Terrorism Attack Classification Using Machine Learning: The Effectiveness of Using Textual Features Extracted from GTD Dataset

One of the biggest dangers to society today is terrorism, where attacks have become one of the most significantrisks to international peace and national security. Big data, information analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI) havebecome the basis for making strategic decisions in many sensitive areas, such as fraud detection, risk management,medical diagnosis, and counter-terrorism. However, there is still a need to assess how terrorist attacks are related,initiated, and detected. For this purpose, we propose a novel framework for classifying and predicting terroristattacks. The proposed framework posits that neglected text attributes included in the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) can influence the accuracy of the model’s classification of terrorist attacks, where each part of the datacan provide vital information to enrich the ability of classifier learning. Each data point in a multiclass taxonomyhas one or more tags attached to it, referred as “related tags.” We applied machine learning classifiers to classifyterrorist attack incidents obtained from the GTD. A transformer-based technique called DistilBERT extracts andlearns contextual features from text attributes to acquiremore information from text data. The extracted contextualfeatures are combined with the “key features” of the dataset and used to perform the final classification. Thestudy explored different experimental setups with various classifiers to evaluate the model’s performance. Theexperimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms the latest techniques for classifying terroristattacks with an accuracy of 98.7% using a combined feature set and extreme gradient boosting classifier.

From Ideology to Action:Analyzing Rapoport’s Terrorism Framework in the Context of Al-Shabaab’s Evolving Extremist Ideology in the Horn of Africa

This study examines the evolution of Al-Shabaab’s extremist ideology in the Horn of Africa through David Rapoport’s Four Waves of Terrorism framework. It aims to analyze the persistent influence of Al-Shabaab amidst counterinsurgency efforts, highlighting the interplay between local grievances and global jihadist narratives. Through an ideological analysis of secondary sources, the research reveals that Al-Shabaab merges Somali nationalism with global jihadist ideologies, framing its struggle as both a local defense against foreign intervention and part of Islamic movement. This dual narrative is crucial for sustaining recruitment and operational resilience, illustrating the complexities of contemporary terrorism in the region.

Cybersecurity and Domestic Terrorism: Purpose and Future

The increasing utilization of digital technologies presents risks to critical systems due to exploitation by terrorists. Cybersecurity entails proactive and reactive measures designed to protect software and electronic devices from any threats. However, the rising cases of cyber threats are carried out by domestic terrorists who share particular ideologies or grievances. This paper analyzes the increasing cyber-attack instances and mechanisms to counter these threats. Additionally, it addresses the growing concern of domestic terrorism and its impact on national security. Finally, it provides an overview of gaps and possible areas of future research to promote cybersecurity.

Disaster preparedness, pediatric considerations in primary blast injury, chemical, and biological terrorism

Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the World Trade Center on September 11 th, 2001. The modalities used to perpetrate these terrorist acts range from conventional weapons to high explosives, chemical weapons, and biological weapons all of which have been used in the recent past. While these weapons platforms can cause significant injury requiring critical care the mechanism of injury, pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are unfamiliar to many critical care providers. Additionally the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to these types of attacks. In the event of a mass casualty incident both adult and pediatric critical care practitioners will likely be called upon to care for children and adults alike. We will review the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of victims of blast injury, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The focus will be on those injuries not commonly encountered in critical care practice, primary blast injuries, category A pathogens likely to be used in terrorist incidents, and chemical weapons including nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, cyanide, and riot control agents with special attention paid to pediatric specific considerations.

Media Coverage of Terrorism and Mental Health Concerns among Youth: Testing Moderated Mediation by Spirituality and Resilience

Previous research on media coverage of terrorism and its associated psychological consequences was explored internationally particularly after 9/11 attacks in the US.Also,the constructive role of resilience in this traumatic era has also been explored internationally.However,some studies have been conducted on the effect of media coverage of national terrorism on people that have endured a nearby terrorist attack.Moreover,knowledge about how the media coverage of terrorism,as a secondary source of evidence,can have devastated effects on native’s mental health and how resilience work in this relationship is rather limited.For example,it is possible that different cultures have their own coping strategies(resilience&spirituality)to be adopted as they perceive and respond to terrorism coverage on media differently.Hence,this study examines the moderated role of spirituality as an adaptive mechanism along with resilience as a mediating factor in the relationship between media coverage of terrorists’incidents and mental health concerns such as perceived stress,generalized anxiety and perceived fear among Pakistani youth.Thefindings show significant results as expected,people having high level of spirituality effectively cope with the media coverage of terrorist incidents by facing the situation with more resilient personality and therefore experience less mental health concerns compared to those with low level of spirituality.

The Origins of the War on Terrorism Paradigm

It is now widely accepted among scholars that a new national security paradigm emerged in the United States after 9/11.This paradigm shift accompanied the George W.Bush administration’s declaration of a“global war on terror”and consisted of new interpretations of domestic and international law,new recognition of the threats posed by non-state actors,and a stated determination to eradicate threats everywhere before they emerged.Yet most scholarship has neglected examination of this paradigm’s origins.It became dominant after 9/11,but it did not originate then.Examination of these origins and the original context shows that the war on terrorism paradigm was not created in response to a catastrophic attack on the American“homeland”;rather it arose out of anxieties about U.S.capacity exert its will in the Third World.Its foundations were established long before its post-9/11 revival.This paper places these origins within the context of U.S.-Middle East relations in the 1980s.It reads together the public discourses of Lebanese Hizbullah and of U.S.Secretary of State George P.Shultz who,more than any other U.S.official,promulgated the justifications for the war on terrorism,to show that the notion of a jihad aimed at American power and of a war on terrorism had a basis in anxieties about the capacity of American power in the Middle East.The article uses the author’s original translation of the Hizbullah’s 1985“Open Letter to the Oppressed”alongside George Shultz’s public pronouncements between the start of the U.S.intervention in Lebanon in 1982 and the climax of the Iran-Contra scandal.It argues that provocations of the war on terrorism and the war on terrorism itself emerged out of emotions connected to the efficacy of American power in the Middle East.

Awareness of the Potential Threat of Cyberterrorism to the National Security

The revolution of computing and networks could revolutionise terrorism in the same way that it has brought about changes in other aspects of life. The modern technological era has faced countries with a new set of security challenges. There are many states and potential adversaries, who have the potential and capacity in cyberspace, which makes them able to carry out cyber-attacks in the future. Some of them are currently conducting surveillance, gathering and analysis of technical information, and mapping of networks and nodes and infrastructure of opponents, which may be exploited in future conflicts. This paper uses qualitative data to develop a conceptual framework for awareness of cyberterrorism threat from the viewpoint of experts and security officials in critical infrastructure. Empirical data collected from in-depth interviews were analysed using grounded theory approach. This study applied to Saudi Arabia as a case study.

The Counterterrorism Mechanism Integrated into Human Rights

Through investigation and analysis of the counterterrorism operations carried out both at home and abroad,we can draw some initial conclusions on their effectiveness.By its very nature,counterterrorism should be recognized as an integral part of human rights rather than a legal or political mechanism apart from human rights.The serious conflict between the counterterrorism measures and other human rights protection measures results from the scarcity of resources,to which different countries and international community should pay serious attention.Counterterrorism measures should both advance with the times and fully leverage modern technological means.The development idea of a community with a shared future for human beings helps us identify the development direction and fundamental principles of the counterterrorism system.

Trojan Terrorism:Revenge Colonists or Condition of Evolution？ （To the Problem ＂Your/Alien＂）

Thinking about the problem of terrorism, the author finds its origins in the myth of the Trojan War, treating it as a battle for space, which was the primary basis for the civilizational leap--the expansion of the Greek world to the east, which led to the flourishing of Greek culture, creating a precedent of justified colonialism, provided strategy and tactics-the causal apology of violence-all subsequent wars, colonial campaigns, which was no exception for the migratory flows of the XX century, as a result of which the word ＂terrorism＂ sounded with by force of the song of B. Brecht. The theme of ＂space＂-chucked away, lost, taken away, destroyed, compressed, anarchic, empty, boundless, virtual-remains vital in our time, when the limitless possibilities lead to the limitation of man himself, his emptiness, and ＂complete shortuess＂ （Platonov）, when the treaty as the basis of human existence is rejected, and when you become the Other yourself. The metaphysics of ＂violence＂ is buried in anthropology-in ignorance of one＇s limits by man, in denying the boundaries of ＂another＇s,＂ in unwillingness to ask a question mad find the answer, in laziness and, in fact, in the loss of oneself.

The Impact of the Collapse of the IS on the Environment of International Terrorism

Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.

U.S. Financial War on Terrorism vs. International Financial System

After September 11 events, America has launched a worldwide financial war against terrorism with a series of farreaching measures. It is not only confined to combating international terrorist activities, but will also exert great

Prediction of Extremist Behaviour and Suicide Bombing from Terrorism Contents Using Supervised Learning

This study proposes an architecture for the prediction of extremist human behaviour from projected suicide bombings.By linking‘dots’of police data comprising scattered information of people,groups,logistics,locations,communication,and spatiotemporal characters on different social media groups,the proposed architecture will spawn beneficial information.This useful information will,in turn,help the police both in predicting potential terrorist events and in investigating previous events.Furthermore,this architecture will aid in the identification of criminals and their associates and handlers.Terrorism is psychological warfare,which,in the broadest sense,can be defined as the utilisation of deliberate violence for economic,political or religious purposes.In this study,a supervised learning-based approach was adopted to develop the proposed architecture.The dataset was prepared from the suicide bomb blast data of Pakistan obtained from the South Asia Terrorism Portal(SATP).As the proposed architecture was simulated,the supervised learning-based classifiers na飗e Bayes and Hoeffding Tree reached 72.17%accuracy.One of the additional benefits this study offers is the ability to predict the target audience of potential suicide bomb blasts,which may be used to eliminate future threats or,at least,minimise the number of casualties and other property losses.

Trojan Terrorism as a Principate of Deception, Or in the Arms of the Terracotta Locust (Ethymological Wing Cases of Virtus): Part 1

“Trojan terrorism”leaped to the place and in time as an exhalation of bewilderment at the terrorist attacks in London last year,as a challenge to political manipulation,and jumped as the continuation of the topic of migration(the fundamental problem of modernity),as a creation of an internal conflict that multiplies the external conflict,in the theme of systemic instability―theoretical reasonableness of deception,which destroys the system of contracts as a condition of the world order,leaped as a report at the University of London(Birkbeck)on Feb.9,2018,which the relevance of its problems beat real events in because the state of modern“utopianism”―the state of Utopus(USA),intended from the matrix of the British Empire,its tactics of violence―“occupy”(seizure of the“alien”)―has never changed.As in the case of Marks’s“capital”,the theory first followed,and then the practice of sabotage:a system of terrorist attacks,riots,revolutions,world and civil wars,and“Trojan terrorism”:bold attacks by international terrorists,sweeping away the principles and norms of any social treaty(Rousseau did not even dream of this sadness),the norms of law,ethics and morality,economic agreements(interstate agreements),including military demonstration of force,provocation of military conflicts,pirate antics,demarches of intimidation and blackmail,reviving the myth of the Trojan Horse and giving it the status of an“established order”:The norms that are accepted by the majority as“natural law”,as the natural course of things,contrary to common sense and universal human canons of being,legitimize treachery and deceit as the only one of possible and all probable ways of further development of human society―such are the“difficulties to the stars”:Without star wars,but by“occupy”,which allows us to conclude that“Trojan terrorism”is the sum of technologies aimed at seizure the land(habitable)by fraud,panic,and violence.

On Uzbekistan's Experience Countering Religious Extremism and Terrorism

Since the first years of independence,Uzbekistan began to develop and implement a policy of countering religious extremism and addressing the ideological basis of terrorism.Taking into consideration the complexity of this problem,Uzbekistan is comprehensively combating expressions of extremism and terrorism.

Trojan Terrorism as a Principate of Deception, Or in the Arms of the Terracotta Locust (Ethymological Wing Cases of Virtus): Part Ⅱ

“Trojan terrorism”leaped to the place and in time as an exhalation of bewilderment at the terrorist attacks in London last year,as a challenge to political manipulation,and jumped as the continuation of the topic of migration(the fundamental problem of modernity),as a creation of an internal conflict that multiplies the external conflict,in the theme of systemic instability-theoretical reasonableness of Deception,which destroys the system of contracts as a condition of the world order.My report at the University of London(Birkbeck)on Feb.9,2018,which was read in English,still not the latest direct evidence of the use of this scandalous method of“Trojan terrorism”—the defamation of the whole country(Russia),plus violation of territorial integrity,including and military attack,another country that lies on the other side of the ocean(Syria),and which is accused of not living by the rules(the“Absolute”method by Caesar),the relevance of its problems beat real events in because the state of modern“utopianism”-the state of Utopus(USA),intended from the matrix of the British Empire,its tactics of violence-“occupy”(seizure of the“alien”)-has never changed,and the March-April events in international politics are just another notch on this dead python,which is called“democratic values”.As in the case of Marks’s“Capital”,the theory first followed,and then the practice of sabotage:a system of terrorist attacks,riots,revolutions,world and civil wars,and“Trojan terrorism”:bold attacks by international terrorists,sweeping away the principles and norms of any social treaty(Rousseau did not even dream of this sadness),the norms of law,ethics and morality,economic agreements(interstate agreements),including military demonstration of force,provocation of military conflicts,pirate antics,demarches of intimidation and blackmail,reviving the myth of the Trojan Horse and giving it the status of an“established order”:the norms that are accepted by the majority as“natural law”,as the natural course of things,contrary to common sense and universal human canons of being,legitimize treachery and deceit as the only one of possible and all probable ways of further development of human society-such are the“difficulties to the stars”:without star wars,but by“occupy”,which allows us to conclude that“Trojan terrorism”is the sum of technologies aimed at seizure the land(habitable)by fraud,panic,and violence.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM:NEW TRENDS

New trends have surfaced in a variety of international struggles and contradic-tions coupled with marked alternations in their manifestations since the end ofthe Cold War.Similarly.international terrorism as a peculiar phenomenon in con-temporary world politics has also been spreading with some new characteristicsmainly in the following aspects.

Trade Isolation Effect of Terrorism Risks along the"Belt and Road"Route

Rising terrorism risks are a major obstacle for Belt and Road countries to integrate into the global trade network. Based on the cross-country panel data of the now 66 Belt and Road countries during 2000-2013, this paper carries out an empirical study on the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks with the following findings: Rising terrorism risks will indeed give rise to a significant "trade isolation effect" with greater negative impact on a country's export than on import. After taking into account the endogeneity of the variable of terrorism risks and heterogeneous casualties of terrorist attacks, this conclusion remains robust. In addition, the trade isolation effect of terrorism risks is also characterized by heterogeneous targets under attack, i.e. the degree of trade isolation effect is positively correlated with the randomness of targets under terrorist attacks.

Jean Baudrillard＇s Encounter With Anthropology： Toward A Radical Understanding of Marxism and Terrorism

Jean Baudrillard （1929-2007）, a leading contemporary theorist from the 1970s to the present, was deeply influenced by anthropological thought. As an outcome of his prolonged encounter with anthropology he was able to devise a unique approach to the world. This approach enabled him to play a leading role in surpassing Marxist thought and in explaining contemporary terrorist attacks such as those of September 11, 2001 in the United States. Baudrillard, who is often correctly seen as making a contribution to contemporary anthropology, is also someone who is deeply indebted to anthropology. This aspect of Baudrillard is less well understood.

An Evolving Security Dilemma： Adopting a Comprehensive Approach to the Changing Dynamics of Terrorism in Africa

This article examines the threat of terrorism, its changing dynamics and manifestations, constituting a major security dilemma for Africa. It begins with a conceptual discussion of the term ＂Jihad＂ and how it is contributing to recent upsurge in terrorism among the Muslim youth in Africa. The article argues that the concept has largely been misunderstood, misinterpreted by some Muslims and non-Muslims alike and as a consequence ＂hijacked＂ and misapplied by extremists to achieve ideological and political goals. While the perpetration of terrorist act is undermining political stability of African states, the involvement of the youth does not only make the enterprise a dangerous one, but also questions the effectiveness of education and training being pursued, especially in Muslim communities across many states in Africa. The article thus suggests that, curbing the threat of terrorism arising out of wrong interpretation of the concept of Jihad will require adopting a comprehensive educational approach aimed at reforming and transforming the character of the Muslim youth. This should include religious, moral, secular and peace education. It concludes that failure to adopt such holistic approach will mean African states will continue to battle with terrorism as an evolving security dilemma for years to come and the name Islam will continue to be denigrated as a religion that is more susceptible to violence.

Terrorism as a Threat to the European and Global Order

In this paper we will discuss about terrorism as a global threat. Currently in the New World Order concepts such as terrorism has entered the field of security. Terrorism as a notion and as an activity is defined differently by different authors. As a concept, historically it has been used during the French Bourgeois Revolution, in terms of sentences imposed by the revolutionary courts against the enemies of the Republic. The word terrorism derives from the Latin word ＂terror＂ which means horror, sadness, intimidation and tremble, political violence or physical destruction of the opponent. With the end of the Cold War, the emergence of several concepts that previously did not exist, or were at a low level, changed the position and turned into one of the main threats worldwide. This was the trigger that forced states to reconsider the mechanisms of national and international security. After the events of September 11 and the attack on the twin towers in New York, it was proved that no country in the world is safe now, including those who claim to have created a modern defence system. Therefore, nowadays the challenge for countries and international organizations remains the identification of terrorists, the tools they have, where, when and how they will strike.