Near-field surface deformation during the April 20,2013,Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake measured by 1-Hz GNSS

The April 20, 2013, Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake was successfully recorded by closely spaced Continuous Global Positioning System （CGPS） stations owned by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of Chi- na （CMONC）. The 1-Hz GNSS data from eight CGPS stations, which are located between 30 km and 200 km from the hypocenter, were processed within quasi-real-time. The near-field surface deformation indicated the following characteristics ： the near-field movements were limited to several centimeters ; the peak of the deformation wave was significantly larger than the static permanent offset; at the beginning of the event, the north wall of the fault moved to the southeast as the south wall moved to the southwest ; station SCTQ, which was the closest station to the hypocenter at 30 km, had the largest static permanent displacement of 2 cm; the peaks of the deformation waves were 1.5 cm, 5 cm and 3 cm, to the east, the south and vertically upward, respectively ; and the peaks of velocity and acceleration, derived from the deformation, were 3.4 cm/s and 5.3 cm/s^2,respectively.

Directional seismic response to the complex topography:A case study of 2013 Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake

Azimuthal variations in site response can provide a good insight into the site amplification and seismic conditions of geohazard occurrences.In this study,multiple directional site response methods,including D-Arias(Directional-Arias),D-SER(Directional-Shaking energy ratio),D-HVSR(Directional-Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio)and D-SSR(Directional–Standard spectral ratio),are adopted to analyse seismic data of the 2013 Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquake captured by the self-established Lengzhuguan(LZG)station which consists of the complex topography of isolated ridge,large mountain and some typical micro-reliefs.The results show that the isolated ridge could cause stronger site responses than the large mountain,and whose pronounced response direction is roughly perpendicular to its ridgeline.With the growth of elevation,the siteresonant frequency decreases.The different microreliefs on the mountain cause different site responses,which present as protruding slope>linear slope.The site response mainly exists on the surficial layer of the mountain and shows that with the increase of the distance to mountain surface,the site response gets weaker,the site resonant frequency gets higher,and the pronounced response direction is perpendicular to its ridgeline.

Strong ground motion simulation for the 2013 Lushan M_W6.6 earthquake, Sichuan, China, based on the inverted and synthetic slip models

It is well known that quantitative estimation of slip distributions on fault plane is one of the most important issues for earthquake source inversion related to the fault rupture process. The characteristics of slip distribution on the main fault play a fundamental role to control strong ground motion pattern. A large amount of works have also suggested that variable slip models inverted from longer period ground motion recordings are relevant for the prediction of higher frequency ground motions. Zhang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1412-1417, 2013） and Wang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1408-1411,2013） published their source inversions for the fault rupturing process soon after the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, China. In this study, first, we synthesize two forward source slip models： the value of maximum slip, fault dimension, size, and dimension of major asperities, and comer wave number obtained from Wang＇s model is adopted to constrain the gen- eration of k-2 model and crack model. Next, both inverted and synthetic slip models are employed to simulate the ground motions for the Lushan earthquake based on the stochastic finite-fault method. In addition, for a comparison purpose, a stochastic slip model and another k-2 model （k 2 model II） with 2 times value of comer wave number of the original k-2 model （k 2 model I） are also employed for simulation for Lushan event. The simulated results characterized by Modified Mer- calli Intensity （MMI） show that the source slip models based on the inverted and synthetic slip distributions could capture many basic features associated with the ground motion patterns. Moreover, the simulated MMI distributions reflect the rupture directivity effect and the influence of the shallow velocity structure well. On the other hand, the simulated MMI bystochastic slip model and k 2 model II is apparently higher than observed intensity. By contrast, our simulation results show that the higher frequency ground motion is sensitive to the degree of slip roughness; therefore, we suggest that, for realistic ground- motion simulations due to future earthquake, it is imperative to properly estimate the slip roughness distribution.

A Combined Weight of Evidence and Logistic Regression Method for Susceptibility Mapping of Earthquake-induced Landslides: A Case Study of the April 20, 2013 Lushan Earthquake, China

The M_s 7.0 Lushan earthquake triggered a huge number of landslides. Landslide susceptibility mapping is of great importance. Weight of Evidence（Wo E） and Logistic Regression（LR） methods have been widely used for LSM（Landslide Susceptibility Mapping）. However, limitations still exist. Wo E is capable of assessing the influence of different classes of each factor, but neglects the correlation between factors. LR is able to analyze the relationship among the factors while it is not capable of evaluating the influence of different classes. This paper proposes a combined method of LR and Wo E for LSM, taking advantage of their individual merits and overcoming their limitations. An inventory of 1289 landslides was used： 70% were random-selected for training and the remaining for validation. 11 landslide condition factors were employed in the model and the result was validated using Receiver Operating Characteristic（ROC） curve. The results showed that the LRWo E model had a better accuracy than the LR model, producing an area below the curve with values of 0.802 success and 0.791 predictive, higher than that of the LR model（0.715 success and 0.722 predictive）. It is therefore concluded that the combined method of Wo E and LR can provide a promising level of accuracy for earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility mapping.

Enhancement of Seismicity Recorded by the Qiaojia Array before the 2013 Lushan and 2014 Ludian Earthquakes

A seismic array of twenty four seismometers(Qiaojia array) operated by the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration was situated along the Zemuhe fault and the north end of Xiaojiang fault,which is a part of the east boundary of the Chuan-Dian( Sichuan-Yunnan) rhombus crustal mass. The Qiaojia array started operation at the end of February,2012. Since then the April 20,2013 Lushan MS7. 0 earthquake and the August 3,2014 Ludian MS6. 5 earthquake have occurred in the vicinity of the Qiaojia array. The earthquake catalogue recorded by the Qiaojia array since March,2012 is used in this study. The temporal variation of the earthquake count before the Lushan event and the Ludian event is analyzed. The results are as follows:(1) A very clear gradually increasing variation of the count of M ≥ 2. 0 earthquakes within the region,where all earthquakes recorded by the Qiaojia array coverage can be found before the Lushan event and the Ludian event,and the increasing range and duration of the count before the Ludian event are both larger than those before the Lushan event.(2) In the region covered by the Qiaojia array,for earthquakes with depth h ≤10 km a rising process of the count was manifested before both events,along with a nearly same duration of about five and a half months,and for earthquakes with depths h > 10 km a rising-dropping process of the count was manifest before the Lushan event,before which the rising-dropping process appeared again. The variation of the count for earthquakes with depth h ≤ 10 km is the reverse of that for earthquakes with depth h > 10 km.(3) Within and near the region covered by the Qiaojia array,the variation of the count manifests a rising process for earthquakes with depth h ≤ 10 km or h > 10 km before the Lushan event and only for earthquakes with depth h ≤ 10 km before the Ludian event. The variation of the count manifests a weakening process for earthquakes with depth h > 10 km before the Lushan event. It is shown from the above results that the seismicity within and near the regioncovered by the Qiaojia array showed a steeply rising change before both the Lushan event and the Ludian event. This phenomenon could be revelatory to understanding the process of seismicity development.

Coseismic displacements and inospheric changes of the 2013 Ms7. 0 Lushan earthquake from GPS measurements

By inverting GPS data recorded at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） near the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake, we found a horizontal displacement of 22 mm at a site about 32 kin SW of the epicenter and vertical displacements of as much as 12.4 mm at several sites. The vertical displacements were generally uplift on the west side of the nearby Longmenshan fault zone and subsidence on the east side. We also found coseismic ionospheric disturbances about 0.5 to 0.9 TECU in amplitude that lasted for about one hour.

A rapid stability assessment of China's IGS sites after the Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake

A rapid and accurate assessment of the stability of surveying and mapping reference points is important for post - disaster rescue, disaster relief and reconstruction activities. Using Precise Point Positioning （PPP） technology, a rapid assessment of the stability of the IGS sites in China was performed after the Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake using rapid precise ephemeris and rapid precise satellite clock products. The results show that the earthquake had a very small impact and did not cause significant permanent deformation at the IGS sites. Most of the sites were unaffected and remained stable after the earthquake.

2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震和2017年九寨沟M_(S)7.0地震震前地球物理观测异常空间分布机理分析

对甘东南地区2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震和2017年九寨沟M_(S)7.0地震震前地球物理观测异常特征进行总结梳理。根据活动构造单元对地球物理观测台站进行区域划分,统计了相关构造单元上异常的数量和百分比,以及不同学科震前异常数量、百分比、异常持续时间等特征,并对异常的空间分布和机理进行分析,讨论了活动构造对异常分布的影响、异常强度与震源机制及断层应力之间的关系。结果表明:①2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震比2017年九寨沟M_(S)7.0地震震前地球物理观测异常百分比高,两次地震的震前电磁异常和跨断层水准测量异常均较为显著,而流体异常不明显;②震前地球物理观测异常分布与活动构造相关,2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震震前异常主要集中在东昆仑-西秦岭断裂带和六盘山-海原断裂带,2017年九寨沟M_(S)7.0地震震前异常则主要集中在龙门山断裂带和东昆仑-西秦岭断裂带;③两次地震震前地球物理观测异常分布均与GNSS速度场分布特征有较好的对应关系;④安德森断层应力模式解释了2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震(逆冲型)比2017年九寨沟M_(S)7.0地震(走滑型)的形成需要更多的应力积累,因此2013年岷县漳县M_(S)6.6地震虽然震级较小但震前异常更显著。

Did the MS 7.0 Lushan earthquake dynamically trigger earthquakes in the Datong volcanic region(Shanxi Province)?

Immediately following the Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake on April 20, 2013, using high-pass and low- pass filtering on the digital seismic stations in the Shanxi Province, located about 870-1,452 km from the earthquake epicenter, we detected some earthquakes at a time corre- sponding to the first arrival of surface waves in high-pass filtering waveform. The earthquakes were especially noticed at stations in Youyu （YUY）, Shanzizao （SZZ）, Shanghuangzhuang （SHZ）, and Zhenchuan （ZCH）, which are located in a volcanic region in the Shanxi Province,but they were not listed in the Shanxi seismic observation report. These earthquakes occurred 4-50 rain after the passage of the maximum amplitude Rayleigh wave, and the periods of the surface waves were mainly between 15 and 20 s following. The Coulomb stresses caused by the Ray- leigh waves that acted on the four stations was about 0.001 MPa, which is a little lower than the threshold value of dynamic triggering, therefore, we may conclude that the Datong volcanic region is more sensitive to the Coulomb stress change. To verify, if the similar phenomena are widespread, we used the same filtering to observecontrastively continuous waveform data before, and 5 h after, the Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake and Ms9.0 Tohoku earthquake in 2011. The results show that the similar phenomena occur before the earthquakes, but the seis- micity rates after the earthquakes are remarkably increased. Since these weak earthquakes are quite small, it is hard to get clear phase arrival time from three or more stations to locate them. In addition, the travel time differences between P waves and S waves （S-P） are all less than 4 s, that means the events should occur in 34 km around the stations in the volcanic region. The stress of initial dynamic triggering of the Ms9.0 Tohoku earthquake was about 0.09 MPa, which is much higher than the threshold value of dynamic triggering stress. The earthquakes after the Ms9.0 Tohoku earthquake are related to dynamic triggering stress, but the events before the earthquake cannot be linked to seismic events, but may be related to the back- ground seismicity or from other kinds of local sources, such as anthropogenic sources （i.e., explosions）. Using two teleseismic filtering, the small background earthquakes in the Datong volcanic region occur frequently, thus we postulate that previous catalog does not apply bandpass filter to pick out the weak earthquakes, and some of the observed weak events were not triggered by changes in the dynamic stress field.

2013年芦山MS7.0地震前南北地震带数字化水位、水温高频信息异常特征及效能分析

数字化观测资料中含有丰富的高频异常信息,这些高频信息中可能隐含着与地震有关的异常信号。引入概率密度分布法对2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震发生前南北地震带水位、水温分钟值观测数据高频成分进行分析,结果表明,芦山MS7.0地震前南北地震带共有17个测点、 19组数据出现高频异常信息,其中水位5组、水温14组,高频异常多集中在四川南部构造带,且随着时间进程发展,异常幅值逐渐减小且异常出现向震中区迁移的特征。通过应用Molchan图表法对提取的高频信息进行统计检验,结果显示,概率密度分布法提取的高频异常对地震具有较好的预测效果。通过对震源区及附近区域大地构造演化、前兆异常发展及地壳运动速度场等特征分析,结果发现,计算得到的地下流体高频异常空间分布特征与南北地震带地壳运动场具有很好的一致性,表明利用概率密度分布法提取的高频异常与区域构造活动存在一定相关性,同时也为前人关于对异常形成机理的研究提供了旁证。

2013年四川芦山M_(S)7.0地震仪器烈度与调查烈度对比分析

基于2013年四川芦山M_(S)7.0地震宏观调查点、调查烈度和强震仪记录数据,采用四川省地震局强震动监测技术组计算得到的各台仪器烈度值,绘制了芦山M_(S)7.0地震宏观调查点与调查烈度等震线和仪器烈度等值线分布图,分析了芦山M_(S)7.0地震的仪器烈度与调查烈度的对应关系。结果表明:仪器烈度与调查烈度有较好的对应关系,仪器烈度Ⅵ度点在调查烈度Ⅵ度以上区域总体占比为88.24%,仪器烈度Ⅶ度点在调查烈度Ⅶ度以上区域内总体占比为81.82%;仪器烈度的等值线高值范围可较好展示出地震灾害的程度;仪器烈度区的空间分布特征可表征芦山M_(S)7.0的发震断裂的控制作用,仪器烈度的等值线区总体呈现沿龙门山断裂带方向相对于垂直方向衰减慢;仪器烈度的等值线区发震断裂上盘影响范围相对发震断裂下盘影响范围大;仪器烈度分布与调查烈度分布既有对应关系又存在差异,这在震后短时间内灾区的震灾信息尚不清楚的情况下,能够快速对可能的震害涉及范围、人员伤亡分布、经济损失和生命线工程等损失作出预估,仪器烈度分布可以为应急救援决策、救灾方案制定和救灾力量部署等工作提供重要依据。

2013年四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡

2013年4月20日,四川省芦山县发生了M S7.0地震。文中简要介绍了芦山地震的基本情况与芦山地震区历史地震及其相关地震滑坡情况。依据2008年汶川地震滑坡与地震动峰值加速度(PGA)的空间关系,对芦山地震滑坡大体分布范围进行了推测。根据地震滑坡分类学,将芦山地震滑坡分为破坏型滑坡、连贯型滑坡、流滑型滑坡3大类。其中,破坏型滑坡包括岩质崩塌、岩质滑动、岩质崩滑、土质崩塌、土质滑动等5类;连贯型滑坡包括土质坍塌与慢土流2类;流滑型滑坡为快速流滑。破坏型滑坡如岩质崩塌、岩石滑动、土质崩塌这3类是芦山地震滑坡中最常见的类型。基于震后可利用的高分辨率航片,初步解译得到3 883处滑坡位置点数据。最后,从余震对滑坡的影响,芦山地震滑坡与邻区地震滑坡对比分析,对后续基于高分辨率遥感影像的滑坡精细解译的启示等3个方面开展了分析与讨论。

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震前后姑咱台四分量钻孔应变时频特征分析

2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震前,四川省姑咱台四分量钻孔应变仪再度记录到类似于2008年汶川MS8.0地震前的高频应变畸变信号.为了对该畸变信号各频率成分的时频演化特征进行细致分析,讨论应变异常的可信度及其与芦山地震的相关性,本文利用S变换方法对应变数据进行了处理.结果表明,研究时段内时频域中共出现两簇高能量异常,一簇开始于2012年10月并持续了约4个月,另一簇则开始于芦山MS7.0地震前数天.同时段远震的影响及施工干扰并不能构成该异常的主体,因此该异常可信度较高.异常中包含了周期由数分钟至数小时的信号成分,其中较短周期的信号成分震前出现较晚,震后衰减较快.震后异常信号的整体能量开始逐步衰减,异常信号成分减少,至2013年8月末应变观测记录已基本恢复至正常状态,整个应变异常显示的时频演化过程与芦山MS7.0地震具有较高相关性.

2013年芦山地震滑坡空间分布分析——以太平镇东北方向的一个典型矩形区为例

选择2013年芦山地震中受到强烈地震动的太平镇东北方向一个20km×10km的矩形区作为研究区,开展芦山地震滑坡空间分析工作。基于震后野外调查与高分辨率航片人工目视解译法,建立了研究区内地震滑坡空间分布图。结果表明,在研究区内芦山地震至少触发了688处滑坡,区域内滑坡点密度为3.44个/km2。统计了地震滑坡密度与地形因子、地层岩性、地震因子的关系。滑坡最易发高程为1600～1800m;滑坡密度大体随着坡度的增加而增加;E与SE方向是地震滑坡的易发坡向与高发坡向;凸坡的地震滑坡易发性最高。二叠系阳新组(Py)的灰岩与白云岩、元古界花岗岩(Pt)是地震滑坡的易发岩性。地震因子与滑坡密度的统计结果表明,大体上PGA值越大,地震烈度越高,地震滑坡越易发生;地震滑坡与距离双石-大川断裂的统计结果表明在双石-大川断裂的出露处地震滑坡密度未发生突变。因子的交互统计结果表明了坡度与PGA这2个因子作用于地震滑坡的独立性。

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震产生的静态库仑应力变化及其对余震空间分布的影响

2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带的西南段,距2008年汶川MS8.0地震仅约85km,时间上仅相隔5年.首先计算了汶川地震的静态库仑应力变化对本次芦山地震的影响,得出芦山地震是由汶川地震触发造成的(库仑应力上升了0.012 MPa);进一步计算了芦山地震与汶川地震这两次大地震共同产生的静态库仑应力变化.结果表明,芦山地震的余震受前面两次大地震的共同影响,而不仅仅是芦山地震单独作用的结果,超过85%的余震发生在两次地震共同产生的静态库仑应力变化增大的地方,而芦山地震本身触发不了本次的余震序列(仅48.7%的余震位于主震所产生的应力加载区).此外,计算结果表明芦山地震本身对周边断层影响较小,仅龙门山断裂带的东北段受到一定的加载作用;而由于汶川地震的作用,安宁河断裂、大凉山断裂、马尔康断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂呈卸载趋势,仅鲜水河断裂东南段和龙门山断裂中段受到加载作用,这均会加速断层上新地震的发生.

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震余震序列震源机制一致性的时空变化

利用体波谱振幅相关系数分析方法,对2013年4月20日至6月30日芦山MS7.0地震余震序列中四川地震台网固定台站记录的ML2.0~4.0地震的震源机制一致性进行了研究。将主要研究区分为5个子区,分区计算震群的平均相关系数。结果显示,同一时段内,震后2区平均相关系数最高,达0.809,随着与该区距离的增大而逐渐减小。4区2013年6月平均相关系数最低,仅为0.524;整个研究区的总平均相关系数由0.785变至0.575。主震发生后,随着时间的推移,各子区内地震的平均相关系数均逐渐减小;随着区域应力场能量的释放,震群的震源机制一致性逐渐变差。

2013年芦山地震和2014年鲁甸地震前巧家台阵观测到的地震活动增强现象

中国地震局地球物理研究所在川滇菱形块体东边界的小江断裂带北段布设了巧家地震观测台阵,2012年2月底开始运行以来,在其附近地区先后发生2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震和2014年8月3日云南鲁甸MS6.5地震。本文利用2012年3月至2014年7月巧家台阵观测到的地震活动资料,分析了芦山地震和鲁甸地震前巧家台阵观测区域范围内地震活动的异常特征。结果显示:(1)巧家台阵记录到的全部地震分布区域内M≥2.0地震频次随时间的变化显示,地震频次在芦山MS7.0和鲁甸MS6.5地震前都出现了明显的上升变化过程,且在鲁甸地震前地震频次上升幅度比在芦山地震前明显大,地震频次上升过程持续时间在鲁甸地震前比在芦山地震前明显长。(2)在台阵覆盖范围内,地震频次随时间的变化显示出如下特点:对于震源深度h≤10km的地震,其频次在芦山MS7.0和鲁甸MS6.5地震前都出现了非常明显的上升变化过程,且上升过程持续时间相同,约为5个半月;对于震源深度h>10km的地震,其频次在芦山地震前出现上升—下降变化过程。芦山地震发生之后,其频次再次出现上升下降过程。h≤10km的地震与h>10km的地震之间,其频次存在反向变化现象。(3)在台阵覆盖范围及邻近区域内,芦山地震前,震源深度在10km上方和下方的地震活动同步出现增强变化过程,而在鲁甸地震前,在10km上方地震活动呈增强变化特征,而在10km下方的地震活动呈减弱变化特征。上述结果显示,在芦山地震和鲁甸地震前,巧家台阵及其邻近区域地震活动均出现了显著的增强活动,对认识地震孕育过程和地震预测研究具有一定的启示意义。

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震源区的地震波速度变化研究

本文利用四川区域台网的连续波形记录,研究了2013年4月20日四川芦山地震前后震源区不同路径上介质速度的变化过程。结果显示,在地震发生前,本文使用的穿过震源区的所有路径上未能观测到速度变化,而几个台站对(SMI-YZP、XJI-EMS、WCH-MDS)之间的路径上,在地震发生后存在速度的快速减小,量级为0.4%,速度快速减小过程持续时间很短。只有少量台站对观测到速度变化,表明芦山地震震源区介质变化不显著。

2013年四川芦山M_S7.0地震强地面运动模拟

运用经验格林函数法模拟2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震的近场强地面运动.在拟合过程中,首先参考前人远场反演结果给出的滑动量分布特征和主震波形的包络线特征,确定强震动生成区的大致范围和数量;然后利用Somerville等提出的地震矩与凹凸体面积的经验关系式确定强震动生成区细小划分的初值,继而利用遗传优化算法确定以上二者的最优值及其它震源参数.将数值模拟波形与实际地震观测记录在时间域和频率域分别进行比较,结果显示,在所选取的30个观测台站中,多数台站的数值模拟结果与实际观测结果符合得很好,特别是大于1Hz的高频部分.断层面上有两个强震动生成区,其位置与前人反演的滑动量集中分布区相一致,而且强震动生成区规模比Somerville等获得的标度率估计值要小.

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震序列断层结构及震源区应力场特征

使用芦山地震序列2013年4月20日至5月20日一个月的地震震相数据和MS4.0以上地震的波形数据,通过双差定位方法得到了3 398个地震的精定位结果,利用时间域全波形反演方法得到17个地震的矩张量解。综合分析地震双差定位结果和芦山地震序列中强地震震源机制解,发现芦山地震发震构造由主震断层和次级反冲断层组成,主震断层为一走向北东、倾向北西、倾角约为45°的高角度逆冲断层,次级反冲断层与主震断层走向相同,倾向相反,两条断层均未出露地表。主震和余震震源机制解均为逆冲型,几乎没有走滑分量。震源区主压应力方位为北西向,与发震断层走向近乎垂直。