关于Trade Terms“象征性交货”教学的探讨

Trade Terms是国际贸易实务的基础知识，在实务操作中占有重要地位。但是，在常用贸易术语条件下，实际上采用的是一种区别于日常的实际交货的象征性交货方式，即卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。学生对此不易理解，主要是由于交货方式的特殊性、缺乏国际货运保险知识、孤立地理解交货方式等原因所造成。因此，本文通过采取案例分析深化理解、补充国际货运保险知识、总体把握外贸介同、深化理解风险转移点等方法，以期帮助初学者正确理解和接受这种特殊的交货方式。

Changes in Net Barter Terms of Trade for Sino-Australian Agricultural Products after China's Accession to the WTO

Using " chain-based and constant-based" two-step method,this paper measured Paasche net barter terms of trade index for SinoAustralian agricultural products from 2001 to 2013,and further calculated contribution of each category of agricultural products to changes in overall net barter terms of trade. The results showed that since 2001,the overall net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products fluctuated between deterioration and improvement. In 2013,the net barter terms of trade index was 1. 02,and its improvement is not significant. From 2001 to 2013,the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products improved about 16. 44%,which dominated by the category 0 agricultural products whose influence degree is 6 times and 28 times the degree of category 4 and category 1. In years when the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products deteriorated,category 2 agricultural products were the root cause for the deterioration.

Presenting Knowledge System of International Trade Terms in Business English Learners＇ Dictionaries

Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, introduces 7 types of dictionary structures （overall structure, frame stzucture/megastrncture, macrostructure, microstzucture, distribution structure, cross-reference stzucture/mediostrncture and access structure）, summarizes the knowledge system of international trade terms （consisting of ＂international trade＂, ＂sets of rules of international trade terms＂, ＂Incoterms 2010＂, and ＂CIF＂）, and illustrates the methods of systematically presenting the knowledge system of international trade terms through dictionary structures in an English-English-Chinese bilingualized business English learners＇ dictionary with Oxford Business English Dictionary for Learners of English （New Edition） as a reference. Such presentation is intended for enhancing business English learners as dictionary users to grasp the knowledge of international trade terms as a whole.

Chinese Translation of International Trade Terms--A Corpus Based Study

Being widely used in global trade,the translation of international trade terms is necessary.Major procedures in this article are as following:(1)collecting 750 international trade terms and their Chinese translations from dictionaries,journals and official websites related to international trade terms;(2)using Tmxmall to align the international trade terms and their Chinese translation to build a parallel corpus;(3)selecting 120 out of the 750 international trade terms through random sampling;(4)classifying the international trade terms into four types through POS-tagging in CLAWS5;(5)basing on the functional equivalence and summarizing the main translation methods of international trade terms.The result shows literal translation,free translation and combination of literal and free translation employed in the Chinese translation of international trade terms.

探析新版国际贸易术语解释通则(Incoterms■2020)

了解国际贸易术语解释规则的修订历程和及时掌握国际贸易术语解释通则的最新变化,对外贸企业进行国际贸易合同条款磋商和签订进出口合同至关重要。通过梳理国际商会(ICC)对国际贸易术语解释规则的历次更新修改,并对最新颁布和生效的《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》的实质性变化的探讨,指出外贸企业在签订贸易合同时如何正确选择和使用恰当的贸易术语所应关注的事项,以避免贸易纠纷,有效控制风险。

《Incoterms 2010》的变化及使用

《Incoterms 2010》首次正式明确贸易术语同时适用于国际、国内贸易,贸易术语的设置顺应了运输方式的发展,各项内容表述更加清楚,对贸易术语进行了重新分类。使用时必须注意尽快熟悉新通则的相关规定,重视非海运贸易术语的使用,可以通过合同对贸易术语的盲点进行弥补,不要轻易做出与通则相悖的修改。

Incoterms2000与Incoterms1990贸易术语的比较研究

本文首先探讨了国际商务修订 INCOTERMS的原因和原则 ,然后详细地对《 Incoterms2000》与《 Incoterms1990》进行了比较分析。

《INCOTERMS 2010》中11个贸易术语的总结分析

《INCOTERMS 2010》中的11个贸易术语确定了买卖双方的不同交易条件,如交货地点、风险转移界限、运输责任和费用的承担、保险责任和费用的承担、报关责任和费用的承担、适用的运输方式等。除此之外,这些贸易术语在特点和性质上也存在不同,存在着四种风险不能如约转移的情况,交货时间、地点与装运时间、地点的关系不同等。因此,总结分析非常关键,通过总结分析,学生以及外贸业务员才能更好理解掌握并在实际外贸业务中灵活运用贸易术语。

INCOTERMS的FAS术语还有存在的意义吗?

国际商会的INCOTERMS2 0 0 0中 ,对以往进出口清关手续的办理方做出了原则性的改变 ,在其引言的第 1 4款中 ,明确规定“清关手续由住所在该国的一方或其代表办理通常是可取的。因此 ,出口商通常应办理出口清关手续 ,进口商应办理进口清关手续。”这样 ,FAS术语下改由卖方办理出口清关手续。通过比较INCOTERMS2 0 0 0下的FAS与FOB、FCA术语 ,我们发现FAS与后二者的区别变小了。FAS术语继续存在的意义已不大。

Incoterms■2020在国际贸易中的应用研究

文章分析了于2020年1月1日生效的《国际贸易术语解释通则》演变历史,介绍了Incoterms■2020修订背景及特点。结合2010版本与2020版本的对比分析,归纳其重要调整和变化,分析其在国际贸易中的具体应用,进而为进出口企业的对外贸易提供借鉴与参考。

Incoterms~2010规范下国际货物买卖合同当事人责任探析

Incotems是国际商会有关贸易术语的重要国际惯例。本文主要探讨Incotems2010所规范的国际货物买卖合同当事人的主要责任,分析其修改的主要特点,以期更全面准确地把握Incoterms2010其贸易术语内涵。

Incoterms 2010在教学过程中的探讨

《国际贸易术语解释通则》是国际商会创立的对各种贸易术语进行解释的正式规则。在销售合同中引用《国际贸易术语解释通则》可以明确界定当事双方的各自权利与义务,引导外贸企业业务活动的正常运行,合理规避潜在风险。国际商会于2010年9月27日正式发布Incoterms 2010,在Incoterms 2000的基础上对其加以新的诠释和修改,在这一过渡时期探讨Incoterms 2010对国际贸易专业教学的影响并寻求对策势在必行。

Determining threshold default risk criterion for trade credit granting

To solve the problem of setting threshold default risk criterion to select retailer eligible for trade credit granting, a novel method of solving simultaneous equations is proposed. This method is based on the bilevel programming modeling of trade credit decisions as an interaction between supplier and retailer. First, the bilevel programming is set up where the supplier decides on credit terms at the top level considering a retailer's default risk, and the retailer determines the order quantity at the lower level in response to the credit terms offered. By solving this bilevel programming, the relationship between the optimal terms and the corresponding default risk can be derived. Second, set the extreme scenario where the threshold default risk is approached as the point causing a zero marginal profit to the supplier. Another equation describing this particular scenario can also be derived. Thus, a system of two equations with two unknown variables can be obtained where the exact threshold default risk criterion can be found by solving them. A numerical example is presented as an illustration of the method proposed. It shows that the threshold criterion can be uniquely determined when the financial costs, inventory costs, and the marketing parameters of supplier and buyer are specified.

Incoterms^(®)2020形式和内容上的演变与适用性探析

国际贸易术语通则是以帮助贸易从业者顺利进行国际贸易活动为根本,对国际贸易中使用的贸易术语提供统一解释.为适应贸易实践发展的需要,国际商会先后对通则内容与术语解释进行了多次修订.通过观察最新版本Incoterms^(®) 2020的修订内容,对新通则在形式及其内容上的变化进行了分析,并就其具备的优势和存在的局限性作了初步分析.

The energy and environmental costs of China's trade growth

This paper attempts to construct comparable price input-output tables for 1987-2006 and estimates the impacts of trade on China’s energy consumption and SO2 emissions based on these tables.The estimation results show that energy and sulfur embodied in exports surged during the 1987-2006 period and the impact of exports on China’s energy consumption and pollutant emissions reached a critical level.As energy and sulfur embodied in exports grew faster than pollution embodied in imports,the absolute gap between the two measurements continued to grow rapidly. Meanwhile,the terms of trade in energy and S02 severely deteriorated.

Empirical Study on Impact of China's Economic Growth on Agricultural Trade

The proposal of"Belt and Road Initiative"has brought greater opportunities for the development of China's agricultural trade,but in recent years,China's agricultural trade deficit has shown a trend of gradually expanding.Based on the data of seven years from 2012 to 2018,this paper empirically analyzes the agricultural trade effect of China's economic growth.It is concluded that the consumption effect of agricultural trade in China's economic growth is anti-trade biased,the production effect and comprehensive effect of agricultural trade are pro-trade biased,and China's terms of trade of agricultural products tend to improve.This paper puts forward some relevant suggestions from the aspects of export structure,production mode,agricultural product processing,logistics mode,e-commerce system,inspection and quarantine and so on.

Embodied Pollution in China-U.S.Trade——An Empirical Study Based on Estimation of Input-Output Technology Matrix

Using input-output tables of China and the U.S., this paper has calculated the pollution embodied in trade and structure of pollution, the balance of emissions embodied in trade （BEET） and the pollution terms of trade （PTT） for 18 manufacturing sectors of China and the US. between 2001 and 2010. The calculation aims to verify whether China has become a ＂pollution haven＂ in bilateral trade with developed countries represented by the U.S., and whether Chinese exports are ＂dirtier＂ compared with imports from the U.S., and further conducting an industry structure analysis and effect decomposition study on pollution embodied in trade in industrial goods between China and U.S.. Result of our research indicates that according to our calculation of the BEET, China remains a country with environmental deficits in bilateral trade with the U.S. while the gaps between pollution embodied in China＇s export and import are narrowing. Pollution embodied in China＇s export has the tendency of increase before decline while pollution embodied in import demonstrates no significant tendency of decline. Through effect decomposition, we further found that the effect of technology arising from the substantial decline of pollution intensity effectively lowered pollution embodied in export and narrowed the environmental deficits of China in its bilateral trade. The effect of scale arising from growing export volumes significantly increased China＇s environmental deficits while the structural effect arising from changes in the structure of import and export is insignificant in reducing environmental deficits. Our calculation of the PTT led to the finding that China＇s export goods are more pollution intensive compared with import goods and that the structure of US exports to China is cleaner than the structure of Chinese exports to the US., which requires further improvements of China＇s import and export structure.

A study of environmental impact on manufacturing products trade in Shandong,China

Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.

RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响研究

在国际贸易不确定性加剧的背景下,RTA知识产权保护强度对其成员国间出口贸易有着重要的影响。基于DESTA数据库2003—2020年间有效运行的RTA,选取有RTA关系的165个国家组成的2927组国家对作为研究对象,测度了RTA的知识产权保护强度,并构建回归模型探究RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响。研究发现:RTA知识产权保护强度越大,越有利于提高RTA成员国间出口贸易的稳定性。此外,国家间信息流动性越强,以及进口国经济自由度越高,RTA知识产权保护对出口贸易稳定性的促进作用就越强。该效应对于不同类型国家和不同出口行业而言不一样:RTA知识产权保护对南北国家间的双边出口贸易稳定有促进作用,而对南南国家和北北国家间的促进作用不显著;对动植物及食品制造类,皮革、纺织及杂制类,电子、化工及机械制造类行业出口贸易稳定有促进作用。这些研究结论对国家间开展贸易合作,签订合理知识产权保护强度的RTA,维护长久稳定的出口贸易关系具有重要意义。

贸易信用中账期对供应链上下游及供应链绩效的影响研究

贸易信用是供应链中上游企业允许下游企业延期支付的供应链内部融资方式。有观点认为供应链下游企业会通过延长账期挤占上游企业的利益,特别是一些处于优势地位的下游,他们不仅延长账期,同时还向上游提供供应链金融服务。针对这一观点,本文构建了含有一个供应商和一个零售商的供应链模型,对比分析了三种供应商资金模式下(自有资金充足、自有资金不足通过银行融资和自有资金不足通过零售商融资)账期对供应链上下游和供应链绩效的具体影响。研究发现:(1)对于供应商和供应链绩效,账期并非越短越好,对于零售商,账期并非越长越好;(2)当供应商资金不足时,相比银行融资,零售商融资会导致账期延长,但这有利于供应链各成员的利润;(3)账期和零售商融资并存有可能让供应链各成员获得更多利润,甚至会比供应商资金充足情况更优。本文的研究有助于厘清贸易信用中账期对供应链成员的收益以及供应链整体绩效的影响,从而有利于供应链金融业务的健康开展。