Attribute Reduction with Test Cost Constraint

In many machine learning applications,data are not free,and there is a test cost for each data item. For the economical reason,some existing works try to minimize the test cost and at the same time,preserve a particular property of a given decision system. In this paper,we point out that the test cost one can afford is limited in some applications. Hence,one has to sacrifice respective properties to keep the test cost under a budget. To formalize this issue,we define the test cost constraint attribute reduction problem,where the optimization objective is to minimize the conditional information entropy. This problem is an essential generalization of both the test-cost-sensitive attribute reduction problem and the 0-1 knapsack problem,therefore it is more challenging. We propose a heuristic algorithm based on the information gain and test costs to deal with the new problem. The algorithm is tested on four UCI（University of California-Irvine） datasets with various test cost settings. Experimental results indicate the appropriate setting of the only user-specified parameter λ.

Area-time associated test cost model for SoC and lower bound of test time

A novel test access mechanism （TAM） architecture with multi test-channel （TC） based on IEEE Standard 1500 is proposed instead of the traditional sub-TAM structure. The cost model of an area-time associated test and the corresponding lower bound of system-on-chip （SoC） test time are established based on this TAM architecture. The model provides a more reliable method to control the SoC scheduling and reduces the complexity in related algorithm research. The result based on the area time associated test cost model has been validated using the ITC02 test benchmark.

Test Cost Optimization Using Tabu Search

In order to deliver a complete reliable software product, testing is performed. As testing phase carries on, cost of testing process increases and it directly affects the overall project cost. Many a times it happens that the actual cost becomes more than the estimated cost. Cost is considered as the most important parameter with respect to software testing, in software industry. In recent year’s researchers have done a variety of work in the area of Cost optimization by using various concepts like Genetic Algorithm, simulated annealing and Automation in generation of test data etc. This paper proposes an efficient cost effective approach for optimizing the cost of testing using Tabu Search (TS), which will provide maximum code coverage along with the concepts of Dijkstra’s Algorithm which will be implemented in Aspiration criteria of Tabu Search in order to optimize the cost and generate a minimum cost path with maximum coverage.

An optimal stacking order for mid-bond testing cost reduction of 3D IC

In order to solve the problem that the testing cost of the three-dimensional integrated circuit(3D IC)is too high,an optimal stacking order scheme is proposed to reduce the mid-bond test cost.A new testing model is built with the general consideration of both the test time for automatic test equipment(ATE)and manufacturing failure factors.An algorithm for testing cost and testing order optimization is proposed,and the minimum testing cost and optimized stacking order can be carried out by taking testing bandwidth and testing power as constraints.To prove the influence of the optimal stacking order on testing costs,two baselines stacked in sequential either in pyramid type or in inverted pyramid type are compared.Based on the benchmarks from ITC 02,experimental results show that for a 5-layer 3D IC,under different constraints,the optimal stacking order can reduce the test costs on average by 13%and 62%,respectively,compared to the pyramid type and inverted pyramid type.Furthermore,with the increase of the stack size,the test costs of the optimized stack order can be decreased.

Multiplex Rapid Test with Acceptable Diagnosis Performance as a Solution to Increase Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Pregnant Women in an Area of High Prevalence of Both Hepatitis Viruses Associated with HIV

Background and Objective: HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very widespread in the world, however, less than 20% of the people affected are diagnosed and treated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV co-infections in pregnant women at Bangui Community University Hospital and the cost of screening. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving consenting pregnant women who came for antenatal care was performed. HIV, HCV antibodies and HBV antigens were detected using Exacto Triplex? HIV/HCV/HBsAg rapid test, cross-validated by ELISA tests. Sociodemographic and professional data, the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV and both hepatitis viruses were collected in a standard sheet and analyzed using the Epi-Info software version 7. Results: Pregnant women aged 15 to 24 were the most affected (45.3%);high school girls (46.0%), and pregnant women living in cohabitation (65.3%) were the most represented. Twenty-five (16.7%) worked in the formal sector, 12.7% were unemployed housewives and the remainder in the informal sector. The prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV viruses was 11.8%, 21.9% and 22.2%, respectively. The prevalence of co-infections was 8.6% for HIV-HBV, 10.2% for HIV-HCV, 14.7% for HBV-HCV and 6.5% for HIV-HBV-HCV. All positive results and 10% of negative results by the rapid test were confirmed by ELISA tests. The serology of the three viruses costs 39,000 FCFA (60 Euros) by ELISA compared to 10,000 FCFA (15.00 Euros) with Exacto Triplex? HIV/HCV/AgHBs (BioSynex, Strasbourg, France). Conclusion: The low level of education and awareness of hepatitis are barriers to development and indicate the importance of improving the literacy rate of women in the Central African Republic (CAR). Likewise, the high prevalence of the three viruses shows the need for the urgent establishment of a national program to combat viral hepatitis in the CAR.

一种将测试集嵌入到Test-per-Clock位流中的方法

集成电路测试方案的关键在于测试向量产生器的设计.传统的测试方法在测试向量生成、测试应用的过程中,没有充分利用测试数据位流来构建测试向量,从而造成了测试时间和存储开销的增加.为了减少测试成本,提出了一种基于test-per-clock模式的内建自测试方法.通过对线性移位测试结构的分析,提出了一种递进式的反复测试生成方法:顺序求解输入位流,逆向精简,多次求解以获得更优值,最终将测试集以较小的代价嵌入到test-per-clock位流中.在测试应用时,只需存储求解后的最小输入流,通过控制线性移位的首位从而生成所需的测试集.实验结果表明,在达到故障覆盖率要求的前提下,能显著地减少测试应用时间和存储面积开销.

误差在Cost-Sensitive分类中的应用

针对使检查代价和误分类代价最小化的Cost-Sensitive学习,讨论误差在分类过程中的应用,提出一个带阈值的决策树,并给出一个带阈值的检查策略。在基于Cost-Sensitive学习的分类中,确定属性值所用到的检测手段和设备精度存在一定的误差值,评估误分类代价更是有较大的误差。另外,很多分类问题并不要求达到百分之百的正确率,允许有一定的误差范围。把这些误差的边界看作是一个阈值,利用这种阈值来简化决策树的建立,改进检查策略的设计,提高分类效率。

Cost-Sensitive学习的一个新课题

Cost-Sensitive学习注重分类过程中的各种代价,特别是误分类代价和属性代价。在Cost-Sensitive学习中还有一种代价对分类的总代价有较大影响,这种代价可称为分类延时代价,即延误分类而造成的代价。包含分类延时代价的Cost-Sensitive学习是Cost-Sensitive学习中一个新的课题,这个新课题的目标是使分类过程中的误分类代价、检查代价及分类延时代价之和达到最小。给出包含一种简单的分类延时代价的Cost-Sensitive学习,提出一个既"摊薄"延时代价又减少浪费检查代价的检查策略。

Multiple Objective Test Design for Accelerated Destructive Degradation Tests

Accelerated destructive degradation tests(ADDTs)are powerful to provide reliability information in the degradation processes with destructive measurements.In order to carry out an ADDT efficiently,both the estimation precision of parameters and the test cost should be considered.On the basis of the given degradation model and failure criterion,a multiple-objective optimization model for the design of ADDTs is proposed.Under constrains of the maximum measurement time,the total sample size and the number of stress levels,a comprehensive target function is suggested to reflect both the precision of lifetime estimation and total cost,and the optimal test plan is obtained,which is composed by optimal choices for samples size,measurement frequency,and the number of measurements at each stress level.A real example is illustrated to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed approach.

Parallel Test Tasks Scheduling and Resources Configuration Based on GA-ACA

A Genetic Algorithm-Ant Colony Algorithm(GA-ACA),which can be used to optimize multi-Unit Under Test(UUT)parallel test tasks sequences and resources configuration quickly and accurately,is proposed in the paper.With the establishment of the mathematic model of multi-UUT parallel test tasks and resources,the condition of multi-UUT resources mergence is analyzed to obtain minimum resource requirement under minimum test time.The definition of cost efficiency is put forward,followed by the design of gene coding and path selection project,which can satisfy multi-UUT parallel test tasks scheduling.At the threshold of the algorithm,GA is adopted to provide initial pheromone for ACA,and then dual-convergence pheromone feedback mode is applied in ACA to avoid local optimization and parameters dependence.The practical application proves that the algorithm has a remarkable effect on solving the problems of multi-UUT parallel test tasks scheduling and resources configuration.

洒点喷涂在压路机零部件上的应用

为了降低路面机械涂装的制造成本,通过对洒点漆的组成、洒点喷涂工艺、喷涂设备及其施工参数进行了研究并进行施工验证试验,同时对比分析了洒点喷涂工艺与刮腻子工艺在工程机械行业的应用成本。结果表明洒点漆喷涂漆施工工艺及喷涂质量满足工程机械的部分零部件涂装要求,可用于工程机械外观等级要求不高的零部件上。相比刮腻子工艺,洒点漆喷涂工艺可节省涂装成本,降低制造费用,可在工程机械行业推广应用。

新形势下航天装备环境试验技术的未来发展趋势

从航天装备面临的实战化考核、数字化建设和低成本控制等新形势与新要求出发,梳理了环境试验技术在航天装备试验鉴定中存在的实战化考核能力不足、全寿命周期环境效应考核不充分等技术难题,结合航天装备环境试验的国内外发展现状,系统分析了航天装备环境试验技术的未来发展趋势,试验环境综合化、试验设计一体化、试验手段数字化在提升航天装备环境试验水平、缩短装备试验周期、降低试验成本方面具有显著优势,也是航天装备环境试验未来发展的重要方向。

A Modified Replacement Model for Items That Fail Suddenly with Variable Replacement Costs

Several researches have been done to provide better alternative to the existing replacement models, but the research works did not adequately address the replacement problem for items that fail suddenly. Hence, a modified replacement model for items that fail suddenly has been proposed using the knowledge of probability distribution of failure times as well as that of variable replacement cost. The modified cost functions for implementing both individual and group replacements were derived. The modified cost functions were minimized using the principle of classical optimization in order to find the age at which replacement of items would be appropriate. Conditions under which the individual and group replacement policies should be adopted were derived. Two real data sets on failure time of LED bulbs and their replacement costs were used to validate the theoretical claims of this work. In essence, goodness-of-fit test was used to select appropriate probability distribution of failure times as well as that of replacement costs for data sets I and II respectively. The goodness-of-fit results showed that failure times of LED bulbs follow the Smallest Extreme Value and Laplace distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Similarly, it was observed that individual replacement cost followed the two-parameter Gamma and Largest Extreme Value distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Further, the group replacement cost was found to follow the log-normal and two-parameter Weibull distributions for data sets I and II respectively. Based on the empirical study, we observed that individual replacement policy is better than group replacement policy in terms of cost minimization for both existing model and the proposed model. In view of the results, the proposed replacement policy was recommended over the existing one because it yielded lower replacement costs than the existing replacement model.

Low-Cost Stormwater Filtration System to Improve Urban Water Quality: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.

基于正交试验法的太阳能复合热水系统优化

为降低生活热水能耗,实现空气源热泵辅助太阳能供热水系统的高效节能运行,选取济南市某高校学生宿舍空气源热泵辅助太阳能供热水系统作为研究对象,利用瞬时系统模拟软件搭建了系统仿真模型,并采用无交互作用的正交试验法,分别以全年系统性能系数和太阳能保证率为优化目标,优化了太阳能集热器面积、集热器倾角、热泵制热功率及水箱容积,并分析其结果的经济性和节能性。结果表明:当以系统性能系数为优化目标时,最优组合中集热器面积为390 m^(2)、集热器倾角为42°、热泵制热功率为50 kW、水箱容积为23.94 m3,而动态费用年值为7.38万元,较天然气系统年节省标煤为17.12 tce;当以太阳能保证率为优化目标时,最优组合中集热器面积为342 m^(2)、集热器倾角为44°、热泵制热功率为35.5 kW、水箱容积为20.58 m3,而动态费用年值为6.56万元,较天然气系统年节省标煤为16.63 tce。

基于测试代价的三支邻域属性约简算法

针对粗糙集属性约简时很少考虑属性自身的测试代价等问题,提出了一种基于测试代价的三支邻域属性约简算法。算法根据各属性在邻域分辨矩阵中出现的频次和比例来计算属性重要性,并结合属性自身的测试代价来构造性价比指标,以此指导属性的甄选。三支决策方法被用于划分属性集,为属性的约简处理提供数据支撑。在7个UCI公共数据集上进行对比实验,结果表明,该算法可得到比对比算法更小的属性约简集合,在分类精度不降低的情况下,该算法具有更少的运行时间和更小的测试代价。基于财政收入的预测应用实例进一步证明了所提算法的有效性和实用性。

山地果园固定式管道自动喷雾系统设计、调试与成本分析

针对山地果园复杂地形造成的果树施药不便问题,设计了固定式管道自动喷雾系统,并进行实地试验和经济效益研究。结果表明:(1)固定式管道自动喷雾系统在药液配比模块、压力监控模块和喷雾管道模块协作作用下可实现顺序喷雾和精准喷雾,在1.2 MPa压力、20 s持续喷雾时间下喷雾效果最佳,树冠叶面的农药附着率至少为74.07%,且雾滴数量不少于25个/cm^(2),符合喷雾有效性评估标准;(2)尽管该系统的初始设备购买费用和维修费用较高,但工作效率优势突出,较无人机、风送式喷雾机和背负式喷雾器分别高28、26和50.3 hm^(2)/d,且在作业面积超过125 hm^(2)时其平均成本最低,成本优势得到凸现。

外骨骼机器人助力效能测试方法及应用综述

外骨骼机器人在军事、医疗及工业等领域展现出广阔的应用前景,迫切需要一套科学的外骨骼助力效能测试评估体系,以实现对外骨骼研发、产品迭代及实际使用的指导与规范。为全面把握现有性能测试方法,进行CiteSpace可视化科学知识图谱分析与数据统计,围绕代谢成本评估、生物电信号评估、运动学与动力学参数评估、工况表现评估和综合评价模型5类常见评估方法进行综述,总结其关键指标与技术局限,并从评估理论深入与测试方法、候选评估集合建立方法、综合评价模型结构设计与指标赋权方法、多场景测试方法4个方面,对外骨骼效能评估技术的未来发展提出展望,对完善外骨骼评估体系、实现技术横向比较具有实际意义。

基于固废源高活性粉体材料的3D打印混凝土

选用固废源高活性粉体材料和P·O 42.5级水泥,辅助石英砂骨料和缓凝型聚羧酸系减水剂、纤维素醚、可分散乳胶粉等辅料制备混凝土3D打印材料并进行性能研究。以3D打印材料凝结时间、胶砂流动度和抗压强度作为评价依据,分析各组分对材料性能的影响,结合极差分析确定最优配合比,采用SEM对3D打印材料1 d水化产物进行表征。优化后制备的3D打印材料凝结时间85 min,初始胶砂流动度190 mm,30 min胶砂流动度180 mm,材料1 d抗压强度28.8 MPa,3 d抗压强度49.6 MPa,28 d抗压强度70.2 MPa。所制备的材料其性能满足混凝土3D打印系统施工需求并能保证打印材料30 min左右仍具有较好的可打印性,该3D打印材料成本约为363.6~437元/t。

基于成本分析的四川省血液集中化检测的研究

目的随着输血技术的进步和发展,我国采供血机构存在血液检测模式比较分散,效率低,成本高的问题。集中化检测模式不仅能有效提高血液检测质量,还能从人工、设备等各方面节约成本。因此,本文依据四川省血液检测相关数据,综合考虑了血液检测的运输成本、检测成本和中心运营成本,研究了血液检测的最小成本模型。方法以血液检测年成本为目标函数,以标本处理能力、标本分配、运输和中心建设的逻辑关系、运输决策与运输量的一致性为约束条件建立混合整数规划模型。以四川省为例进行实证分析,通过访谈及调研形式收集数据,为满足模型需求对分段式数据做线性处理及调整,通过python编码及优化库进行模型运算并验证最优方案。结果建立了适合我国的集中检测实验室数量和选址的混合整数规划模型。在四川省的实证分析中,收集到模型所需数据,并对分段式数据做了线性处理。本研究通过详细的成本分析计算得出,最经济的方案为:以成都和遂宁为基点建立集中检测实验室;最不经济的方案为21个血站独立检测。与最不经济方案比较,最经济方案可节省29.433%的成本。为确保该结果的可靠性,我们对上述结果执行了多轮验证,进一步的分析揭示,相较于最优解,在成都和巴中构建检测中心的方案为次优选择,与最不经济方案比较,该方案可节省29.431%的成本。结论本文构建了集中检测实验室数量和选址的混合整数规划模型,首次从成本角度,为我国区域化血液集中检测的选址问题提供了决策依据,并对四川省进行了实证分析,求解了成本最低方案。