Modeling of temperature-humidity for wood drying based on time-delay neural network

The temperature-humidity models of wood drying were developed based on Time-delay neural network and the identification structures of Time-delay neural network were given. The controlling model and the schedule model, which revealed the relation between controlling signal and temperature-humidity and the relation between wood moisture content and temperature-humidity of wood drying, were separately presented. The models were simulated by using the measured data of the experimental drying kiln. The numerical simulation results showed that the modeling method was feasible, and the models were effective.

Development of Temperature-Humidity Independent Control Air-Conditioning Unit for Residential Buildings

Cooling panels are increasingly used in domestic residential buildings.To provide medium temperature cold water for the cooling panel,and dehumidify the indoor air simultaneously,a new kind of temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning unit was developed for single residential house by utilizing multi-variable technology.First,the supply air temperature was studied to determine the proper supply air flow rate for the humidity control.Then,the energy consumption of different temperature-humidity independent control systems was studied.The analysis indicates that unity evaporating temperature can be used to handle the moisture load and sensible heat load in two evaporators.So the unit scheme was put forward.Two evaporators were used to produce medium temperature water and dry air separately,and electric expansion valves were used to control the refrigerant distribution between the two evaporators.Then,experimental work was carried out to investigate the influence of compressor frequency,refrigerant distribution on the dehumidification capacity,energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity.In the end,the paper concludes that both compressor frequency and refrigerant distribution can control the dehumidification capacity,but the former influences the EER more than the latter,while the latter influences the refrigeration capacity more than the former.We can find a proper running point at certain sensible and latent cooling load by adjusting both compressor frequency and electric expansion valve.The energy consumption of this kind of unit was estimated and compared with present room air conditioners,which shows that it can save about 41% cooling energy consumption.

Study of the Preparation Technology and Mechanics of the Compound Temperature-Humidity Sensor

The development and character of compound temperature-humidity sensor were discussed in this study.The design of sampling,control and output unit of temperature-humidity sensor as well as their manufacture method and character were studied in detail.The relationship between components of humidity resistance materials and negative temperature coefficient ( NTC) thermistor materials in sampling unit of compound sensor and character of electrical resistance and temperature was obtained.Couples of character curves of compound temperature-humidity sensor and data of materials of sampling unit were shown in this paper too.

Physics-based simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles and land surface temperature-emissivity by integrating Terra/Aqua MODIS measurements

Atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles and land or sea surface temperature are coupled actions in the earth system process. Based on the numerical perturbation form of the atmospheric radiative transfer equation, a physics-based algorithm is pre- sented to integrate four pairs of MODIS measurements from the Terra and Aqua satellites to retrieve simultaneously atmospheric temperature-humidity profile, land-surface temperature and emissivity. Three pairs of MODIS data at two field sites in China, Luancheng and Poyang Lake areas, have been chosen to test and validate the model. Two pairs of atmospheric tem- perature and humidity profiles, land surface temperature (LST), and land surface emissivity (LSE) have been retrieved simul- taneously for every pair of MODIS measurements respectively by the proposed physical algorithm for the study area. The synchronous field measurements at two field sites were conducted to validate the retrieval LST, the differences between the retrieved LST and the field measurements are in the range of -0.15 K and 1.11 K. The emissivity errors of MODIS bands 31 and 32, compared with the EOS MODIS LST/LSE data products (MOD11_L2/MYD11_L2 V5) by the physics-based day/night algorithm, are from 0.0018 to 0.44 and from 0.0058 to 1.24, respectively. Meanwhile, the retrieved atmospheric profiles fully agree with the standard atmospheric temperature-water vapor profiles and with the results from single MODIS data onboard Terra or Aqua satellite by the former two-step physical algorithm. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is robust enough to improve the retrieval accuracy of the atmospheric profiles and land surface parameters. And it will have four pairs of the retrieval results for one area each day by integrating these MODIS measurements from Terra and Aqua satellites.

Climate Comfort Analysis of the East Section of Silk Road

Based on the meteorological data of 12 weather stations in the east section of silk road from 1971 to 2005, such as average monthly temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration, its climatic tourism comfort was analyzed by adopting temperature-humidity index, wind-chill index and index of cloth. The results showed that the most comfortable month for travelling in this region is May and September. From east to west, the climatic comfort of such a section is decreasing. The most suitable tourism season is summer, followed by autumn and spring, the least suitable season is winter.

Climate Suitability Assessment of Human Settlements for Regions along the Belt and Road

Climate is one important environmental variable that affects human life.As the regions along the Belt and Road(B&R)encompass vast territories and large populations,it is significant to assess climate suitability for human settlements,which will influence the migration of various surrounding countries.We selected seven regions including 65 countries along the B&R for the research area and adopted the temperature-humidity index(THI),to assess the climate suitability.We analyzed the spatial characteristics of THI and the correlation between population distribution and THI,the results of which enabled us to adjust the THI classification criteria.We finally assessed the climate suitability of each region.The results reveal that outside the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the THI values generally tend to decrease from west to east as longitude increases and downward with increasing latitude.The population distribution is significantly correlated with the THI.Regions with relative suitable climate,including high suitability areas(HASs),moderately suitable areas(MSAs)and low suitability areas(LSAs),account for 50.62%of the total area and encompass in excess of 90%of total population.These areas are widely distributed in the southern regions of 45°N latitude,again with the exception of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Critical suitable area includes 19.48%of the entire area and 8.98%of total population.The non-suitable area accounts for less than 30%of total area,concentrated in the cold high-latitude and high-altitude areas.

A Complex Interrelationship between Rectal Temperature and Dairy Cows’ Performance under Heat Stress Conditions

Upper limit of thermal stability and subsequent rise of thermoregulatory functions are affected by body temperature. This study was designed to determine the effects of rectal temperature (RT) on dairy cows’ performance (heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR), milk yield (MY), dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C under hot climate. This study was carried out in 2009, in north-west of Tunisia using 30 Holstein cows in mid lactation. The experiment was performed in spring (15th of February-15th of March: P1) and summer (1st-30th of August: P2). On each test day, temperature-humidity index (THI), RT, HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility and plasma VC concentration were determined. All this parameters were affected (P < 0.001) when the THI increased from 65.62 (P1) to 83.27 (P2). Regression analyses were carried out between THI index and some parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C) and between RT and same parameters (HR, RR, MY, DMI, digestibility, plasma concentration of vitamin C). Characteristics of regression analyses in the two modes were different as also were R2 and r (correlation coefficient) of the regressions. R2 in regressions on RT (R2 (RT, DMI) = 0.92 (P < 0.01);R2 (RT, MY) = 0.91 (P < 0.001)) was markedly higher relative to R2 in regressions on THI (R2 (THI, DMI) = 0.76 (P < 0.001);R2 (THI, MY) = 0.63 (P < 0.001)). The two regressions modes suggest that increasing R2 in regressions on RT confirms that rectal temperature constitutes a larger component of total variance of responses in dairy cows to hot environmental temperature.

A Methodology for Identification of Weather Sensitive Component of Electrical Load Using Empirical Mode Decomposition Technique

The expansion planning and operation of all three sectors, generation, transmission and distribution, of power system essentially require load forecasting. Weather conditions have significant impacts on forecasted load, especially short-term and mid-term. A momentous portion of the electrical energy is consumed, especially in cold or hot countries, to mitigate the impact of weather on the daily life of human society. Usually, weather dependent component of load is identified by fitting appropriate non-linear curve to the scatter plot of weather-load model. This technique some times shows lower correlation with weather variables. This paper proposes a new methodology to identify the weather sensitive component of electrical load using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique. The proposed methodology is applied to the daily peak load of Dhaka zone of Bangladesh Power System (BPS) of the year 2012. A detailed numerical process to evaluate the weather sensitive portion of the load is also presented. The proposed methodology is validated through statistical error evaluation process. Finally the salient features of the results are discussed.

Dependency of Electrical Demand of Bangladesh Power System on the Weather of the Country

The variation of electrical demand above its base value is its common characteristic. The weather dependent variation of demand, especially where the weather is severe in nature, requires a significant reserve margin of the generation system. The evaluation of the weather dependent component of the electric demand is the basic tool for the planning of the reserve margin. This paper evaluates the weather dependent portion of the load of BPS （Bangladesh power system）. The evaluation of the weather dependent portion of the demand is based on the EMD （empirical mode decomposition） technique.

Effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-activated protein kinase, and heat shock signal molecules in dairy cows

Heat stress affects feed intake, milk production, and endocrine status in dairy cows. The temperaturehumidity index（THI） is employed as an index to evaluate the degree of heat stress in dairy cows. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether THI is the most appropriate measurement of heat stress in dairy cows. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines（leptin and adiponectin）, AMP-activated protein kinase（AMPK）, and heat shock signal molecules（heat shock transcription factor（HSF） and heat shock proteins（HSP）） in dairy cows and to research biomarkers to be used for better understanding the meaning of THI as a bioclimatic index. To achieve these objectives, two experiments were performed. The first experiment： eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were used. The treatments were： heat stress（HS, THI average=81.7, n=9） and cooling（CL, THI average=53.4, n=9）. Samples of HS were obtained on August 16, 2013, and samples of CL were collected on April 7, 2014 in natural conditions. The second experiment： HS treatment cows（n=9） from the first experiment were fed for 8 weeks from August 16, 2013 to October 12, 2013. Samples for moderate heat stress, mild heat stress, and no heat stress were obtained, respectively, according to the physical alterations of the THI. Results showed that heat stress significantly increased the serum adiponectin, AMPK, HSF, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90（P〈0.05）. Adiponectin is strongly associated with AMPK. The increases of adiponectin and AMPK may be one of the mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in heat-stressed dairy cows. When heat stress treatment lasted 8 weeks, a higher expression of HSF and HSP70 was observed under moderate heat stress. Serum HSF and HSP70 are sensitive and accurate in heat stress and they could be potential indicators of animal response to heat stress. We recommend serum HSF and HSP70 as meaningful biomarkers to supplement the THI and evaluate moderate heat stress in dairy cows in the future.

Estimation of Travel Climate Comfort Degree in the Cross-border Region between China and Russia based on GIS

The duration of travel climate comfort degree is an important factor that influences the length of the tourism season and the development of a tourism destination.In this study,we used the monthly average meteorological data for the last 10 years from 46 weather stations in Heilongjiang Province(China)and Primorsky Krai(Russia)to calculate the temperature-humidity index(THI)and wind chill index(WCI)based on ArcGIS software interpolation technology.We obtained the climate comfort charts of the study area with a grid size a 1 km2 grid size,and analyzed the spatial distribution of comfort for each month.The results show the following:1)The THI and WCI of the cross-border region gradually decrease from south to north and from low altitude to high altitude.The annual comfortable climate period is longer when analyzed in terms of the WCI rather\than the THI.2)The travel climate comfortable period of the study area shows significant regional difference and the length of the comfortable period in Heilongjiang Province is 4 to 5 months.Meanwhile,the period in Primorsky Krai decreases from south to north and the length of the comfortable period length in its southern region can reach 7 months.3)The predominant length of the climate comfortable period in the cross-border area is 5 months per year,and it covers 46.6%of the total area,while areas that have a climate comfortable period of 2 months are the most limited,covering less than 0.3%of the area.The results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and development of a meteorological tourism resources and touring arrangements for tourists in the cross-border region between China and Russia.

Detection and projection of climatic comfort changes in China's mainland in a warming world

Climatic comfort,which refers to the comfort of the human body's thermal sensations,is important for the human habitat.Although considerable efforts have been provided to examine changes in climatic comfort response to global warming from a partial perspective,the trajectory shift in past and future climatic comfort conditions in China's mainland based on uniform indicators has not been revealed.The spatiotemporal pattern of climatic comfort over historical and future periods was investigated in this study,using China's mainland as an example.The temperature-humidity index was adopted on the basis of homogenised meteorological station observations and high-resolution climate model simulations to analyse the trends of comfort/discomfort days from 1960 to 2017 and project changes in climatic comfort under representative concentration pathway scenarios in the late 21st century(2071-2100).Results show a substantial decrease in colduncomfortable days and a moderate increase in comfortable and warm-uncomfortable days from 1960 to 2017.In the late 21st century,the signals of increasing warm-uncomfortable and decreasing cold-uncomfortable days are projected to enhance significantly while the direction of changes in comfortable days exhibits a north-south divergence.The uneven changes in warm-and cold-uncomfortable days and an overall decrease in comfortable days in the late 21st century dominate the future trends in climatic comfort in the densely populated southeast half of China.Effective measures taken for adapting to and mitigating global climate warming can considerably avoid the adverse impact of the projected change.

Assessment of Climate Suitability for Human Settlements in Tibet,China

Climate is an important factor that affects the livability of a region.The climate suitability of a region’s environment for human settlement profoundly affects the regional socio-economic development and the population distribution.Tibet is an area that is sensitive to climate change.Given the impact of global climate change,the climate suitability of Tibet has undergone significant changes.In this study,the temperature humidity index(THI)values for Tibet were calculated,and the relationships between the population distribution and the THI were analyzed quantitatively.In this way,the zoning standards for climate suitability in Tibet were determined such that the climate suitability could be evaluated.The results show that the average annual temperature in the southeast of Tibet,where the population was densely distributed,was relatively high.The mean annual relative humidity showed a trend of gradually decreasing from south to north.Regions with a suitable climate,including the high suitability areas(HSAs),the moderately suitable areas(MSAs)and the low suitability areas(LSAs),accounted for only 7.90%of the total area but accommodated over 40%of the total population.The critically suitable areas(CSAs)accounted for 37.81%of the land area and 48.24%of the total population.Non-suitable areas(NSAs)were widely distributed in Tibet and accounted for 54.29%of the total area and 11.33%of the total population.The results of this study may provide a reference for guiding the reasonable distribution of population and promoting the optimization of the spatial planning in Tibet.