network analysis. Furthermore, the future directions including research on the law of interaction and regulation of biological phases and pollutants and the technology innovations towards the targeted biotransformation or selective biodegradation of pollutants and resource reuse of wastewater were prospected.