Effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on onset of Marangoni convection heated from below by a constant heat flux

This paper investigates the effect of non-uniform temperature gradient and magnetic field on Marangoni convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above with a constant heat flux. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the convection onset is analyzed. Six non-uniform basic temperature profiles are considered, and some general conclusions about their desta- bilizing effects are presented.

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Effect of Non-Uniform Temperature Gradient on the Onset of Rayleigh-Bénard Electro Convection in a Micropolar Fluid

The effects of electric field and non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a micropolar fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The eigenvalues are obtained for free-free, rigid-free and rigid-rigid velocity boundary combinations and for isothermal and/or adiabatic temperature boundaries. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters and electric Rayleigh number on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non-uniform temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed.

Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Temperature Gradient on the Onset of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni Electro-Convectionin a Micropolar Fluid

The effects of electric field and non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection in a micropolar fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The eigenvalues are obtained for an upper free/adiabatic and lower rigid/isothermal boundaries. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters and electric Rayleigh number on the onset of convection has been analysed. Six different non-uniform temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed.

DYNAMICAL FORMATION OF CAVITY FOR COMPOSED THERMAL HYPERELASTIC SPHERES IN NONUNIFORM TEMPERATURE FIELDS

Dynamical formation and growth of compressible thermal-hyperelastic Gent-Thomas cavity in a sphere composed of two inmaterials were discussed under the case of a non-uniform temperature field and the surface dead loading. The mathematical model was first presented based on the dynamical theory of finite deformations. An exact differential relation between the void radius and surface load was obtained by using the variable transformation method. By numerical computation, critical loads and cavitation growth curves were obtained for different temperatures. The influence of the temperature and material parameters of the composed sphere on the void formation and growth was considered and compared with those for static analysis. The results show that the cavity occurs stiddenly with a finite radius and its evolvement with time displays a non-linear periodic vibration and that the critical load decreases with the increase of temperature and also the dynamical critical load is lower than the static critical load under the same conditions.

Experimental Study on Occupant's Thermal Responses under the Non-uniform Conditions in Vehicle Cabin during the Heating Period

The existing investigations on thermal comfort mostly focus on the thermal environment conditions, especially of the air-flow field and the temperature distributions in vehicle cabin. Less attention appears to direct to the thermal comfort or thermal sensation of occupants, even to the relationship between thermal conditions and thermal sensation. In this paper, a series of experiments were designed and conducted for understanding the non-uniform conditions and the occupant＇s thermal responses in vehicle cabin during the heating period. To accurately assess the transient temperature distribution in cabin in common daily condition, the air temperature at a number of positions is measured in a full size vehicle cabin under natural winter environment in South China by using a discrete thermocouples network. The occupant body is divided into nine segments, the skin temperature at each segment and the occupant＇s local thermal sensation at the head, body, upper limb and lower limb are monitored continuously. The skin temperature is observed by using a discrete thermocouples network, and the local thermal sensation is evaluated by using a seven-point thermal comfort survey questionnaire proposed by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc（ASHRAE） Standard. The relationship between the skin temperature and the thermal sensation is discussed and regressed by statistics method. The results show that the interior air temperature is highly non-uniform over the vehicle cabin. The locations where the occupants sit have a significant effect on the occupant＇s thermal responses, including the skin temperature and the thermal sensation. The skin temperaWa-e and thermal sensation are quite different between body segments due to the effect of non-uniform conditions, clothing resistance, and the human thermal regulating system. A quantitative relationship between the thermal sensation and the skin temperature at each body segment of occupant in real life traffic is presented. The investigation result indicates that the skin temperature is a robust index to evaluate the thermal sensation. Applying the skin temperature to designing and controlling parameters of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning（HVAC） system may benefit the thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.

基于微波辐射测量和GA-BP神经网络的电缆内部温度反演

目的针对现有电缆监测系统无法实现无损式测量电缆内部温度的问题,方法提出一种基于微波辐射测量的电缆内部温度反演方法。首先,使用非相干方法构建多层微波辐射传输模型,利用指数函数进行分层,通过无限元仿真得到微波辐射计测量的亮温数据集,应用十折交叉验证划分数据集,为模拟实际测量中微波辐射计测得的亮温值易受环境噪声影响的情况,本文将测试集仿真值混合信噪比10~50 dB的高斯白噪声作为微波辐射计的实测值;然后采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)优化BP神经网络的权值和阈值,以此构建GA-BP神经网络模型,再向构建好的网络中输入样本,训练网络模型;最后利用实测值验证经过训练的GABP神经网络模型在反演电缆内部温度方面的能力。结果实验结果表明:相较于仅使用BP神经网络,使用遗传算法优化后的BP神经网络在反演电缆内部温度方面表现更优异;网络的反演效果和实测值添加的噪声信噪比呈正相关,噪声信噪比越大,神经网络的反演效果越好;当测试集中添加的噪声信噪比大于36 dB时,R^(2)>0.627,RMSE<5.55,反演效果较好;当混合噪声信噪比为50 dB时,反演效果最优,决定系数可达0.985。结论结果证明了GA-BP神经网络在电缆内部温度反演的有效性,为电缆内部温度反演提供了新思路。

Simulation studies of multi-line line-of-sight tunable-diode-laser absorption spectroscopy performance in measuring temperature probability distribution function

Line-of-sight tunable-diode-laser absorption spectroscopy（LOS-TDLAS） with multiple absorption lines is introduced for non-uniform temperature measurement. Temperature binning method combined with Gauss–Seidel iteration method is used to measure temperature probability distribution function（PDF） along the line-of-sight（LOS）. Through 100 simulated measurements, the variation of measurement accuracy is investigated with the number of absorption lines, the number of temperature bins and the magnitude of temperature non-uniformity. A field model with 2-T temperature distribution and15 well-selected absorption lines are used for the simulation study. The Gauss–Seidel iteration method is discussed for its reliability. The investigation result about the variation of measurement accuracy with the number of temperature bins is different from the previous research results.

基于混合ICS-PSO算法的温差发电系统MPPT设计

针对温差发电系统非均匀温度场条件下,功率电压曲线呈现多峰特性,传统粒子群算法易陷入到局部最优,布谷鸟算法收敛时间慢等问题,提出了改进布谷鸟算法与粒子群算法相混合的最大功率点跟踪控制算法。引入自适应发现概率,扩大种群搜索范围,以最小收敛时间为约束函数,通过参数寻优确定最佳功率区间划分临界点参数,将寻优过程划分为粒子群快速粗寻优与改进布谷鸟稳态精寻优两个阶段,以提升算法的收敛速度和发电效率。仿真结果表明,本算法在均匀温度场条件下,收敛时间0.24 s,发电效率99.89%,在非均匀温度场条件下,收敛时间0.13 s,发电效率99.92%,均优于其他算法,该算法收敛迅速,跟踪精度高,并通过了基准测试函数测试,验证了该算法的有效性和通用性。

Possible Impact of Spatial and Temporal Non-Uniformity in Land Surface Temperature Data on Trend Estimation

The present work investigates possible impact of the non-uniformity in observed land surface temperature on trend estimation, based on Climatic Research Unit （CRU） Temperature Version 4 （CRUTEM4） monthly temperature data-sets from 1900 to 2012. The CRU land temperature data exhibit remarkable non-uniformity in spatial and temporal features. The data are characterized by an uneven spatial distribution of missing records and station density, and dis-play a significant increase of available sites around 1950. Considering the impact of missing data, the trends seem to be more stable and reliable when estimated based on data with 〈 40% missing percent, compared to the data with above 40% missing percent. Mean absolute error （MAE） between data with 〈 40% missing percent and global data is only 0.011℃ （0.014℃） for 1900-50 （1951-2012）. The associated trend estimated by reliable data is 0.087℃ decade^-1 （0.186℃ decade^-l） for 1900-50 （1951-2012）, almost the same as the trend of the global data. However, due to non-uniform spatial distribution of missing data, the global signal seems mainly coming from the regions with good data coverage, especially for the period 1900-50. This is also confirmed by an extreme test conducted with the records in the United States and Africa. In addition, the influences of spatial and temporal non-uniform features in observation data on trend estimation are significant for the areas with poor data coverage, such as Africa, while insig-nificant for the countries with good data coverage, such as the United States.

LHAASO-WFCTA激光能量测量系统的性能研究

高海拔宇宙线观测站(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory,LHAASO)位于四川省稻城县海子山,平均海拔4410 m。激光标定系统是LHAASO的广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列(Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov Telescope Array,WFCTA)的组成部分之一,用于标定广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列接收的光子数的绝对增益。激光标定系统中的激光能量测量系统由能量探头(Energy sensor)、能量计(Energy meter)和温控系统3部分组成,主要用于精确测量发射向广角切伦科夫望远镜阵列视场内的脉冲激光束的能量。主要对能量探头进行了相对标定和性能研究,并设计开发了保温系统来保证能量探头在环境恶劣的高海拔地区正常工作。通过能量探头之间的相对标定,可以提高激光能量测量的准确性。能量探头的性能测试结果表明,在以能量探头中心为圆心、直径为8 mm的圆形区域内,其不均匀度小于1.5%。激光束的入射角对能量探头测量激光脉冲能量几乎没有影响,但是垂直入射时能量探头反射的激光会损坏激光器,因此需要避免激光束垂直入射能量探头。此外,能量探头具有较强的温度效应。因此,独立开发了保温系统来保证能量探头的正常工作,以满足实验的要求。这些研究工作是激光标定系统进行正常工作和运行的基础。

纵向非均匀温度下钢柱弹性屈曲荷载

在大空间建筑火灾中,由于热空气的上升,在纵向空间上的温度分布常常是不均匀的,上部的温度会远远高于下部的温度。该现象在火灾的轰燃发生后是十分显著的。在钢柱的抗火设计中考虑纵向温度的不均匀分布不仅符合实际情况,也更符合基于性能化的抗火设计理念。该文先以无端部约束钢柱为研究对象并假定其横截面上的温度均匀分布,基于能量法推导了其在一般场模型火灾条件下的弹性屈曲荷载;在简化的双区域火灾模型条件下,分别基于平衡微分方程以及能量法推导其弹性屈曲荷载,并采用数值分析对推导结果进行验证。发现基于平衡微分方程推导的精确解相较于数值模拟结果,误差均小于3%,而基于能量法推导的结果则在部分情况下显著偏大。此外,研究结果表明:如果忽略温度的纵向不均匀分布,对于受热长度与非受热长度等长的钢柱,其弹性临界荷载会被严重低估,甚至达到约37%。考虑柱端轴向约束的作用,该文给出了不均匀温度分布条件下约束柱的弹性屈曲荷载计算方法。

太阳辐射作用下大型预埋件温度效应分析

在结构施工过程中,因温度变化导致钢结构变形的情况较为普遍,尤其是大型钢结构。为此,以大型钢结构预埋件为研究对象,考虑预埋件单元迎光面与背光面的换热面间温差,建立了太阳辐射作用下预埋件的表面温度计算方法。结合预埋件表面温度实测数据,采用MIDAS Gen软件分析了预埋件的温度场分布和变形规律,发现天气晴朗情况下,预埋件单元温度场具有较强的非均匀性,迎光面测点温度较背光面高5~10℃;多云天气和阴天的情况下,由于傍晚或天气转阴时太阳辐射较弱,结构温度场的非均匀性变弱;减小预埋件纵向长度可以有效减小预埋件的温度变形;此外,可以采用不同施工措施以减小其温度变形,改变钢结构表面涂料种类、颜色的措施最有效,采用隔热板效果次之,改变钢构件截面尺寸效果最差。

高速飞行器热防护结构非均匀热流载荷反演方法

为准确掌握高速飞行器热防护结构服役时承担的非均匀气动热载荷,提出了一种基于共轭梯度理论的非均匀热流载荷的反演方法.以隔热瓦结构为例,开展了2类典型非均匀热流载荷下的数值仿真研究.通过引入一阶样条曲线插值表征非均匀热流的时变规律,降低了待反演参数数量.分析了反演方法的可行性以及温度测量偏差等因素对反演精度的影响.研究结果表明:非均匀热流时变规律的样条线表征方法可以将反演参数数量缩减到4个,极大地提升了反演效率;提出的反演方法可以精确反演结构非均匀热流载荷的时间和空间分布特性,对于含噪声的测量数据,该方法由于采用了插值重构的表征方法而体现出较好的抗噪性能.

基于聚类算法的热试验加热器布局设计与优化

针对目前航天器热试验中热流模拟需求复杂、加热回路设计效率低以及不易量化等问题,文章以某型号中的一组热控模拟件为典型对象,通过有限元方法建立不同特征长度组件和薄膜电加热器组合所对应的温度不均匀度模型;提出基于温度不均匀度距离的聚类方法,并开展基于MATLAB的聚类仿真。与欧几里得距离聚类的对比表明,在同等条件下温度不均匀度距离算法可将温度不均匀度降低30%左右。此外,对比了聚类簇数、加热表面细分数及待加热表面数量等参数对聚类结果和温度不均匀度的影响,可为未来热试验中的加热回路布局设计与优化提供参考。

考虑进口温度畸变的涡轮级非定常流动数值仿真

为更好地预测涡轮级非定常流动特征,以准确分析进口温度畸变对下游叶排产生的影响。本文基于有限差分法开发了多级涡轮非定常流动数值求解器,通过试验数据验证其准确性和可行性,利用该求解器针对进口温度畸变进行了单级涡轮非定常流动数值仿真。以某单级高压涡轮作为研究对象,改变进口总温分布条件,设计了在进口总温均匀分布、总温沿径向不均匀分布和涡轮进口存在热斑3种方案下,进口温度畸变对马赫数、叶片热负荷等因素产生的影响,以及高温气流迁移路径的变化规律。结果显示,进口温度畸变对单级涡轮内部流场的影响不大,进口温度径向不均匀分布会导致导叶径向中上部分出现带状高温区域,在60%叶高处的导叶前缘温度最高。这种现象会因热斑的存在而加剧,在同一周期内进口温度畸变不会造成导叶表面最高温值的大幅度变化。主流气体在涡轮流道作加速运动,热斑由椭圆形逐渐变窄,温度降低,在导叶尾缘与脱落涡相互作用,气体受挤压边缘呈现锯齿状。动静交接面后,在动叶前缘和动叶压力面热负荷较为显著,并且在同一周期内进口温度畸变会使动叶表面的最高温值在一定范围内变化,在涡轮流道内进口温度畸变不会使高温气流在径向方向上的发生较大的偏移。

面向非均匀不连续X射线望远镜的最优化精密温控方法与试验验证

本文旨在实现EP卫星X射线望远镜的精密控温,通过建立Wolter-I型掠入射X射线望远镜数学传热模型,揭示了热量在聚焦镜组中的传递规律,并设计了两类主动控温加热器。针对望远镜非均匀、不连续构型导致的热场调控难题,提出了最优化精密控温方法,兼顾控温指标与工艺研制难度,构建了关于热量补偿如何分区调配的代价函数。通过设置关于平均偏差、最大偏差、区域个数、最小区域长度的权重参数,获得了第一类加热器最优化设计方案。整星级真空试验结果表明:54个镜片温度范围为19.1~20.9℃,且时域温度稳定性较好,波动小于0.2℃,满足X射线望远镜(20±1)℃的指标要求,权重参数设计合理。本研究提出的方法,成功应对了非均匀、不连续X射线望远镜精密控温难题,为温度要求较高的空间科学探测器提供了技术支持。

东南亚地区某碾压混凝土坝裂缝成因及防治措施研究

混凝土裂缝是影响水工结构强度和耐久性的主要因素之一,东南亚地区全年高温多雨,月均最大温差较小(8.6℃),年均温差大(20.2℃),混凝土温度容易控制,但裂缝问题时有发生。依托东南亚地区某碾压混凝土坝,采用有限元研究施工期温度应力的变化规律,分析混凝土开裂的敏感因素,并就其温控防裂措施开展详细研究。结果表明,浇筑长间歇及寒潮侵袭显著影响混凝土温度应力的变化,老混凝土的强约束作用及新老混凝土的温差影响叠加寒潮应力,导致混凝土应力超标出现温度裂缝。在上述研究的基础上,进一步探讨了降低新浇混凝土温度应力的温控措施,为东南亚地区大体积混凝土工程的建设提供一定的参考。

退火工艺下轧制差厚板非均匀温度场研究

轧制差厚钢板具有连续变化的厚度特性,因此在退火工艺下不同厚度区域的温度变化路径存在显著差异。这种差异改变了轧制差厚钢板的微观组织及力学性能,进而直接影响其后续成形及服役性能。为掌握退火工艺下轧制差厚钢板具有的性能差异化特性及产生内因,需要对轧制差厚钢板热处理过程中的温度分布及规律进行系统研究。研究所用轧制差厚钢板的几何特征为:薄区、过渡区及厚区纵向长度均为50 mm;薄区厚度1 mm,厚区为1.5 mm,差厚比1.5,过渡区厚度连续变化且无突变。建立了同步考虑轧制差厚钢板厚度连续变化特性及综合传热形式的温度场非稳态理论模型,并通过实验方法验证理论模型准确性。结果表明,在预设退火温度780℃的升温历程中,以薄区达到临界温度的时间(75 s)为测温终点,各厚区最高温度为779.3℃;最高温差135.1℃,整体呈现先增后减的趋势;最大升温速率为21.9℃/s,之后各区域升温速率逐步递减且在到达37 s时各厚区升温速率的高低顺序发生转变。研究通过分析轧制差厚钢板随时间变化的温度分布态势与其内在规律,以期为轧制差厚钢板热处理后的性能差异化预测提供理论基础及有效方法。

非均匀变温环境中简支层合拱热弹性力学解

具有轻质高强、可设计强、耐高温等优良特性的复合材料层合结构在我国被广泛应用于航空航天、建筑结构、公路桥梁等工程领域。该文基于热传导方程和热弹性理论,建立变温环境中层合拱结构理论计算模型,研究了变温环境中二维层合拱的热力学行为,得到结构温度、热应力和位移解析解。利用线性叠加原理,将层合拱非齐次温度边界转化为齐次温度边界,基于结构内层间温度和径向热流密度的连续性,建立内、外侧温度和热流密度关系,联合内、外侧温度边界条件,得到层合圆柱拱内温度场解析解。以位移和应力作为状态变量,建立状态空间方程。基于层间位移和径向应力的连续性,借助传递矩阵法,推导出两端简支层合圆柱拱内外侧位移和应力关系,并同时对层合拱内外侧应力边界条件进行傅里叶级数展开,最终得到位移和热应力解析解。收敛性分析和数值结果比对表明了该方法的有效性和准确性。利用该文方法,探讨了外部温度环境、结构尺寸、结构层数及材料组分,对结构内温度、热应力及位移分布的影响,为变温环境下层合拱的设计提供了理论依据。