A new two-step variational model for multiplicative noise removal with applications to texture images

Multiplicative noise removal problems have attracted much attention in recent years.Unlike additive noise,multiplicative noise destroys almost all information of the original image,especially for texture images.Motivated by the TV-Stokes model,we propose a new two-step variational model to denoise the texture images corrupted by multiplicative noise with a good geometry explanation in this paper.In the first step,we convert the multiplicative denoising problem into an additive one by the logarithm transform and propagate the isophote directions in the tangential field smoothing.Once the isophote directions are constructed,an image is restored to fit the constructed directions in the second step.The existence and uniqueness of the solution to the variational problems are proved.In these two steps,we use the gradient descent method and construct finite difference schemes to solve the problems.Especially,the augmented Lagrangian method and the fast Fourier transform are adopted to accelerate the calculation.Experimental results show that the proposed model can remove the multiplicative noise efficiently and protect the texture well.

Texture Image Segmentation Based on Nonlinear Diffusion

A texture image segmentation based on nonlinear diffusion is presented. The scale of texture can be measured during the process of nonlinear diffusion. A smooth 5-channel vector image with edge preserved, which is composed of intensity, scale and orientation of texture image, can be achieved by coupled nonlinear diffusion. A multi-channel statistical region active contour is employed to segment this vector image. The method can be seen as a kind of unsupervised segmentation because parameters are not sensitive to different texture images. Experimental results show its high efficiency in the semiautomatic extraction of texture image.

Texture Image Classification Based on Gabor Wavelet

For a texture image, by recognizining the class of every pixel of the image, it can be partitioned into disjoint regions of uniform texture. This paper proposed a texture image classification algorithm based on Gabor wavelet. In this algorithm, characteristic of every image is obtained through every pixel and its neighborhood of this image. And this algorithm can achieve the information transform between different sizes of neighborhood.Experiments on standard Brodatz texture image dataset show that our proposed algorithm can achieve good classification rates.

Shift Invariance Level Comparison of Several Contourlet Transforms and Their Texture Image Retrieval Systems

In this paper, we proposed a metric to measure the shift invariance of the three different contourlet transforms. And then, using the same structure texture image retrieval system which use subband coefficients energy, standard deviation and kurtosis features with Canberra distance, we gave a comparison of their texture description abilities. Experimental results show that contourlet-2.3 texture image retrieval system has almost retrieval rates with non-sub sampled contourlet system;the two systems have better retrieval results than the original contourlet retrieval system. On the other hand, for the relatively lower redundancy, we recommend using contourlet- 2.3 as texture description transform.

Correlation of image textures of a polarization feature parameter and the microstructures of liver fibrosis tissues

Mueller matrix imaging is emerging for the quantitative characterization of pathological microstructures and is especially sensitive to fibrous structures.Liver fibrosis is a characteristic of many types of chronic liver diseases.The clinical diagnosis of liver fibrosis requires time-consuming multiple staining processes that specifically target on fibrous structures.The staining proficiency of technicians and the subjective visualization of pathologists may bring inconsistency to clinical diagnosis.Mueller matrix imaging can reduce the multiple staining processes and provide quantitative diagnostic indicators to characterize liver fibrosis tissues.In this study,a fibersensitive polarization feature parameter(PFP)was derived through the forward sequential feature selection(SFS)and linear discriminant analysis(LDA)to target on the identification of fibrous structures.Then,the Pearson correlation coeffcients and the statistical T-tests between the fiber-sensitive PFP image textures and the liver fibrosis tissues were calculated.The results show the gray level run length matrix(GLRLM)-based run entropy that measures the heterogeneity of the PFP image was most correlated to the changes of liver fibrosis tissues at four stages with a Pearson correlation of 0.6919.The results also indicate the highest Pearson correlation of 0.9996 was achieved through the linear regression predictions of the combination of the PFP image textures.This study demonstrates the potential of deriving a fiber-sensitive PFP to reduce the multiple staining process and provide textures-based quantitative diagnostic indicators for the staging of liver fibrosis.

Topic highlight on texture and color enhancement imaging in gastrointestinal diseases

Olympus Corporation developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.This topic highlights a series of hot-topic articles that investigated the efficacy of TXI for gastrointestinal disease identification in the clinical setting.A randomized controlled trial demonstrated improvements in the colorectal adenoma detection rate(ADR)and the mean number of adenomas per procedure(MAP)of TXI compared with those of white-light imaging(WLI)observation(58.7%vs 42.7%,adjusted relative risk 1.35,95%CI:1.17-1.56;1.36 vs 0.89,adjusted incident risk ratio 1.48,95%CI:1.22-1.80,respectively).A cross-over study also showed that the colorectal MAP and ADR in TXI were higher than those in WLI(1.5 vs 1.0,adjusted odds ratio 1.4,95%CI:1.2-1.6;58.2%vs 46.8%,1.5,1.0-2.3,respectively).A randomized controlled trial demonstrated non-inferiority of TXI to narrow-band imaging in the colorectal mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per procedure(0.29 vs 0.30,difference for non-inferiority-0.01,95%CI:-0.10 to 0.08).A cohort study found that scoring for ulcerative colitis severity using TXI could predict relapse of ulcerative colitis.A cross-sectional study found that TXI improved the gastric cancer detection rate compared to WLI(0.71%vs 0.29%).A cross-sectional study revealed that the sensitivity and accuracy for active Helicobacter pylori gastritis in TXI were higher than those of WLI(69.2%vs 52.5%and 85.3%vs 78.7%,res-pectively).In conclusion,TXI can improve gastrointestinal lesion detection and qualitative diagnosis.Therefore,further studies on the efficacy of TXI in clinical practice are required.

Multiwavelets domain singular value features for image texture classification

A new approach based on multiwavelets transformation and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed for the classification of image textures. Lower singular values are truncated based on its energy distribution to classify the textures in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The proposed approach extracts features such as energy, entropy, local homogeneity and max-min ratio from the selected singular values of multiwavelets transformation coefficients of image textures. The classification was carried out using probabilistic neural network (PNN). Performance of the proposed approach was compared with conventional wavelet domain gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) based features, discrete multiwavelets transformation energy based approach, and HMM based approach. Experimental results showed the superiority of the proposed algorithms when compared with existing algorithms.

High-resolution Remote Sensing Image Semi-global Matching Method Considering Geometric Constraints of Connection Points and Image Texture Information

Dense matching of remote sensing images is a key step in the generation of accurate digital surface models.The semi-global matching algorithm comprehensively considers the advantages and disadvantages of local matching and global matching in terms of matching effect and computational efficiency,so it is widely used in close-range,aerial and satellite image matching.Based on the analysis of the original semi-global matching algorithm,this paper proposes a semi-global high-resolution remote sensing image that takes into account the geometric constraints of the connection points and the image texture information based on a large amount of high-resolution remote sensing image data and the characteristics of clear image texture.123123The method includes 4 parts:①Precise orientation.Aiming at the system error in the image orientation model,the system error of the rational function model is compensated by the geometric constraint relationship of the connecting points between the images,and the sub-pixel positioning accuracy is obtained;②Epipolar image generation.After the original image is divided into blocks,the epipolar image is generated based on the projection trajectory method;③Image dense matching.In order to reduce the size of the cost space and calculation time,the image is pyramided and then semi-globally matched layer by layer.In the matching process,the disparity map expansion and erosion algorithm that takes into account the image texture information is introduced to restrict the disparity search range and better retain the edge characteristics of the ground objects;④Generate DSM.In order to test the matching effect,the weighted median filter algorithm is used to filter the disparity map,and the DSM is obtained based on the principle of forward intersection.Finally,the paper uses the matching results of WordView3 and Ziyuan No.3 stereo image to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Real-time ore sorting using color and texture analysis

Sensor-based ore sorting is a technology used to classify high-grade mineralized rocks from low-grade waste rocks to reduce operation costs.Many ore-sorting algorithms using color images have been proposed in the past,but only some validate their results using mineral grades or optimize the algorithms to classify rocks in real-time.This paper presents an ore-sorting algorithm based on image processing and machine learning that is able to classify rocks from a gold and silver mine based on their grade.The algorithm is composed of four main stages:(1)image segmentation and partition,(2)color and texture feature extraction,(3)sub-image classification using neural networks,and(4)a voting system to determine the overall class of the rock.The algorithm was trained using images of rocks that a geologist manually classified according to their mineral content and then was validated using a different set of rocks analyzed in a laboratory to determine their gold and silver grades.The proposed method achieved a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.961 points,higher than other classification algorithms based on support vector machines and convolutional neural networks,and a processing time under 44 ms,promising for real-time ore sorting applications.

Improved visibility of colorectal tumor by texture and color enhancement imaging with indigo carmine

BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis and early resection of colorectal polyps are important to prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer.However,technical factors and morphological factors of polyps itself can lead to missed diagnoses.Imageenhanced endoscopy and chromoendoscopy(CE)have been developed to facilitate an accurate diagnosis.There have been no reports on visibility using a combination of texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)and CE for colorectal tumors.AIM To investigate the visibility of margins and surfaces with the combination of TXI and CE for colorectal lesions.METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic.We extracted polyps that were resected and diagnosed as adenomas or serrated polyps(hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated lesions)from our endoscopic database.An expert endoscopist performed the lower gastrointestinal endoscopies and observed the lesion using white light imaging(WLI),TXI,CE,and TXI+CE modalities.Indigo carmine dye was used for CE.Three expert endoscopists rated the visibility of the margin and surface patterns in four ranks,from 1 to 4.The primary outcomes were the average visibility scores for the margin and surface patterns based on the WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE observations.Visibility scores between the four modalities were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests.RESULTS A total of 48 patients with 81 polyps were assessed.The histological subtypes included 50 tubular adenomas,16 hyperplastic polyps,and 15 sessile serrated lesions.The visibility scores for the margins based on WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE were 2.44±0.93,2.90±0.93,3.37±0.74,and 3.75±0.49,respectively.The visibility scores for the surface based on WLI,TXI,CE,and TXI+CE were 2.25±0.80,2.84±0.84,3.12±0.72,and 3.51±0.60,respectively.The visibility scores for the detection and surface on TXI were significantly lower than that on CE but higher than that on WLI(P<0.001).The visibility scores for the margin and surface on TXI+CE were significantly higher than those on CE(P<0.001).In the sub-analysis of adenomas,the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI+CE was significantly better than that on WLI,TXI,and CE(P<0.001).In the sub-analysis of serrated polyps,the visibility for the margin and surface on TXI+CE was also significantly better than that on WLI,TXI,and CE(P<0.001).CONCLUSION TXI+CE enhanced the visibility of the margin and surface compared to WLI,TXI,and CE for colorectal lesions.

STUDY ON THE TECHNIQUE TO DETECT TEXTURE FEATURES IN SAR IMAGES

This letter studies on the detection of texture features in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Through analyzing the feature detection method proposed by Lopes, an improved texture detection method is proposed, which can not only detect the edge and lines but also avoid stretching edge and suppressing lines of the former algorithm. Experimental results with both simulated and real SAR images verify the advantage and practicability of the improved method.

Wavelength Estimation Method Based on Radon Transform and Image Texture

In order to overcome the shortcoming of poor accuracy and non-serious intuitivism of traditional wavelength calculation method in serious noise, a revised Radon transform algorithm is proposed by using a straight-line instead of using the wave＇s texture approximately applied to wavelength estimation. Firstly, Radon transform of the radar image is analyzed. Then, to obtain its fitting straight line combined with wave texture, the distance is calculated between straight lines to get the wavelength. Finally, the algorithm is programmed with Matlab on PC. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the estimation accuracy of the wavelength with good visibility.

High-resolution Remote Sensing Image Semi-global Matching Method Considering Geometric Constraints of Connection Points and Image Texture Information

Dense matching of remote sensing images is a key step in the generation of accurate digital surface models.The semi-global matching algorithm comprehensively considers the advantages and disadvantages of local matching and global matching in terms of matching effect and computational efficiency,so it is widely used in close-range,aerial and satellite image matching.Based on the analysis of the original semi-global matching algorithm,this paper proposes a semi-global high-resolution remote sensing image that takes into account the geometric constraints of the connection points and the image texture information based on the large amount of high-resolution remote sensing image data and the characteristics of clear image texture.The method includes 4 parts:(1)Precise orientation.Aiming at the system error in the image orientation model,the system error of the rational function model is compensated by the geometric constraint relationship of the connecting points between the images,and the sub-pixel positioning accuracy is obtained;(2)Epipolar image generation.After the original image is divided into blocks,the epipolar image is generated based on the projection trajectory method;(3)Image dense matching.In order to reduce the size of the cost space and calculation time,the image is pyramided and then semi-globally matched layer by layer.In the matching process,the disparity map expansion and erosion algorithm that takes into account the image texture information is introduced to restrict the disparity search range and better retain the edge characteristics of the ground objects;(4)Generate DSM.In order to test the matching effect,the weighted median filter algorithm is used to filter the disparity map,and the DSM is obtained based on the principle of forward intersection.Finally,the paper uses the matching results of WordView3 and Ziyuan No.3 stereo image to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Precision in detecting colon lesions:A key to effective screening policy but will it improve overall outcomes?

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for the screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer,resulting in a decrease in the incidence and mortality of colon cancer.However,it has a 21%rate of missed polyps.Several strategies have been devised to increase polyp detection rates and improve their characterization and delimi-tation.These include chromoendoscopy(CE),the use of other devices such as Endo cuffs,and major advances in endoscopic equipment[high definition,magnification,narrow band imaging,i-scan,flexible spectral imaging color enhancement,texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI),etc.].In the retrospective study by Hiramatsu et al,they compared white-light imaging with CE,TXI,and CE+TXI to determine which of these strategies allows for better definition and delimitation of polyps.They concluded that employing CE associated with TXI stands out as the most effective method to utilize.It remains to be demonstrated whether these results are extrapolatable to other types of virtual CE.Additionally,further investigation is needed in order to ascertain whether this strategy could lead to a reduction in the recurrence of excised lesions and potentially lower the occurrence of interval cancer.

Texture and color enhancement imaging in magnifying endoscopic evaluation of colorectal adenomas

BACKGROUND Olympus Corporation has developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.AIM To investigate the effectiveness of TXI in identifying colorectal adenomas using magnifying observation.METHODS Colorectal adenomas were observed by magnified endoscopy using white light imaging(WLI),TXI,narrow band imaging(NBI),and chromoendoscopy(CE).This study adopted mode 1 of TXI.Adenomas were confirmed by histological examination.TXI visibility was compared with the visibility of WLI,NBI,and CE for tumor margin,and vessel and surface patterns of the Japan NBI expert team(JNET)classification.Three expert endoscopists and three non-expert endoscopists evaluated the visibility scores,which were classified as 1,2,3,and 4.RESULTS Sixty-one consecutive adenomas were evaluated.The visibility score for tumor margin of TXI(3.47±0.79)was significantly higher than that of WLI(2.86±1.02,P<0.001),but lower than that of NBI(3.76±0.52,P<0.001),regardless of the endoscopist’s expertise.TXI(3.05±0.79)had a higher visibility score for the vessel pattern of JNET classification than WLI(2.17±0.90,P<0.001)and CE(2.47±0.87,P<0.001),but lower visibility score than NBI(3.79±0.47,P<0.001),regardless of the experience of endoscopists.For the visibility score for the surface pattern of JNET classification,TXI(2.89±0.85)was superior to WLI(1.95±0.79,P<0.01)and CE(2.75±0.90,P=0.002),but inferior to NBI(3.67±0.55,P<0.001).CONCLUSION TXI provided higher visibility than WLI,lower than NBI,and comparable to or higher than CE in the magnified observation of colorectal adenomas.

Texture and color enhancement imaging for detecting colorectal adenomas: Good, but not good enough

Texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)has been developed as a novel image-enhancing endoscopy.However,the effectiveness of TXI detecting adenomas is inferior to narrow band imaging.Thus,future studies will need to focus on investigating the feasibility of such combination in clinical settings in order to provide patients with more accurate diagnoses.

More efficient ground truth ROI image coding technique: implementation and wavelet based application analysis

In this paper, more efficient, low-complexity and reliable region of interest （ROI） image codec for compressing smooth low texture remote sensing images is proposed. We explore the efficiency of the modified RO! codec with respect to the selected set of convenient wavelet filters, which is a novel method. Such ROI coding experiment analysis representing low bit rate lossy to high quality lossless reconstruction with timing analysis is useful for improving remote sensing ground truth surveillance efficiency in terms of time and quality. The subjective [i.e. fair, five observer （HVS） evaluations using enhanced 3D picture view Hyper memory display technology] and the objective results revealed that for faster ground truth ROI coding applications, the Symlet-4 adaptation performs better than Biorthogonal 4.4 and Biorthogonal 6.8. However, the discrete Meyer wavelet adaptation is the best solution for delayed ROI image reconstructions.

A Method of Using Information Entropy of an Image as an Effective Feature for Com-puter-Aided Diagnostic Applications

Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) systems are increasingly being used as an aid by clinicians for detection and interpretation of diseases. In general, a CAD system employs a classifier to detect or distinguish between abnormal and normal tissues on images. In the phase of classification, a set of image features and/or texture features extracted from the images are commonly used. In this article, we investigated the characteristic of the output entropy of an image and demonstrated the usefulness of the output entropy acting as a texture feature in CAD systems. In order to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the output-entropy-based texture feature, two well-known texture features, i.e., mean and standard deviation were used for comparison. The database used in this study comprised 50 CT images obtained from 10 patients with pulmonary nodules, and 50 CT images obtained from 5 normal subjects. We used a support vector machine for classification. A leave-one-out method was employed for training and classification. Three combinations of texture features, i.e., mean and entropy, standard deviation and entropy, and standard deviation and mean were used as the inputs to the classifier. Three different regions of interest (ROI) sizes, i.e., 11 × 11, 9 × 9 and 7 × 7 pixels from the database were selected for computation of the feature values. Our experimental results show that the combination of entropy and standard deviation is significantly better than both the combination of mean and entropy and that of standard deviation and mean in the case of the ROI size of 11 × 11 pixels (p < 0.05). These results suggest that information entropy of an image can be used as an effective feature for CAD applications.

Vector textures derived from higher order derivative domains for classification of colorectal polyps

Textures have become widely adopted as an essential tool for lesion detection and classification through analysis of the lesion heterogeneities.In this study,higher order derivative images are being employed to combat the challenge of the poor contrast across similar tissue types among certain imaging modalities.To make good use of the derivative information,a novel concept of vector texture is firstly introduced to construct and extract several types of polyp descriptors.Two widely used differential operators,i.e.,the gradient operator and Hessian operator,are utilized to generate the first and second order derivative images.These derivative volumetric images are used to produce two angle-based and two vectorbased(including both angle and magnitude)textures.Next,a vector-based co-occurrence matrix is proposed to extract texture features which are fed to a random forest classifier to perform polyp classifications.To evaluate the performance of our method,experiments are implemented over a private colorectal polyp dataset obtained from computed tomographic colonography.We compare our method with four existing state-of-the-art methods and find that our method can outperform those competing methods over 4%-13%evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves.

A New Multistep Approach to Identify Leaf-Off Poplar Plantations Using Airborne Imagery

Identification of type of leafless trees using both fall imagery and field-based surveys is a global concern in the forest science community. Few studies were devoted to separate leafless trees from others in the growth season using remote sensing imagery. But this study was the first attempt to identify the type of leafless tree in the fall imagery. We investigated the potential of the Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) and k-mean segmentation techniques, and texture and color image analyses to identify leafless poplar trees using imagery collected in a leaf-off season. For the first time in this study, the star shaped feature identifier was found through a binary image that was successful in identifying leaf-off poplar plantations. Optimal threshold values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Green Index (NGI) indices were able to differentiate highly vegetated land, green farms, and gardens from the grasses that sometimes grow between poplar plantation lines. A Coefficient of Variation (CV) of red color intensity and histogram of value were also successful in separating bare soil and other land cover types. Imagery was processed and analyzed in a Matlab software. In this study, leafless poplar plantation was identified with a user accuracy of 84% and the overall accuracy was obtained 81.3%. This method provides a framework for identification of leafless poplar trees that may be beneficial for distinguishing other types of leafless trees.