Optimization by the Taguchi Method of a Robust Synthesis Protocol of Calcium Carbonate Phosphate

The experimental processes are difficult to model by physical laws, because a multitude of factors can intervene simultaneously and are responsible for their instabilities and their random variations. Two types of factors are to be considered;those that are easy to manipulate according to the objectives, and those that can vary randomly (uncontrollable factors). These could eventually divert the system from the desired target. It is, therefore, important to implement a system that is insensitive to fluctuations in factors that are difficult to control. The aim of this study is to optimize the synthesis of an apatitic calcium carbonate phosphate characterized with a Ca/P ratio equal to 1.61 by using the experimental design method based on the Taguchi method. In this process, five factors are considered and must be configured to achieve the previously defined objective. The temperature is a very important factor in the process, but difficult to control experimentally, so considered to be a problem factor (noise factor), forcing us to build a robust system that is insensitive to the last one. Therefore, a much simpler model to study the robustness of a synthetic solution with respect to temperature is developed. We have tried to parameterize all the factors considered in the process within a wide interval of temperature variation (60˚C - 90˚C). Temperature changes are no longer considered as a problem for apatitic calcium carbonate phosphate synthesis. In this finding, the proposed mathematical model is linear and efficient with very satisfactory statistical indicators. In addition, several simple solutions for the synthesis of carbonate phosphate are proposed with a Ca/P ratio equal to 1.61.

Generalized Odd-Even Mode Theory and Mode Synthesis Antenna Design Approach

In this article,studies on the multimode excitation problem of waveguides and antennas,the balance/unbalance mech-anism and the balanced feeding techniques in dipole antenna systems are first briefly historically reviewed.In this context,general-ized odd-even mode theory is advanced to quantitatively and approximately describe the mutual coupling effect between a feed line and an antenna.As is mathematically deduced and demonstrated,the modal parity mismatch between the feed line and the antenna should ultimately dominate the unbalance phenomenon in antenna systems.Thus,an elegant,closed-form formula is derived to ap-proximately calculate the“unbalance degree”of a straight dipole off-center fed by a symmetric twin-wire line.Design approaches for the simplest,linear,1-D multimode resonant antennas are introduced.Moreover,the“falling tone excitation”law gauged based on prototype dipoles is revealed and used to develop a mode synthesis design approach for microstrip patch antennas(MPAs)and 2-D sectorial electric dipole antennas.Design examples with distinctive radiation performance are presented and discussed.Finally,possible development trends of multimode resonant antennas are prospected.

Synthesis of the fluid machinery network in a circulating water system

Energy consumption of the fluid machinery network in a circulating water system takes up a large part of energy consumption in the process industry, so optimization on the network will enhance the economic and environmental performance of the industry. In this paper, a synthesis approach is proposed to obtain the optimal network structure. The effective height curves are used as tools to perform energy analysis, so that the potential placement of water turbines and auxiliary pumps can be determined with energy benefit. Then economic optimization is carried out, by the mathematical model with the total cost as the objective function, to identify the branches for water turbines and auxiliary pumps with economic benefit. In this way, the optimal fluid machinery network structure can be obtained. The results of case study indicate that the proposed synthesis approach to optimize the fluid machinery network will obtain more remarkable benefits on economy, compared to optimizing only the water turbine network or pump network. The results under different flowrates of circulating water reveal that using a water turbine to recover power or adding an auxiliary pump to save energy in branches are only suitable to the flowrate in a certain range.

Recent developments in selective laser processes for wearable devices

Recently,the increasing interest in wearable technology for personal healthcare and smart virtual/augmented reality applications has led to the development of facile fabrication methods.Lasers have long been used to develop original solutions to such challenging technological problems due to their remote,sterile,rapid,and site-selective processing of materials.In this review,recent developments in relevant laser processes are summarized under two separate categories.First,transformative approaches,such as for laser-induced graphene,are introduced.In addition to design optimization and the alteration of a native substrate,the latest advances under a transformative approach now enable more complex material compositions and multilayer device configurations through the simultaneous transformation of heterogeneous precursors,or the sequential addition of functional layers coupled with other electronic elements.In addition,the more conventional laser techniques,such as ablation,sintering,and synthesis,can still be used to enhance the functionality of an entire system through the expansion of applicable materials and the adoption of new mechanisms.Later,various wearable device components developed through the corresponding laser processes are discussed,with an emphasis on chemical/physical sensors and energy devices.In addition,special attention is given to applications that use multiple laser sources or processes,which lay the foundation for the all-laser fabrication of wearable devices.

Template-directed Synthesis of Three Metal Oxalates via 4-Connected Building Units

Three novel compounds, [Co（en）3]2[Zr2（C2O4）7]·2H20（HNU-2, en=ethylenediamine）, [Co（NH3）6]· [Ce（CzO4）3（H2O）]·H2O（HNU-3） and [Co（dien）2][Gd（C2On）3]·0.75H2O（HNU-4, dien=dethylenetriamine） were hydro- thermal synthesized based on the templates of [Co（en）3]C13, [C0（NH3）6]C13 and [Co（dien）2]C13, respectively. The Zr4＋ Ce3＋ and Gd3＋ cations are all coordinated by four oxalates to form [M（C2O4）n（H2O）n]m （M=Zr, Ce or Gd; n=0 or 1; m=4 or 5）, which are similar to [In（C2O4）4]5- in NKB-1, and can be regarded as 4-connected building units. The [M（C2O4）a（H2O）n]m units are connected via sharing the bis-bidentate bridging oxalate ligands to form binuclears in HNU-2 and 1D ＂zigzag＂ chains in HNU-3 and HNU-4. cular building units to design 3D open frameworks with It is suggested that these compounds could be used as mole- zeolite topologies.

One-pot Approach to the Conversion of Alcohols into α-Halo-α, β-unsaturated Esters

The sequential oxidation-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of alcohols to prepare α-Halo-α,β-unsaturated esters （halo =F, Cl） with middle to excellent （Z）-selectivity was developed.

An Analytical Approach for Fast Automatic Sizing of Narrow-Band RF CMOS LNAs with a Capacitive Load

We introduce a fast automatic sizing algorithm for a single-ended narrow-band CMOS cascode LNA with a capacitive load based on an analytical approach without any optimization procedure. Analytical expressions for principle parameters are derived based on an ac equivalent circuit. Based on the analytical expressions and the power-constrained noise optimization criteria, the automatic sizing algorithm is developed. The algorithm is coded using Matlab, which is shown capable of providing a set of design variable values within seconds. One-time Spectre simulations assuming usage of a commercial 90 nm CMOS process are performed to confirm that the algorithm can provide the aimed first-cut design with a reasonable accuracy for the frequency ranging up to 5 GHz.

An Analytical Approach for Fast Automatic Sizing of Narrow-Band RF CMOS LNAs

We introduce a fast automatic sizing algorithm for a single-ended narrow-band CMOS cascode LNA adopting an inductive source degeneration based on an analytical approach without any optimization procedure. Analytical expressions for principle parameters are derived based on an ac equivalent circuit. Based on the analytical expressions and the power-constrained noise optimization criteria, the automatic sizing algorithm is developed. The algorithm is coded using Matlab, which is shown capable of providing a set of design variable values within seconds. One-time Spectre simulations assuming usage of a commercial 90 nm CMOS process are performed to confirm that the algorithm can provide the aimed first-cut design with a reasonable accuracy for the frequency ranging up to 5 GHz. This work shows one way how accurate automatic synthesis can be done in an analytical approach.

堇青石合成与改性研究进展

堇青石是MgO-SiO_(2)-Al_(2)O_(3)体系中重要的三元化合物,具有低热膨胀系数、良好的热稳定性和抗热震性,因此被广泛应用于耐火材料和催化剂载体中。整理了近些年国内外学者们对于堇青石合成制度和改性技术的研究进展,具体包括采用不同原料通过固相法、低温燃烧法和溶胶凝胶法合成堇青石及不同物质掺杂对堇青石材料性能等方面的影响。目前,堇青石的合成和改性方法较多,且能够应用于工业生产中的各个领域,但总体来说距离国外生产出的堇青石陶瓷在性能方面依旧存在差距,因此,制备出高性能的堇青石材料并能够使之应用于大规模工业生产的技术方法就显得尤为重要,这也为今后学者们对于堇青石的研究提供了一个新的方向。

基于傅氏级数的球面四杆机构函数综合的代数求解

文中提出了一种可实现球面四杆机构多点位函数综合的代数求解新方法。首先,建立了用傅氏级数描述球面四杆机构输出转角函数的数学公式,然后将由傅氏级数表示的输出转角函数代入球面四杆机构输入输出转角函数方程,经变量代换,分析得到了输出转角函数傅里叶系数与机构设计参数间的函数关系,并据此关系建立了球面四杆机构的函数综合设计方程。求解方程,得到球面四杆机构的设计参数。通过综合设计实例验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。

二自由度六杆机构轨迹综合的代数求解

提出了一种基于傅氏级数的二自由度六杆机构轨迹综合的代数求解新方法。通过将二自由度六杆机构拆分为左侧三杆组和右侧二杆组两部分,对轨迹综合设计变量进行解耦。分析得到机构设计参数与连杆曲线谐波参数间的关系,并依据这一关系建立左侧三杆组的轨迹综合设计方程,通过方程求解得到机构左侧三杆组的设计参数。同理,建立右侧二杆组的轨迹综合设计方程,利用Groebner基代数法消元,将综合设计方程化简为含有机构设计参数和曲线谐波参数的一元四次方程,求解得到了右侧二杆组设计参数的计算通用公式。通过仿真程序对综合所得机构进行运动分析,检验其是否存在曲柄,有无分支、顺序问题,并依据综合误差,最终得到了满足设计要求的机构。给出了数值实例,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。

Fluoride-assisted synthesis of anatase TiO_2 nanocrystals with tunable shape and band gap via a solvothermal approach

A simple solvothermal approach employing oleic acid has been developed to prepare anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with different shapes, which were tuned from nanorods to nano-ellipsoids by increasing the amount of NaF from 0 to 0.5 retool, and the optical band gap decreased from 3.47 eV to 3.29 eV accordingly. However, when the fluoride was changed to NH4F, the resultant TiO2 nanocrystals possessed an anatase phase but were made up of smaller-sized nanocrystals and nanorods, and the band gap was increased to 3.53 eV. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） results illustrated an increase of fluorine content with an increasing amount of NaF could account for the variation of the shape and optical band gap of TiO2 nanocrystals. Moreover, the absence of fluorine content brought about less change of shape and increase of optical band gap of the product synthesized in the presence of NH4F. This result may offer another way to alter the shape and band gap of metal oxide nanocrystals with the assistance of fluoride.

聚丙交酯立体寡聚物的合成及微结构分析

聚合物物理性质与其主链的立体结构密切相关,精确表征和定量分析聚合物微结构是该领域的重要研究内容之一。以具有确定分子量的立构规整性寡聚物为模型,对其核磁碳谱进行分析,是精确归属聚合物微观结构的关键。以L-丙交酯为起始原料,通过迭代发散/收敛方法,选择苄基和叔丁基二甲基硅基作为一对正交保护基,设计并合成了全同立构的八聚体、十聚体和十二聚体丙交酯寡聚物。通过分析这一系列模型化合物的碳谱,完成了全同聚丙交酯的微结构归属。结果表明:全同立构丙交酯寡聚物的羰基、次甲基和甲基的特征峰分别对应δ169.74、69.15和16.78,并且随着重复单元数的增加,端位基团对寡聚物结构的影响逐渐变小,特征峰向丙交酯聚合物靠近。

SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDIES OF META-SYNTHESIS SYSTEM APPROACH

In the early 1990s, Professor Qian Xuesen (Tsien HsueShen) and his colleagues proposed the Metasynthesis system approach for solving the open complex giant system problems. The method emphasizes the synthesis of collected information and knowledge of various kinds of experts, and combining quantitative methods with qualitative knowledge. Later it is evolved into Hall of Workshop for Meta-Synthetic Engineering (HWMSE) which emphasizes to make use of breaking advances in information technologies. Then continuous endeavors have been taken to put those ideas into practice. With tremendous advances in networking and distributed computing technologies, past difficulties in implementation are disappearing together with farther understandings of HWMSE and fruitful results achieved in similar or relevant research fields in recent years in China. In this paper some of those development are introduced, together with some parallel research work abroad.

Large scale synthesis of oligoribonucleotides on PEG by the phosphite triester approach

Large scale synthesis of oligoribonucleotides has been successfully performed on PEG support by the phosphoramidite approach using t-butyldimethylsilyl to protect the 2'-hydroxyl group of ribonucleoside. By means of this procedure, the dodecamer r(AGUGGUCUUUGU) was synthesized in 98.1% average coupling yield, and 55 mg pure product was obtained from one gram of functionalized PEG.

A Chiron-based Approach for the Synthesis of Tricyclic Tyrosine Analogue

A chiron approach-based enantioselective synthesis of designed tricyclic tyrosine analogue D-2 was developed. A SmI2-mediated free radical cyclization, an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction and an intramolecular Mannich reaction served as key steps. These key steps were optimized and repeated in good yields. All the stereochemistries in the synthesis were established and confirmed.

Rh-Catalyzed oxidation and trifluoroethoxylationof N-aryl-pyrrolidin-2-ones: a domino approachfor the synthesis of N-aryl-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones

The synthesis of trifluoroethoxylated dihydropyrrolidones via rhodium-catalyzed oxidation and trifluoroethoxylation of pyrrolidones is presented in this paper. This process realized the trifluoroethoxylation ofnon-activated sp^(3) C–H by a domino approach for the first time, without requiring the preparation of substrates with halogens or guiding groups. The formed α,β-unsaturated-γ-butyrolactams can be furtherfunctionalized via the Michael addition reaction or realize the exchange of the trifluoroethoxy group tothe hexafluoroisopropoxy group. Such compounds exhibit anti-tumor activity in vitro and can be used ashit compounds for further research. This method provides an efficient domino approach for generatingvarious trifluoroethoxylated dihydropyrrolidones.

Research on predicting prosodic parameters for Chinese synthesis by data mining approach

Prosodic control is an important part of speech synthesis system. Prosodic parameters choice right or wrong influences the quality of synthetic speech directly. At present, text to speech system has less effective describe to reflect data relationships in the corpus. A new research approach - data mining technology to discover those relationships by association rules modeling is presented. And a new algorithm for generating association rules of prosodic parameters including pitch parameters and duration parameters from corpus is developed. The output rules improve the correctness of syllable choice in text to speech system.

A Knowledge-Based Approach to Program Synthesis from Examples

This paper proposes an approach to synthesize functional programs of Backus' FP system from input/output instances.Based on a theory of orthogonal expansion of programs,the task of program synthesis is expressed in program equations,and fulfilled by solving them according to the knowledge about the equivalence between programs.Some general knowledge of solving program equations with a number of examples are given in the paper.