Effects of Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Air Temperature on CO_2 Uptake of Pterocarpus macrocarpus in the Open Field

Since trees and plants can absorb CO2, forests are widely regarded as a carbon sink that may control the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The CO2 uptake rate of plants is affected by the plant species and environmental conditions such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, water and nutrient contents. PAR is the most immediate environmental control on photosynthesis while air temperature affects both photorespiration and dark respiration. In the natural condition, PAR and temperature play an important role in net CO2 uptake. The effects of PAR and air temperature on the CO2 uptake of Pterocarpus macrocarpus grown in a natural habitat were studied in the present work. Due to many uncontrollable factors, a simple rectangular hyperbola could not represent the measured data. The data were divided into groups of 2oC intervals; CO2 uptake in each group may then be related to PAR by a rectangular hyperbola function. Using the obtained functions, the effect of PAR was removed from the original data. The PAR-independent CO2 uptake was then related to air temperature. Finally, the effects of PAR (I) and air temperature (Ta) on the CO2 uptake rate (A) were combined as: (-0.0575Ta2+2.6691Ta-23.264)I A= ——————————————— (-0.00766Ta2+0.40666Ta-3.99924) (-4.8794Ta2+227.13Ta-2456.9)+I

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS ON OXYGEN UPTAKE OF LARVAL HERRING,CLUPEA HARENGUS

Oxygen uptake under starvation and short periods of sudden temperature change was measured forlarval herring （Clupea harengus L.） reared at average temperature of 7.3, 11 and 12.9℃. Larval stagesbetween first feeding and premetamorphosis were used. For comparison, the routine oxygen uptake（ROU） was also investigated and followed the relationship Q=0.974+0. 174 tW0.210, where Q is in μg/（mg·h）, W is dry body weight in mg and t is temperature in ℃. The oxygen uptake under starvation（SOU, deprived of food for 24 h） was different from the routine when the larval dry weightwas less than 0.6-0.8 mg, it increased with temperature and body weight giving the reationship Q=1.568+0.110 tW0.380, if the larval dry weight mp more than 0.6-0.8 mg, it reverted to the norm(Q=1.704+0.078 tW-0.349). The oxygen uptake was tested in short periods （3 h） of sudden temperaturechanges in six groups: 7.3 to 11, 7.3 to 12.9, 11 to 7.3. 11 to 12.9, 12.9 to 7.3 and 1.29 to11℃. The oxygen uptake in the 7.3 to 12.9 and

Effects of Light and Temperature on Uptake andDistribution of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassiumof Cucumber in Solar Greenhouse

The influence of light and temperature conditions inside solar greenhouse of winter-spring and autumn-winter crop in northern China on uptake and distribution of nitrogen. phosphorus and potassium of cucumber was studied. The results showed that plant root development and uptake and distribution of N, P and K benefited more from inside light and temperature changes in winter-spring crop. Root volume and root activity increased more rapidly in winter-spring than in autumn-winter. Uptake of total N, P2O5 and K2O increased with plant development in winter-spring, and declined in autumn-winter crop. Distribution of total N, P2O5 and K2O at different part of cucumber at fruit bearing stage was significantly influenced by inside light and temperature of solar greenhouse. Total N, P2O5 and K2O were mainly distributed to leaves and stems at early stage, and increasingly to fruits after fruit bearing.

Modeling in SolidWorks and analysis of temperature and thermal stress during construction of intake tower

With a focus on the intake tower of the Yanshan Reservoir, this paper discusses the method of modeling in the 3D CAD software SolidWorks and the interface processing between SolidWorks and the ANSYS code, which decreases the difficulty in modeling complicated models in ANSYS. In view of the function of the birth-death element and secondary development with APDL （ANSYS parametric design language）, a simulation analysis of the temperature field and thermal stress during the construction period of the intake tower was conveniently conducted. The results show that the temperature rise is about 29.934 ℃ over 3 or 4 days. The temperature differences between any two points are less than 24 ℃. The thermal stress increases with the temperature difference and reaches its maximum of 1.68 MPa at the interface between two concrete layers.

Study on Prediction Model for Spatial Distribution of the Average Temperature Based on GIS——Take Hainan Island as an Example

[ Objectivel The research aimed to study prediction model for spatial distribution of the average temperature based on GIS. [ Method l Average temperature over the years as research object, based on Ordinary Kriging （OK）, Inverse Distance Weight （ IDW）, SPLINE and Mixed In- terpolation （MLR）, monthly temperature data from 1979 to 2008 at 18 long-term meteorological observation stations in Hainan Island were conduc- ted spatial grid treatment. Via contrasts and analyses on different interpolation methods, the optimum interpolation method for average temperature over the years in Hainan Island was selected. [ Resuitl By error analyses of the four interpolation methods for average temperature in recent 30 years in Hainan Island, it was found that accuracy was MLR 〉 IDW 〉 OK 〉 SPLINE. Spatial interpolation effect of MLR was the best for average temperature in Hainan Island. Spatial distribution of the average temperature in Halnan Island had obvious south-high-north-low latitudinal zonality and vertical zonality of gradually declining as altitude rise. In addition, temperature along coast was slightly higher than that in inland. Lapse rate of the temperature in each month in Hainan Island was 0.38 -0.85℃/100 m, and lapse rate of the annual average temperature was about 0.74 ℃/ 100 m. In different areas, lapse rate of the temperature as altitude was different at different time. [ Condusion] The research provided basis for ob- taining continuous distribution situation of the agricultural meteorological factor and establishing accurate prediction model of the spatial distribution in Hainan Island.

Effects of temperature on population growth and intake of food by the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Population life tables of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were constructed and nutritional parameters of food for the larvae were examined at 5 temperatures from 16℃ to 32℃. The temperature suitable for growth and reproduction of the insect ranged from 20℃ to 28℃ with the optimum of 24℃. Their survivalship and fecundity were much poorer at 32℃ than at 16℃. Indices of population trend of the insect at these temperatures could well fitted with the parabolic curve which theoretically indicated that the population density would multiply by some 660 after one generation circle at the optimal temperature, 22.6℃, and it would decline at temperatures higher than 32.9℃ or lower than 12.3℃. Larval food intake and their AD tended to go up while their ECI and ECD to go down with a rise in temperature. These alterations in population size and feeding behavior caused by temperature would exert an important effect on their damage to crops.

Effects of Cultivar, Frying Temperature and Slice Thickness on Oil Uptake and Sensory Quality of Potato Crisps Processed from Four Kenyan Potato Cultivars

The effects of potato cultivar, frying temperature and slice thickness on oil uptake and sensory quality of potato crisps were investigated in four Kenyan cultivars. Potato tubers were peeled, washed and cut into slices of thickness 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. Each size was fried at a constant temperature of 170 ℃ for 3-5 minutes. For frying temperature evaluation, the potatoes for all cultivars were cut into a uniform thickness of 1.5 mm and fried at temperatures of 160, 170 and 180 ℃ for 2-5 minutes. Crisps made from the four cultivars differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in oil absorbed which ranged from 35.12% in Dutch Robyjn to 36.52% in clone 391,691.96. Tuber dry matter differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） among the cultivars ranging from 20.99% in clone 391691.96 to 25.29% in variety Dutch Robyjn. Tuber dry matter content was found to be negatively correlated to oil content of crisps; oil content increased with decrease in dry matter content. For each cultivar, the oil content of crisps differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） with temperatures and was higher at frying temperatures of 160 ℃ and lowest at 180 ℃, respectively. The oil content was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in slices of 1.0 mm thick than in slices of 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm; the amount ofoil absorbed decreased with increase in slice thickness. There was significant correlation （P 〈 0.05, r = -0.834） between oil content as determined in the laboratory and sensory scores. Results showed that high dry matter, slice thickness and temperature of frying resulted in reduced oil absorption by crisps during processing.

Effects of the extrusion parameters on microstructure,texture and room temperature mechanical properties of extruded Mg-2.49Nd-1.82Gd-0.2Zn-0.2Zr alloy

Microstructure,texture,and mechanical properties of the extruded Mg-2.49Nd-1.82Gd-0.2Zn-0.2Zr alloy were investigated at different extrusion temperatures(260 and 320℃),extrusion ratios(10:1,15:1,and 30:1),and extrusion speeds(3 and 6 mm/s).The experimental results exhibited that the grain sizes after extrusion were much finer than that of the homogenized alloy,and the second phase showed streamline distribution along the extrusion direction(ED).With extrusion temperature increased from 260 to 320℃,the microstructure,texture,and mechanical properties of alloys changed slightly.The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)degree and grain sizes enhanced as the extrusion ratio increased from 10:1 to 30:1,and the strength gradually decreased but elongation(EL)increased.With the extrusion speed increased from 3 to 6 mm/s,the grain sizes and DRX degree increased significantly,and the samples presented the typical<2111>-<1123>rare-earth(RE)textures.The alloy extruded at 260℃ with extrusion ratio of 10:1 and extrusion speed of 3 mm/s showed the tensile yield strength(TYS)of 213 MPa and EL of 30.6%.After quantitatively analyzing the contribution of strengthening mechanisms,it was found that the grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening played major roles among strengthening contributions.These results provide some guidelines for enlarging the industrial application of extruded Mg-RE alloy.

Novel Methodologies for Preventing Crack Propagation in Steel Gas Pipelines Considering the Temperature Effect

Using the software ANSYS-19.2/Explicit Dynamics,this study performedfinite-element modeling of the large-diameter steel pipeline cross-section for the Beineu-Bozoy-Shymkent gas pipeline with a non-through straight crack,strengthened by steel wire wrapping.The effects of the thread tensile force of the steel winding in the form of single rings at the crack edges and the wires with different winding diameters and pitches were also studied.The results showed that the strengthening was preferably executed at a minimum value of the thread tensile force,which was 6.4%more effective than that at its maximum value.The analysis of the influence of the winding dia-meters showed that the equivalent stresses increased by 32%from the beginning of the crack growth until the wire broke.The increment in winding diameter decelerated the disclosure of the edge crack and reduced its length by 8.2%.The analysis of the influence of the winding pitch showed that decreasing the distance between the winding turns also led to a 33.6%reduction in the length of the straight crack and a 7.9%reduction in the maximum stres-ses on the strengthened pipeline cross-section.The analysis of the temperature effect on the pipeline material,within a range from-40℃ to+50℃,resulted in a crack length change of up to 5.8%.As the temperature dropped,the crack length decreased.Within such a temperature range,the maximum stresses were observed along the cen-tral area of the crack,which were equal to 413 MPa at+50℃ and 440 MPa at-40℃.The results also showed that the presence of the steel winding in the pipeline significantly reduced the length of crack propagation up to 8.4 times,depending on the temperature effect and design parameters of prestressing.This work integrated the existing methods for crack localization along steel gas pipelines.

Difference of Low Temperature and Low Irradiance-Resistance between Figleaf Gourd and Cucumber Seedlings Related to Mineral Elements Uptake

We have reported that the roots of figleaf gourd(Cucurbita ficifolia,as rootstock) could improve the resistance of cucum-ber seedlings(Cucumis sativus L.cv.Jinyan 4,as scion) to 6 h stress at low temperature and low irradiance [1].In this experiment,the relationship between the mineral elements uptake and photosynthetic activity of photosystems in figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings were to be studied during lowtemperature(8 C) stress under lowirradiance(100 μmol m-2 s-1 PFD) for 5 days.Compared with control seedlings,the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2(Fv/Fm) and the oxidizable P700(P700+) of both figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings decreased,and both Fv/Fm and P700+ were lower in cucumber leaves than in figleaf gourd seedlings at the end of the stress.Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was higher in both leaves and roots of figleaf gourd than in leaves and roots of cucumber at both room temperature and low temperature.However,the product rate of O 2 was lower in figleaf gourd leaves than in cucumber leaves.Upon ex-posure to the stress,the malondialdehyde(MDA) content increased markedly in leaves and roots of figleaf gourd and cucumber seedlings,and it grewfaster in cucumber seedlings than that in figleaf gourd seedlings.Under adaptive conditions,some mineral elements(Such as Cu,Zn,Mn and Mg) have different contents in leaves and roots between figleaf gourd seedlings and cucumber seedlings.However,at the end of the stress these elements were accumulated apparently in both leaves and roots of figleaf gourd accompanied by no obvious change in cucumber seedlings.

On-Chip Micro Temperature Controllers Based on Freestanding Thermoelectric Nano Films for Low-Power Electronics

Multidimensional integration and multifunctional com-ponent assembly have been greatly explored in recent years to extend Moore’s Law of modern microelectronics.However,this inevitably exac-erbates the inhomogeneity of temperature distribution in microsystems,making precise temperature control for electronic components extremely challenging.Herein,we report an on-chip micro temperature controller including a pair of thermoelectric legs with a total area of 50×50μm^(2),which are fabricated from dense and flat freestanding Bi2Te3-based ther-moelectric nano films deposited on a newly developed nano graphene oxide membrane substrate.Its tunable equivalent thermal resistance is controlled by electrical currents to achieve energy-efficient temperature control for low-power electronics.A large cooling temperature difference of 44.5 K at 380 K is achieved with a power consumption of only 445μW,resulting in an ultrahigh temperature control capability over 100 K mW^(-1).Moreover,an ultra-fast cooling rate exceeding 2000 K s^(-1) and excellent reliability of up to 1 million cycles are observed.Our proposed on-chip temperature controller is expected to enable further miniaturization and multifunctional integration on a single chip for microelectronics.

The Hawking Hubble Temperature as the Minimum Temperature, the Planck Temperature as the Maximum Temperature, and the CMB Temperature as Their Geometric Mean Temperature

Using a rigorous mathematical approach, we demonstrate how the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature could simply be a form of geometric mean temperature between the minimum time-dependent Hawking Hubble temperature and the maximum Planck temperature of the expanding universe over the course of cosmic time. This mathematical discovery suggests a re-consideration of Rh=ctcosmological models, including black hole cosmological models, even if it possibly could also be consistent with the Λ-CDM model. Most importantly, this paper contributes to the growing literature in the past year asserting a tightly constrained mathematical relationship between the CMB temperature, the Hubble constant, and other global parameters of the Hubble sphere. Our approach suggests a solid theoretical framework for predicting and understanding the CMB temperature rather than solely observing it.1.

Modeling the Seasonal Temperature from Hourly Data: Seasonal Divisions

In this work, we present a general theoretical study leading to analytical expression of the seasonal temperature at the near surface that is expected to evaluate any area seasonal temperature of the world using the least square method to fit the hourly data to the theoretical curve of the temperature. It is shown that the temperature is globally the result of two contributions: the contribution of the revolution movement of the terrestrial globe on its elliptical orbit around the sun, the contribution of the spin-orbit coupling for the rotation movement of the terrestrial globe around its polar axis and its revolution movement. The orbital behavior of the temperature is used to find the seasonal divisions of the climate for the local area considered. The whole expression of the temperature is very useful for the meteorological needs. The contribution of the human activities and natural instabilities are the results of discrepancies which increase errors (standard deviations).

Record-breaking High-temperature Outlook for 2023: An Assessment Based on the China Global Merged Temperature(CMST) Dataset

According to the latest version(version 2.0) of the China global Merged Surface Temperature(CMST2.0) dataset, the global mean surface temperature(GMST) in the first half of 2023 reached its third warmest value since the period of instrumental observation began, being only slightly lower than the values recorded in 2016 and 2020, and historically record-breaking GMST emerged from May to July 2023. Further analysis also indicates that if the surface temperature in the last five months of 2023 approaches the average level of the past five years, the annual average surface temperature anomaly in 2023 of approximately 1.26°C will break the previous highest surface temperature, which was recorded in 2016of approximately 1.25°C(both values relative to the global pre-industrialization period, i.e., the average value from 1850 to1900). With El Ni?o triggering a record-breaking hottest July, record-breaking average annual temperatures will most likely become a reality in 2023.

El Niño and the AMO Sparked the Astonishingly Large Margin of Warming in the Global Mean Surface Temperature in 2023

In 2023,the majority of the Earth witnessed its warmest boreal summer and autumn since 1850.Whether 2023 will indeed turn out to be the warmest year on record and what caused the astonishingly large margin of warming has become one of the hottest topics in the scientific community and is closely connected to the future development of human society.We analyzed the monthly varying global mean surface temperature(GMST)in 2023 and found that the globe,the land,and the oceans in 2023 all exhibit extraordinary warming,which is distinct from any previous year in recorded history.Based on the GMST statistical ensemble prediction model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,the GMST in 2023 is predicted to be 1.41℃±0.07℃,which will certainly surpass that in 2016 as the warmest year since 1850,and is approaching the 1.5℃ global warming threshold.Compared to 2022,the GMST in 2023 will increase by 0.24℃,with 88%of the increment contributed by the annual variability as mostly affected by El Niño.Moreover,the multidecadal variability related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)in 2023 also provided an important warming background for sparking the GMST rise.As a result,the GMST in 2023 is projected to be 1.15℃±0.07℃,with only a 0.02℃ increment,if the effects of natural variability—including El Niño and the AMO—are eliminated and only the global warming trend is considered.

Extraction of the key infrared radiation temperature features concerning stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks

The infrared radiation temperature(IRT)variation concerning stress and crack evolution of rocks is a critical focus in rock mechanics domain and engineering disaster warning.In this paper,a methodology to extract the key IRT features related to stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks is proposed.Specifically,the wavelet denoising and reconstruction in thermal image sequence(WDRTIS)method is employed to eliminate temporal noise in thermal image sequences.Subsequently,the adaptive partition temperature drift correction(APTDC)method is introduced to alleviate temperature drift.On this basis,the spatial noise correction method based on threshold segmentation and adaptive median filtering(OTSU-AMF)is proposed to extract the key IRT features associated with microcracks of loaded rocks.Following temperature drift correction,IRT provides an estimation of the thermoelastic factor in rocks,typically around 5.29×10^(-5) MPa^(-1) for sandstones.Results reveal that the high-temperature concentrated region in cumulative thermal images of crack evolution(TICE)can elucidate the spatiotemporal evolution of localized damage.Additionally,heat dissipation of crack evolution(HDCE)acquired from TICE quantifies the progressive failure process of rocks.The proposed methodology enhances the reliability of IRT monitoring results and provides an innovative approach for conducting research in rock mechanics and monitoring engineering disasters.

Deep learning-assisted common temperature measurement based on visible light imaging

Real-time,contact-free temperature monitoring of low to medium range(30℃-150℃)has been extensively used in industry and agriculture,which is usually realized by costly infrared temperature detection methods.This paper proposes an alternative approach of extracting temperature information in real time from the visible light images of the monitoring target using a convolutional neural network(CNN).A mean-square error of<1.119℃was reached in the temperature measurements of low to medium range using the CNN and the visible light images.Imaging angle and imaging distance do not affect the temperature detection using visible optical images by the CNN.Moreover,the CNN has a certain illuminance generalization ability capable of detection temperature information from the images which were collected under different illuminance and were not used for training.Compared to the conventional machine learning algorithms mentioned in the recent literatures,this real-time,contact-free temperature measurement approach that does not require any further image processing operations facilitates temperature monitoring applications in the industrial and civil fields.

Sandwich probe temperature sensor based on In_(2)O_(3)-IZO thin film for ultra-high temperatures

High-temperature thin-film thermocouples(TFTCs)have attracted significant attention in the aerospace and steel metallurgy industry.However,previous studies on TFTCs have primarily focused on the two-dimensional planar-type,whose thermal sensitive area has to be perpendicular to the test environment,and therefore affects the thermal fluids pattern or loses accuracy.In order to address this problem,recent studies have developed three-dimensional probe-type TFTCs,which can be set parallel to the test environment.Nevertheless,the probe-type TFTCs are limited by their measurement threshold and poor stability at high temperatures.To address these issues,in this study,we propose a novel probe-type TFTC with a sandwich structure.The sensitive layer is compounded with indium oxide doped zinc oxide and fabricated using screen-printing technology.With the protection of sandwich structure on electrode film,the sensor demonstrates robust high-temperature stability,enabling continuous working at 1200℃ above 5 h with a low drift rate of 2.3℃·h^(−1).This sensor exhibits a high repeatability of 99.3% when measuring a wide range of temperatures,which is beyond the most existing probe-type TFTCs reported in the literature.With its excellent high-temperature performance,this temperature sensor holds immense potentials for enhancing equipment safety in the aerospace engineering and ensuring product quality in the steel metallurgy industry.

Embedding Perovskite in Polymer Matrix Achieved Positive Temperature Response with Inversed Temperature Crystallization

Organic perovskites are promising semiconductor materials for advanced photoelectric applications.Their fluorescence typically shows a negative temperature coefficient due to bandgap change and structural instability.In this study,a novel perovskite-based composite with positive sensitivity to temperature was designed and obtained based on its inverse temperature crystallization,demonstrating good flexibility and solution processability.The supercritical drying method was used to address the limitations of annealing drying in preparing high-performance perovskite.Optimizing the precursor composition proved to be an effective approach for achieving high fluorescence and structural integrity in the perovskite material.This perovskite-based composite exhibited a positive temperature sensitivity of 28.563%℃^(-1)for intensity change and excellent temperature cycling reversibility in the range of 25-40℃in an ambient environment.This made it suitable for use as a smart window with rapid response.Furthermore,the perovskite composite was found to offer temperature-sensing photoluminescence and flexible processability due to its components of perovskite-based compounds and polyethylene oxide.The organic precursor solvent could be a promising candidate for use as ink to print or write on various substrates for optoelectronic devices responding to temperature.

Temperature inversion enables superior stability for low-temperature Zn-ion batteries

It is challenging for aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs)to achieve comparable low-temperature(low-T)performance due to the easy-frozen electrolyte and severe Zn dendrites.Herein,an aqueous electrolyte with a low freezing point and high ionic conductivity is proposed.Combined with molecular dynamics simulation and multi-scale interface analysis(time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry threedimensional mapping and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method),the temperature independence of the V_(2)O_(5)cathode and Zn anode is observed to be opposite.Surprisingly,dominated by the solvent structure of the designed electrolyte at low temperatures,vanadium dissolution/shuttle is significantly inhibited,and the zinc dendrites caused by this electrochemical crosstalk are greatly relieved,thus showing an abnormal temperature inversion effect.Through the disclosure and improvement of the above phenomena,the designed Zn||V_(2)O_(5)full cell delivers superior low-T performance,maintaining almost 99%capacity retention after 9500 cycles(working more than 2500 h)at-20°C.This work proposes a kind of electrolyte suitable for low-T ZIBs and reveals the inverse temperature dependence of the Zn anode,which might offer a novel perspective for the investigation of low-T aqueous battery systems.