Development of a Test Rig for Axial Strains Measurement in Automobile Wheel

In automobile wheel application, a test rig is vital and used to simulate conditions of the wheel in service in order to affirm the safety and reliability of the wheel. The present work designed a test rig for measuring axial strains in automobile wheel. The wheel used was a five-arm wheel (6JX14H2;ET 42) and Tyre (175 × 65 R 14). Experimental (EXP) test was carried out, with a radial load of 4750 N and inflation pressure of 0.3 MPa, to measure the axil strains which were converted to maximum principal strain values and, compared with data from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Creo-Element/Pro 5.0 at wheel’s contact angles of 90 degree (FEA 90 deg), 40 degree (FEA 40 deg) and 30.25 degree (FEA 30.25 deg), respectively. Results show that at the wheel’s point of contact with the ground, maximum principal strain values were highest at the inboard bead seat with a value of about 5.69 × 10-4 mm/mm, followed by the values at the well of about 5.66 × 10-4 mm/mm. The value at the outboard bead seat was least at about 2.22 × 10-4 mm/mm, which was due to the presence of spikes at this location that tends to resist imposed radial loads. However, the highest mean maximum principal strain values at the locations of inboard, well and outboard, were about 2.11 × 10-4 mm/mm, 3.78 × 10-4 mm/mm and .99 × 10-4 mm/mm, respectively. With the highest single value of about 5.69 × 10-4 mm/mm, the inboard bead seat was the most strained location of the wheel. Overall results showed that all values of maximum principal strains were below the threshold value of about 1 × 10-2 mm/mm. The values obtained for EXP and FEA could be said to be in close agreement when compared with the threshold value. With this in mind, the rig is recommended for use in related experimental procedures.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

Experimental Investigation on the Dynamics of Pipes Conveying Fluid Based on Strain Gauge Test

Dynamical performance of pipes conveying fluid on board is of great importance to the reliability of machinery.The dynamic equation of a simply supported wet pipe conveying fluid is presented,taking structural damping of the pipe and viscidity of the fluid into consideration.And the equation is also solved by using Galerkin's method.Modal identifications based on strain gauge test are carried out on both dry pipes(without fluid in it) and wet pipes(pipes conveying fluid).It is concluded from the comparison of the results that both natural frequency and the damping ratio decrease as the pipe filled with fluid,but the mode shapes vary little.Variation of equivalent damping factor is also tested.Experimental results reveal that the equivalent damping factor of fluid and the damping ratio depend greatly on the initial deformation,and fluid induced damping decreases the universal damping ratio of the pipes conveying fluid.

Stress-strain behavior of plastic concrete using monotonic triaxial compression tests

The mechanical behavior of plastic concrete used in the cut-off walls of earth dams has been studied.Triaxial compression tests on the specimens in various ages and mix designs under different confining pressures have been done and the stress-strain behavior of such materials and their strength parameter changes have been experimentally investigated.It has been observed that increasing the confining pressures applied on the specimens causes the material behavior to be alike the more ductile materials and the compressive strength increases considerably as well.Moreover,a parametric study has been carried out to investigate the influence of essential parameters on the shear strength parameters of these materials.According to the research,increasing the coarse to fine aggregates ratio leads to the increase of compressive strength of the specimens as well as the increase of the cohesion and internal friction angle of the materials.Furthermore,the bentonite content decrease and the cement factor increase result in an increase of the cohesion parameter of plastic concretes and decrease of the internal friction angle of such materials.

Deformation behaviour in advanced heat resistant materials during slow strain rate testing at elevated temperature

In this study, slow strain rate tensile testing at elevated temperature is used to evaluate the influence of temperature and strain rate on deformation behaviour in two different austenitic alloys. One austenitic stainless steel （AISI 316L） and one nickel-base alloy （Alloy 617） have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy related techniques as electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscattering diffraction have been used to study the damage and fracture micromechanisms. For both alloys the dominante damage micromech- anisms are slip bands and planar slip interacting with grain bounderies or precipitates causing strain concentrations. The dominante fracture micromechanism when using a slow strain rate at elevated temperature, is microcracks at grain bounderies due to grain boundery embrittlement caused by precipitates. The decrease in strain rate seems to have a small influence on dynamic strain ageing at 650℃.

Advanced test methods of material property characterization:high strain-rate testing and experimental simulation of multiaxial stress states

Optimum utilization of the loading capability of engineering materials is an important and active contribution to protect nature's limited resources,and it is the key for economic design methods.In order to make use of the materials' resources,those must be known very well;but conventional test methods will offer only limited informational value.The range of questions raised is as wide as the application of engineering materials,and partially they are very specific.The development of huge computer powers enables numeric modelling to simulate structural behaviour in rather complex loading environments-so the real material behaviour is known under the given loading conditions.Here the art of material testing design starts.To study the material behaviour under very distinct and specific loading conditions makes it necessary to simulate different temperature ranges,loading speeds, environments etc.and mostly there doesn't exist any commonly agreed test standard.In this contribution two popular,non-standard test procedures and test systems will be discussed on the base of their application background,special design features as well as test results and typically gained information:The demand for highspeed tests up to 1000 s^(-1) of strain rate is very specific and originates primarily in the automotive industry and the answers enable CAE analysis of crashworthiness of vehicle structures under crash conditions.The information on the material behaviour under multiaxial loading conditions is a more general one.Multiaxial stress states can be reduced to an equivalent stress,which allows the evaluation of the material's constraint and criticality of stress state.Both discussed examples shall show that the open dialogue between the user and the producer of testing machines allows custom-tailored test solutions.

Stress-strain analysis of loess triaxial shear test by PFC^(3D)

In order to compensate for limitations of microscopic study on loess triaxial tests,taking the loess in Longxi area as an example,the authors established the loess triaxial test model by using PFC3Dsoftware and simulating triaxial shear test under the different confining pressures in 0 kPa,50 kPa and 300 kPa.Compared with laboratory triaxial shear test,the numerical simulation test has a guiding role in loess mechanical strength analysis.

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

基于Arduino的SMA丝材智能修复损伤钢筋混凝土梁试验研究

为修复钢筋混凝土梁在使用阶段中由于材料老化、裂缝开展等原因造成的损伤,提出一种基于Arduino智能平台和形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,SMA,具有形状记忆效应和超弹性特性)的智能修复控制系统,根据挠度及裂缝控制原理,设计智能修复控制装置。该装置由输入模块、处理模块和输出模块组成,当检测到钢筋应变超过限值时,输出模块升高SMA丝材温度对梁体进行修复。为验证该智能修复装置的修复性能,设计对比梁A(无修复装置)与试验梁B(加装智能修复控制装置),在加载过程中对试验梁B进行3次修复,对2根梁的跨中挠度、钢筋应变及裂缝宽度等进行对比分析。结果表明:破坏时试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度均小于对比梁A,并且在3次修复中试验梁B的跨中挠度、裂缝宽度和钢筋应变最大回复率分别为31.0%、47.0%和71.5%。说明该智能修复控制装置可以监测试验梁受损情况并激发SMA材料对试验梁实施修复,实现钢筋混凝土梁的智能修复。

基于摄影测量的三轴土体剪切带演化规律

为实现土样局部变形的定向研究,同时优化土样的变形测量精度,将数字图像测量与三轴试验结合,在不对仪器做大型改造的条件下,运用摄影测量技术改良试验.以桂林地区红黏土为研究对象,试验全程对土样全表面进行受力变形监测,并还原土样的三维重构模型,以此研究其应力应变关系、局部应变特性、剪切带演化规律.研究结果表明:(1)土样表面的剪切带内外区域具有截然不同的变形特征,带外区域变形较为均匀且变形量趋于稳定,而带内区域变形不均匀且变形量不断加剧;(2)根据土样表面不同区域间的局部应变差异,确定了剪切带开始形成、停止扩张及完全贯穿的临界状态,提出了一种判别剪切带发展阶段的方法;(3)根据判别方法,将剪切带的演化过程拆分为压缩变形、表面扩张、延伸贯穿、相对滑移四个阶段,并分析了各个阶段不同的变形规律与破坏机理.经摄影测量技术改良的三轴试验,能够得到更准确的土体局部本构关系和变形特性,为探索土的应变局部化现象提供了一种精确且经济的研究方案.

不同初始状态下黄土的平面应变卸载力学特性

针对于黄土工程中的平面应变卸载问题,利用平面应变改造后的真三轴仪,开展了不同初始状态(原状、重塑和饱和)黄土在不同固结围压和含水率条件下的平面应变卸载试验,揭示了不同初始状态黄土的应力-应变演化关系、中主应力特性和强度特性。研究结果表明,不同初始状态黄土的应力-应变曲线在低含水率和低围压条件下呈现理想塑性,随着固结围压和含水率增大,从弱硬化型向强硬化型转变;黄土的不同初始状态对应力-应变关系演化特性影响较大,原状黄土曲线最高,重塑黄土次之,饱和黄土最低;固结围压越大、含水率越低,初始切线斜率越大,应力应变曲线越高,土的强度发挥越快。原状和饱和黄土的中主应力和中主应力参数均先减小后增大,衰减幅度大,增长幅度小,中主应力参数的增长幅度要大于中主应力;重塑黄土的中主应力和中主应力参数则先减小后基本保持稳定。平面应变卸载条件下不同初始状态黄土的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率增大近似呈现线性减小;不同初始状态对土黏聚力的影响要明显大于内摩擦角。原状黄土在低围压和低含水率条件下沿着剪切带形成明显的侧向滑移破坏,其余条件下均发生测胀破坏。

基于长标距光纤光栅传感技术的智能碳纤维筋性能研究

光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术以其抗干扰、传感与传输一体化等优点,成为CFRP拉索智能监测重点研究方向之一。然而,传统CFRP拉索智能监测属于点式或局部传感,难以满足服役全时感知及高量程监测需求。因此,提出将长标距FBG传感技术与螺旋倾斜式技术复合,研制一种智能CFRP筋,并通过循环静力拉伸、低周疲劳(高应力状态下)与极限静力拉伸试验,探究各试验条件下智能CFRP筋的力学及传感性能和试验后性能损失情况。试验表明:智能CFRP筋应变传感性能在不同工况(15 kN、42 kN)下3次循环拉伸的线性相关系数均大于0.99,说明智能CFRP筋应变传感性能较好,具有可重复性,同时将FBG监测值与应变片监测值进行对比,表现出较好的吻合性。低周疲劳试验过程中FBG监测值与疲劳荷载变化规律一致,且监测值与理论应变上下限误差少于8%,试验过程中未出现数据异常、应变感知迟滞等现象,FBG存活率达到100%,验证了智能CFRP筋良好的应变传感性能,可实现智能CFRP筋轴向动应变的监测。在极限静力拉伸试验中,FBG最大波长变化量达13 454 pm,监测应变达到了11 000με以上,可实现智能CFRP筋更大量程应变的监测。经过3次循环静力拉伸和低周疲劳试验后智能CFRP筋的FBG监测值线性相关系数相比对照组试件有所提高,智能CFRP筋极限荷载有所降低,FBG应变监测量程受影响较小,前期试验主要对智能CFRP筋筋材造成了累积损伤。试验结果可为CFRP拉索智能监测的理论设计和研究提供重要的依据。

基于应变测试矿用汽车车架结构优化设计分析

矿用铰接车采用液压举升机构实现货物卸载,受力情况复杂,对车架结构影响大且要求高。针对某自卸车后车架和货箱在不同运行条件下的承载特性进行分析,获取各工况的载荷情况和边界条件;根据前述分析,建立后车架和货箱的有限元分析模型,选取多个典型工况开展分析,获取应力应变的分布情况;采用材料升级、圆角优化及焊接工艺提升等,针对应力集中和较大位置进行优化设计,降低应力值,保证安全裕度满足要求;采用直角应变测试法,针对实际自卸车车架开展应力测试,在分析的关键位置布置应变片,选取典型工况开展测试,并与仿真结果开展对比。结果可知:自卸车铰接点和液压举升缸鹅颈支撑处应力较大,并且出现了应力集中,但均在许可范围之内;采用厚度提升、直径增大及焊接工艺提升等方法,有效提升应力分布,最大值明显降低;实车测试和仿真分析,满载工况应力分布基本一致,最大值误差低于5.8%;优化后结果明显低于优化前;结果表明分析模型和优化方法的可靠性,为此类分析设计提供参考。

低应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩的动力响应规律

岩体中节理面的存在是引起冲击应力波衰减的主要原因,会造成爆炸能量的衰减及降低爆破效果。为探讨低应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学性质、应力波传递规律和能量传递规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置对低应变率下3种不同冲击气压、4种不同倾角的节理花岗岩进行冲击试验。结果表明:(1)在含节理的岩样中,其峰值应力随节理倾角的增大呈下降趋势,随冲击荷载的增大呈上升趋势;(2)透射系数随节理倾角的增加先增大后减小,随冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大;(3)能量传递系数随节理倾角的增加先增高后降低,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0º和45º的岩样,其能量传递系数都随着冲击荷载的增大而减小,而节理倾角θ=15º和30º的岩样,其能量传递系数随着冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大。

高应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩损伤机制研究

针对冲击荷载作用下贯通节理花岗岩动力响应特征和能量演化规律这一研究目标,以含不同倾角节理花岗岩为研究对象,基于不同倾角节理岩体损伤力学理论模型,开展了高应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)冲击试验,完成了高应变率下花岗岩的损伤特征研究,获取了岩体动态力学性质和能量耗散特征。研究结果表明:(1)基于Druck-Prager准则和Weibull强度分布准则,结合弹性波理论,建立了不同倾角节理岩体的应力-应变理论模型,该模型能够较好地反映花岗岩的抗压强度、弹性模量随节理倾角变化的动态力学特性,具有较强的倾角效应;(2)相同冲击荷载下,随节理倾角的增大,能量反射系数呈线性上升趋势,能量传递系数呈线性下降趋势,岩样的峰值应力逐渐而减小;相同节理倾角下,随冲击荷载增大,能量反射系数先增大后减小,能量传递系数先减小再增大,能量吸收率随节理倾角的增大而减小;(3)当冲击荷载相同时,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0°和θ=15°岩样的破碎程度较大,而节理倾角θ=30°和θ=45°岩样的破碎程度较小;当节理倾角相同时,随冲击荷载增大,超过岩样最大抗压强度时,岩样由剪切和拉伸破坏逐渐转化成压碎破坏,且破碎程度也随之增大。

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土应力应变响应

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土对工程建设意义重大。基于土工格室与填土的相互作用机制和增量法,采用弹塑性理论、邓肯-张双曲线模型、修正剑桥屈服函数以及剪胀方程,推导了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的应力应变响应计算模型,进行了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的三轴固结排水剪切试验,实测不同围压下的应力应变关系,采用三轴试验结果验证了所提理论模型的正确性和可靠性。此外,采用所提理论模型进行了参数敏感分析,研究了填土的力学性质参数、格室的网格尺寸和力学性质参数对于加筋土应力应变响应的影响。研究结论表明,与砂砾料相似,土工格室约束作用对于正常固结黏土的内摩擦角影响较小,而黏聚力有所增加;随着轴向应变的增加或围压的减小,加筋效果逐渐明显;加筋正常固结黏土的强度和刚度随着非线性弹性常数k的增加、强度参数φ的增加和Rf的减小而增大,常数n对于加筋土应力应变响应影响较小。本研究成果可为工程建设提供理论借鉴。

基于可追溯性的家用电器检测方法研究

通过研究GB 4706.1—2005《家用和类似用途电器的安全第一部分:通用要求》、IEC 60335-1标准和相关CTL决议内容,并结合不同检测人员出具的关于家用电器检验检测原始记录的案例,通过案例从标准条款、试验前准备、操作步骤、注意事项和应用案例等方面对标准中部分检测项目的试验方法进行研究,旨在使标准条款的试验方法更具有可操作性,试验记录更具有检测过程可追溯性。以标志擦拭试验和电源软线拉力扭矩试验为例,从质量控制的角度深入分析了人、机、料、法、环等方面的影响因素和解决方法,并归纳出能应用到家用电器检测过程的追溯性控制方法。

西宁地区主要平菇菌株秋冬两季农艺性状和产量比较试验

目的 了解不同平菇菌株的农艺性状及产量,为西宁地区平菇产业发展提供理论支撑。方法 以西宁地区栽培的10个平菇菌株为试验材料,通过熟料袋栽方式,观测其发菌出菇情况、子实体性状及产量。结果 从发菌出菇速度来看,8105和小黑平吃料快、菌丝生长速率快,过肩时间、满袋时间和出菇时间均较短,菌丝生长表现优异。从各菌株子实体的农艺性状来看,8105和抗病3号的菌盖厚度、单袋产量和单朵鲜重最高,显著优于其他菌株,同时8105的菌盖直径亦最高,农艺性状表现最好。从单袋产量和生物学效率来看,抗病3号和8105的菌株最高,两者无显著差异,且均极显著高于其他菌株;其次是小黑平的单袋产量和总生物学效率较高。结论 从发菌出菇速度、农艺性状和产量3方面综合对比可知,8105和抗病3号可作为西宁地区平菇推广栽培的首选菌株,小黑平可作为备选菌株。

一株高效解钾菌的筛选、鉴定及培养条件的优化

以黑土水稻田中解钾菌为研究目标,共分离筛选出5株解钾菌,通过其形态特征以及测定菌株解钾能力筛选出1株高效解钾菌株S1。利用16S rDNA鉴定S1的种属,并通过单因素试验和正交试验优化该菌株的培养条件。结果表明,分离筛选得到的5株解钾菌均能有效分解钾长石,菌株S1解钾能力最强,解钾率为57.03%,发酵液中解钾量为3.852 mg/L,为最优解钾菌。初步鉴定解钾菌S1为伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia ambifaria)。经单因素试验和正交试验优化后的培养组分为碳源1.0%甘露醇、氮源1.0%蛋白胨、无机盐0.5%K_(2)HPO_(4),培养条件为温度30℃、时间48 h、培养基装液量(培养瓶250 mL)80 mL、初始pH 6.5、接种量5.0%。