UPLC-Q/TOF-MS based metabonomics revealed protective effect of Terminalia chebula extract on ischemic stroke rats

Terminalia chebula(TC),a kind of Combretaceae,is a widely used herb in India and East Asia to treat cerebrovascular diseases.However,the potential mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of TC at the metabonomics level is still not unclear.The present study focused on the effects of TC on metabonomics in stroke model.In our study,rats were divided randomly into Sham,Model,and TC groups.The TC group were intragastricly administered with TC for 7 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)operation.The sham and the model groups received vehicle for the same length of time.Subsequently,the neuroprotective effects of TC were examined by neurological defects evalua⁃tion,infarct volume assessment,and identification of biochemical indicators for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activi⁃ties.Further,metabonomics technology was employed to evaluate the endogenous metabolites profiling systematically.Consist to results of biochemical and histopathological assays,pattern recognition analysis showed a clear separation of the Model and the Sham group,indicating a recovery impact of TC on the MCAO rats.Moreover,12 potential biomarkers were identified in MCAO Model group,involved in energy(lactic acid,succinic acid,and fumarate),amino acids(leucine,alanine,and phenylalanine)and glycerophospholipid[PC(16∶0/20∶4),PC(20:4/20:4),LysoPC(18:0)and LysoPC(16:0)]metabolism,and other types of metabolism(arachidonic acid and palmitoylcarnitine).Notably,we found that metabolite levels of TC group were partially reversed to normal.In conclusion,TC could ameliorate MCAO rats by intervening with energy metabolism(glycolysis and TCA cycle),amino acid metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism and other types of metabolism.

Termitomenins F and G,Two New Lignan Glucosides from Terminalia chebula var.tomentella(Kurz)C.B.Clarke

The extensive chemical investigation on the branches and leaves of Terminalia chebula var.tomentella(Combretaceae)led to the isolation of two new lignan glucosides with a furofuran skeleton,termitomenins F(1)and G(2).In addition,19 known compounds including five lignan glucosides(3-7),six hydrolyzable tannins(8-13)and eight simple phenolics(14-21)were also identified.Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses.It is noted that 8 and 9 were C-glycosidic hydrolyzable tannins with one hexahydroxydiphenoyl and one gallagyl group linked to an open-chain glucosyl C-1/O-2/O-3 and O-4/O-6,respectively,which were rarely found in plants.Nine known compounds,6-9,13,and 18-21,were procured from the titled plant for the first time,while 3-5,10-12 and 14-17 were also found in the fruits.Notably,the known hydrolyzable tannins 8-13 exhibited strongerα-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC_(50) values ranging from 0.10 to 3.12μM,than the positive control,quercetin(IC_(50)=9.38±0.33μM).

Antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extracts against ear pathogens

AIM： To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula （ T. chebula） extracts against pathogens causing otitis externa and compare it with ear drops.METHODS： Four different extracts, methanol, ethanol, acetone and aqueous （hot and cold） extracts, from the T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）/minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against six different microorganism, five bacterial （one gram positive and four gram negative） and one yeast.RESULTS： Organic and aqueous fruit extracts displayed activity against all fve tested bacterial ear pathogens with a maximum zone of inhibition of 31.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus , followed by Acinetobacter sp. （24.6 mm）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （23.6 mm）, Proteus mirabilis （21 mm） and Escherichia coli （19.3mm）. Of the four solvents evaluated, acetonic fruit extract of T. chebula was found to be best. The MIC values ranged between 0.78 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the different bacterial ear pathogens and MBC values ranged between 1.56 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The acetonic fruit extract showed larger inhibition zones compared to the herbal ear drops, Kan pip with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and MBC of 1.56 mg/mL.CONCLUSION： Acetonic extract of T. chebula fruit may be used to treat otitis externa. However, more detailed studies, such as in vivo testing and pharmacokinetics properties, are needed to determine its therapeutic potential.

In-vitro and In-vivo Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Terminalia chebula Retz Dried Fruits

African trypanosomosis had caused lots of havocs to both humans and animals over a century with successes and failure in curtailing it. This study was aimed at screening medicinal plant, Terminalia chebula dried fruits against Trypanosoma evansi for trypanocidal activity. Twenty grams of powdered Terminalia chebula dried fruits was cold extracted with methanol. Obtained MPE （methanolic plant extract） was in vitro tested against Trypanosoma brucei （1 × 10^6 trypanosomes/mL of the medium in each ELISA plate wells） at concentrations （250～1,000 μg/mL） on Vero cells grown in DMEM （Debecco＇s Modified Eagle Medium） in appropriate conditions for trypanocidal activity. In-vitro cytotoxicity test of MPE of Terminalia chebula was conducted on Vero cells grown in DMEM. In-vivo assay for trypanocidal activity, each mouse was inoculated with 1 × 10^4/mL of trypanosomes and treated （48 h post inoculation） with MPE of Terminalia chebula at concentrations （12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight） were administered at dose rate of 100 BL per mouse via intraperitoneal route to different groups of mice, 6 mice per concentration. In-vitro cytotoxicity test was done on Veto cells at concentrations （1.58～100 μg/mL） of MPE of Terminalia chebula. Results of in-vitro trypanocidal activity varied from immobilization, reduction and to the killing of the trypanosomes. At 250 μg/mL ofMPE ofTerminalia chebula dried fruits, there was significant trypanocidal activity at 4 h of incubation and trypanosomes were not detected in corresponding ELISA plate wells at 5 h of incubation, which was statistically equivalent to reference drug, diminazine aceturate （50 μL/mL） at 4 h of incubation. Results of in-vivo trypanocidal activity revealed that at concentrations （l 2.5～25 mg/kg body weight） of MPE of Terrninalia chebula, mice in these groups survived for 6 days. While at 50 and 100 to 200 mg/kg body weight, mice in these groups survived up to 7 and 8 days, respectively. In-vitro cytotoxicity test showed that all concentrations of MPE of Terminalia chenula and diminazine aceturate were cytotoxic to cells except at 1.56 μL/mL and 6.25 μL/mL. In conclusion, MPE of Terminalia chebula dried fruits possessed trypanocidal compounds. Further study （bioassay-guided purification） is required to know the full potential of Terrninalia chebula as future trypanocide candidate.

Effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. extraction with water on Staphylococcus epidermidis activity and its biofilm formation

Background:Based on modern pharmacological studies,Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria.Previously,we found Terminalia chebula Retz.exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Malassezia restricta.Methods:We determined the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of Terminalia chebula Retz.extraction with water(TRW)against Staphylococcus epidermidis(including Staphylococcus epidermidis 1-15)using the microdilution method.Staphylococcus epidermidis 1(SE11),which was the most sensitive to TRW,was selected as the test bacterium for subsequent experiments.The time-kill curve of TRW on SE11 was generated using the viable count method.Further,an in vitro biofilm model of SE11 was constructed using the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide test,semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,and scanning electron microscopy.The effects of TRW on the total amount of biofilm formation,the number of viable biofilm bacteria,and biofilm microstructure of SE11 were also determined using a semi-quantitative crystal violet experiment,viable count method,and scanning electron microscopy.Finally,the electrical conductivity and soluble protein content of the SE11 suspensions were determined.Results:The average MIC of TRW against SE11 was 0.75±1.09 mg/mL.TRW(1/2MIC and 2MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and 2MIC)had no significant effect on total biofilm inhibition in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and the aggregation stage(P>0.05).Further,TRW(1/2MIC and MIC)and zinc pyrithione(1/2MIC and MIC)had no significant effect on viable biofilm bacteria in the adhesion stage(P>0.05)and aggregation stage(P>0.05).TRW destroyed the integrity of the SE11 cell membrane,resulting in leakage of intracellular substances.Conclusion:TRW inhibits SE11 biofilm formation and is similar to zinc pyrithione in the adhesion and aggregation stages,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the field of antimicrobial additives.

Terminalic Acid, a New Tannin from the Fruit of Terminalia chebula

Terminalic acid 1, a new hydrolysable tannin, was isolated from the fruit of Terminalia chebula. Its structure was found to be 1-O-galloyl-2,4-chebuloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose by chemical method and H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, HMBC and FAB-MS spectral analyses.

The development of Terminalia chebula Retz.(Combretaceae) in clinical research

Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization.Terminalia chebula Retz.(Fam.Combretaceae),is called the‘King of Medicine??in Tibet and is always listed at the lop of the list of‘Ayurvedic Materia Medica??because of its extraordinary power of healing.The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings.Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma,sore throat,vomiting,hiccough,diarrhea,dysentery,bleeding piles,ulcers,gout,heart and bladder diseases.The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities,such as antioxidant,antimicrobial,antidiabetic,hepatoprotective,anti-inflammatory,antimutagenic,antiproliferative,radioprotective,cardioprotective,antiarthritic,anticaries,gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity.But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula,a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported.This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz.and some of its isolated compounds,along with their safety evaluation.This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Ethanolic Extract of <i>Terminalia chebula</i>Fruits in Experimental Animal Models

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (commonly known as Haritaki) fruits in experimental animal models. The study was carried out using Swiss Albino mice (20-25 g) and Long Evans rats (100-150 g) of either sex. The analgesic activity of Terminalia chebula was assessed by using hot plate method. For the determination of analgesic effect, doses of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula used in the present study were 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight (BW). Anti-inflammatory effect was analyzed by carrageenan induced paw edema method with the administration dose of 300 mg/kg BW of animals. The analysis of experimental data was performed by statistical process of ANOVA to determine the variability of sample, while Dunnet’s test was performed for evaluation of comparative analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia chebula with control and standard. The animals were divided into four treatment groups of six animals each and the “Mean ± SEM” is the statistical identifiable value of the data and P values <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Hot plate test showed a significant increase in the mean reaction time to heat stimuli in hot plate method at both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg BW doses throughout the observation period in 30 minutes and 60 minutes after treatment, which was comparable to the standard ketorolac and control group. In carrageenan induced paw edema method, considerable results were found after determining the percentage change in paw volume in extract. In both cases of analgesic and anti-inflammatory study, % inhibition of pain and inflammation were evaluated. Comparing with control, largest inhibition was found in inhibiting inflammation 5 hours after treatment, while the largest inhibition of pain was obtained in 30 minutes and 60 minutes after treatment of doses. The present study suggests that ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruits has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Analgesic Activities of Methanol Extract of <i>Terminalia chebula</i>Fruit

Pain is a sensation which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several disorders. Throughout ages man has used many different remedies for pain relief, among which medicinal herbs are most common due to their efficacy and relative safety due to their natural origin. In present study methanol extract of Terminalia chebula fruit was evaluated for its analgesic effects in albino mice. The extract was prepared using whole dried powdered fruit with seeds in absolute methanol. It was then subjected to rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to get concentrated extract;different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were assessed for analgesic activity by tail immersion technique and acetic acid induced writhing test. Similar doses of Aspirin were used as standard drug (positive control) for comparison. Results of both tail flick method and acetic acid induced writhing test revealed that T. chebula fruit extract possessed varying degree of analgesic activity significant at 300 mg/kg and highly significant at 500 and 1000 mg/kg in comparison to control. The results were almost similar to standard drug. In acetic acid induced writhing test, maximum inhibition of writhing was observed at 1000 mg/kg where the number of writhes decreased from 14.1 to 5.2 indicating 63.1% inhibition. Above findings suggest that T. chebula fruit extract possesses significant analgesic activity in albino mice with reference to positive and negative control groups;however further studies on a large number of animals with clinical trials are required to confirm safe and effective use of this fruit extract in humans for analgesic purpose.

A New Record on Flowering in Harar (<i>Terminalia chebula</i>Retz.) Seedling

Harar (Terminalia chebula), a large deciduous tree belongs to family combretaceae. It grows naturally in greater part of India up to 1500 m elevation. Due to several alkaloids present in fruit, it is used as laxative, purgative and astringent for curing a number of ailments. Keeping in view its medicinal and tanning properties, the authors have been working for the last two decades on various aspects like propagation and development of promising strains of harar. Grafting/budding techniques have been standardized to produce true to type precocious plants which bear flower in two to three years. However, flowering has been observed in three months old seedling, which can be ascribed to biochemical and/or cellular changes. Early flowering is a rare incidence in tree seedlings which otherwise could be very useful for breeding and early evaluation of fruit species.

<i>In vitro</i>Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Potent Compounds from <i>Terminalia chebula</i>against Some Common Human Pathogens

Objective: Emergence of community-acquired infections due to multi drug resistant (MDR) common human pathogens have caused a great problem to clinicians and this directed us to search systematically for a different remedy with compounds particularly from plant origin. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay method against some common gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: In vitro study with Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) stem bark extracts, eight isolated triterpenoids and four triterpenoid derivatives were found to be effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Pure compounds from T.chebula could be effectively used as antibacterial agents if it is possible to develop the molecules synthetically. At the same time crude extracts with specified active principles could also be used and/or introduced in Traditional Medicine/Complementary Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) as antibacterial into National/International Health Systems as per the guideline of Ayurvedic formularies.

The changes of polyphenolic contents in two kinds of Terminalia chebula Retz.traditional Tibetian processing methods

Taking Terminalia chebula Retz. as the control product, the polyphenolic contents of the processed products in Tibetian, Rubia cordifolia L. processed Terminalia chebula Retz. and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed Terminalia chebula Retz. were analyzed by HPLC. Polyphenolic contents increased from 4.54% to 5.69% and 7.46%, respectively, which may lead to the change in their pharmacological effects.

Effects of different processing methods in Tibet on content of chebulinic acid in Terminalia chebula Retz.

To study the change of the content of chebulinic acid in Terminalia chebula Retz. by different processing methods in Tibet. We taking chebulinic acid as an indicator, the contents in Terminalia chebula Retz. and its processed products were analyzed by using HPLC. Also, the change rule was explored. Compared with Terminalia chebula Retz., the contents of chebulinic acid have decreased after processing, declining 50.18% for the Rubia cordifolia L. processed product, while 11.2% reduce for the Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed product. After the specific preparation process in Tibet, the contents of chebulinic acid have reduced significantly, which may lead to different pharmacological effects.

Enhanced Antioxidant Capacities in vivo Caused by the Change in Key Constituent of Terminalia chebula Retz. Treated with Tibet Traditional Process

In order to investigate the chemical-biological relationship caused by the special processing technology,the constituent＇s content and antioxidant capacity in vivo of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processing Terminalia chebula Retz. have been tested. Taking T. chebula Retz. as control,the content of gallic acid is analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） method. The results show that the increase of gallic acid concentration from 4.54% to 7.46% leads to enhancement of the antioxidant capacities in vivo of the E. fischeriana Steud processing T. chebula Retz. The significant antioxidant capacity in vivo（p〈0.05） of the processed product possesses is better than the unprocessed herb. Its superoxide dismutase（SOD）and malondia-ldehyde（MDA） contents in serum,the MDA content in liver can match the effects of vitamine E when administered at high dosage.

高效液相色谱法测定诃子中诃黎勒酸和诃子酸

建立高效液相色谱法测定诃子中诃黎勒酸、诃子酸含量的方法,对《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版一部中诃子含量测定项进行补充。采用Dikma Platisil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为分析柱,柱温为35℃,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈-甲醇(体积比为78∶16∶6)作为流动相等度洗脱,流量为1 mL/min,进样体积为5μL,检测波长为280 nm。诃黎勒酸、诃子酸的质量分别在0.03203~1.025μg、0.03555~1.137μg范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9996、0.9995,方法检出限分别为2.67、4.44 ng,定量限分别为8.00、11.85 ng。测定值的相对标准偏差分别为1.9%、1.8%(n=6),样品加标平均回收率分别为99.0%、99.2%。该方法可用于诃子药材的质量控制方法。

高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合一测多评法评价诃子药材质量

目的评价诃子药材的质量。方法建立诃子药材的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,采用相似度计算、聚类分析和主成分分析法对其质量进行评价。以柯里拉京为内参物,建立测定诃子药材中莽草酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、没食子酸乙酯、诃黎勒酸、鞣花酸、诃子酸含量的一测多评法,并将计算结果与外标法测定结果进行比较。结果18批诃子药材的指纹图谱有23个共有峰,指认出2号峰为莽草酸、7号峰为没食子酸、11号峰为没食子酸甲酯、14号峰为柯里拉京、15号峰为没食子酸乙酯、16号峰为诃黎勒酸、20号峰为鞣花酸、22号峰为诃子酸,相似度均大于0.95。聚类分析结果显示,18批诃子药材聚为2类,其中产地为青海的2批药材聚为一类,其余药材聚为一类。主成分分析结果显示,主成分特征值大于1的5个成分累积方差贡献率为84.088%。采用一测多评法计算的18批诃子药材中莽草酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、没食子酸乙酯、诃黎勒酸、鞣花酸、诃子酸的含量与外标法测定结果无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论高效液相色谱指纹图谱结合一测多评法可有效评价诃子药材的质量。

诃子水提物通过上调PD-1/PD-L1表达调节胶原蛋白诱发关节炎(CIA)大鼠脾脏中细胞的细胞免疫减轻关节炎症

目的研究诃子水提取物(TCWE)对胶原蛋白诱发关节炎(CIA)大鼠细胞免疫及程序性死亡蛋白1/程序性死亡蛋白1配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)通路的影响。方法SD大鼠随机分为对照组、CIA组、TCWE处理组、甲氨蝶呤(MTX)处理组,每组15只。除对照组外,其余各组SD大鼠皮下注射Ⅱ型胶原蛋白制备胶原蛋白诱发关节炎(CIA)模型,TCWE组大鼠采用[20 mg/(kg·d)]TCWE处理,MTX组大鼠采用[1.67 mg/(kg·d)]MTX处理。处理14 d后,通过HE染色检查软骨形态,流式细胞术检测脾脏T淋巴细胞凋亡和调节性T细胞(Treg)/Th17细胞比率,反转录PCR检测脾脏中的维甲酸相关孤核受体γt(RORγt)和叉头盒转录因子P3(FOXP3)、PD-1和PD-L1的mRNA表达,免疫组织化学染色检测RORγt、FOXP3的表达和定位。Western blot法检测脾脏淋巴细胞的PD-1和PD-L1的蛋白表达,ELISA检测大鼠血清白细胞介素17(IL-17)和转化生长因子β(TGF-β)水平。结果与CIA组相比,TCWE组和MTX组的软骨和滑膜病变明显减轻,脾脏中的T淋巴细胞凋亡率增加,Treg/Th17细胞比率上调,RORγt的表达降低,FOXP3、PD-1和PD-L1的表达增加。血清IL-17水平降低,血清TGF-β水平升高。结论TCWE处理可能激活脾脏细胞的PD-1/PD-L1通路调节CIA大鼠脾脏中细胞的细胞免疫,减轻软骨损伤。

诃子制铁棒锤乙酸乙酯部位化学成分研究

目的:研究诃子制铁棒锤乙酸乙酯部位化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱层析、MCI柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析和半制备高效液相色谱等方法对诃子制铁棒锤进行系统分离研究,并应用现代波谱技术结合文献对所得化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从中分离得到7个化合物,分别鉴定为3,5-Di-O-galloylshikimic acid(1)、3,4,8,9,10-Pentahydroxy-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one(2)、3,4,5-Tri-O-galloylshikimic acid(3)、没食子酸(4)、没食子酸-5-羟甲基糠醛酯(5)、没食子酸甲酯(6)、鞣花酸(7)。结论:所得化合物可能是药效成分,旨在为诃子制铁棒锤药效物质基础研究提供了参考。

基于液质联用和模拟炮制的诃子汤制狼毒大戟减毒机制研究

目的基于液质联用(LC-MS)和模拟炮制初探诃子汤制狼毒大戟的减毒机制。方法采用LC-MS分析狼毒大戟诃子汤制前后和狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制后的化学成分变化;小鼠分别灌胃给予狼毒大戟生品乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟水制品乙醇提取物、诃子汤乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟诃子汤制品乙醇提取物、狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷提取物、狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷提取物、狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制提取物,以粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平以及肠道病理损伤情况评价诃子汤制狼毒大戟和诃子汤模拟炮制狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位的毒性变化。结果狼毒大戟中共鉴定出115种化合物,诃子汤中共鉴定出53种化合物。狼毒大戟经诃子汤炮制后有58种化合物的含量显著降低,12种化合物的含量显著升高。与空白对照组相比,狼毒大戟生品组及其水制品组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著升高(P<0.01),肠道损伤明显。与狼毒大戟生品组相比,诃子汤组和狼毒大戟诃子汤制品组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著降低(P<0.01),肠道损伤得到修复。狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位经诃子汤模拟炮制后,二萜类化合物和鞣质酚酸类化合物的离子强度变化率分别为-6.75%~8.09%和66.06%~100.00%。狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷部位二萜类化合物的离子强度变化率为-9.92%~54.72%,无鞣质酚酸类化合物。与空白对照组相比,狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位组和狼毒大戟诃子汤制品二氯甲烷部位组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平均显著升高(P<0.01),肠道损伤严重。与狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位组相比,狼毒大戟生品二氯甲烷部位诃子汤模拟炮制组的粪便含水量、TNF-α和IL-1β的释放水平显著降低(P<0.01),肠道未见明显损伤。结论诃子汤制能缓和狼毒大戟肠道毒性,其减毒机制可能是狼毒大戟在炮制过程中引入的诃子汤中大量的鞣质酚酸类化合物在动物体内起到了药理拮抗作用。

ICP-MS测定诃子炮制前后无机元素含量及安全性评价

目的:建立诃子生品及清炒、麸煨、砂烫、烘制4种炮制品中26个无机元素的分析方法,对其中重金属及有害元素进行健康风险评估。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法,以铑和铼为内标,通过标准曲线法测定诃子中的26个元素;采用危害指数(HI)法和暴露限值(MOE)法进行健康风险评估。结果:26个元素的标准曲线线性关系良好,仪器检出限为0.0002~0.4342μg·kg^(-1),加样回收率为83.21%~116.84%。诃子炮制前后无机元素差异明显,部分重金属及有害元素所致健康风险较低。结论:该方法简便、准确,适用于诃子中无机元素的含量测定,为其重金属及有害元素健康风险评估提供了参考。