Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is ...Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is a prerequisite for using such a strategy. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on tomatoes cvs, Capricia, Mecano and Cederico in order to investigate the effect of different day/night temperature regimes (24/17, 27/14 and 30/11℃) where the same mean temperature was maintained for the production and germination of pollen. In addition, fruit quality as determined by fruit firmness, dry matter content, soluble solids, titratable acids, and pH was examined at harvest and after seven and 14 days of storage. The 30/11℃ treatment significantly increased pollen production and germination compared to the 24/17℃ treatment, while the 27/14℃ treatment was generally in between the other two treatments. Fruits grown at the 27/14℃ treatment were significantly firmer, while fruits grown at 24/17℃ had higher dry matter content, soluble solids, and titratable acids compared to the other treatments. There were significant differences between cultivars with respect to firmness, dry matter, titratable acidity, and pH. The quality of the fruits changed during storage, but the storability of the tomatoes was not affected by preharvest temperature treatments. The overall conclusion was that the 27/14℃ treatment was superior to the other two temperature treatments with respect to the studied parameters.展开更多
If low night temperatures can be combined with high day temperatures, providing optimal growth conditions for plants, a significant energy saving can be achieved in greenhouses. Lowering the night temperature from 18&...If low night temperatures can be combined with high day temperatures, providing optimal growth conditions for plants, a significant energy saving can be achieved in greenhouses. Lowering the night temperature from 18°C to 10°C-11°C for 8 h had no negative effect on the CO2 exchange rate (CER) during the following light period in tomato. This was found both in plants grown in artificial light only or in combination with daylight. Allowing the temperature to increase from 20°C to about 40°C, in parallel with an increasing solar photon flux density (PFD) from 0 up to about 800 μmol·m-2·s-1 in the greenhouse during summer, progressively increased CER when the CO2 concentration was maintained at 900 μmol·mol-1. At 400 μmol·mol-1 CO2, maximum CER was reached at about 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD combined with a temperature of 32°C, and leveled out with a further increase in PFD and temperature. Maximum CER at high CO2 concentration was around 100% higher than at low CO2 level. Under early autumn conditions, CER increased up to about 500 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD/32°C at low CO2 and up to about 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD/35°C at high CO2. An elevated CO2 level doubled the CER in this experiment as well. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence showed no effect of low night temperature, high day temperature or CO2 concentration on the quantum yield of photosynthesis, indicating that no treatment negatively affected the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. The results showed that low night temperatures may be combined with very high day temperatures without any loss of daily photosynthesis particularly in a CO2 enriched atmosphere. If this can be combined with normal plant development and no negative effects on the yield, significant energy savings can be achieved in greenhouses.展开更多
Long Day' s Journey into Night is one of Eugene O' Neill' s (1888-1953) masterpieces, who is a great American playwright and called the father of modern American drama. This thesis aims at the analysis of ...Long Day' s Journey into Night is one of Eugene O' Neill' s (1888-1953) masterpieces, who is a great American playwright and called the father of modern American drama. This thesis aims at the analysis of the contradictions in family members in the play. The first part analyzes the contradictions between wife and husband. The second part focuses on the contradictory relationship in parents and sons. The contradictions between brothers are discussed in the third part. Through the study of the causes of the contradictory relationship among family members, the tragedy of the characters in the play will be explored to the readers, which is also the tragedy of modern Ameri can people.展开更多
About 5,000 meters above sea level, the grasslands of no rthern Tibet were often referred to as "no man's land: although there were the nomadic families here and there. The low levels of oxygen made it more t...About 5,000 meters above sea level, the grasslands of no rthern Tibet were often referred to as "no man's land: although there were the nomadic families here and there. The low levels of oxygen made it more than just a bit difficult for plants and animals to live, which is why it also bore the name "life's forbidden zone: Those who did happen to call this place their home often resided in Tsonyi and Nyima counties, which were known for their lack of modern transportation. People on the outside were once terrified to go there, let alone live there, but today, the situation is like comparing night and day, a historical moment in bringing a forgotten land into the limelight of modern development.展开更多
Eugene O’Neill,one of the essential writers of the 20th century,was hailed as the“American Shakespeare.”He enjoyed a high reputation in America owing to his special writing techniques.Long Day’s Journey into Night...Eugene O’Neill,one of the essential writers of the 20th century,was hailed as the“American Shakespeare.”He enjoyed a high reputation in America owing to his special writing techniques.Long Day’s Journey into Night was his last play,which was an autobiographical play to some extent,and founded on his own authentic experience.The play told the story of an Irish immigrant family’s daily life from day to night.Among the studies at home and abroad,many discuss this play from a psychological perspective and Feminist perspective.The article,instead,gives an interpretation of this play according to Cooperative Principle.Through the analysis of their conversations,it points out what principles their communications violated so as to understand the implied meaning of their conversations.The thesis tries to study the conversations between Mary and other family members,and then demonstrate that Mary is the most tragic person in the family.展开更多
Natural and human systems are exposed and vulnerable to climate extremes, which contributes to the repercussions of climate variability and the probability of disasters. The impacts of both natural and human-caused cl...Natural and human systems are exposed and vulnerable to climate extremes, which contributes to the repercussions of climate variability and the probability of disasters. The impacts of both natural and human-caused climate variability are reflected in the reported changes in climate extremes. Particularly at the local community levels in the majority of the regions, there is currently a dearth of information regarding the distribution, dynamics, and trends of excessive temperatures among the majority of Tanzanians. Over the years 1982-2022, this study examined trends in Tanzania’s extreme temperature over the June to August season. Based on the distinction between absolute and percentile extreme temperatures, a total of eight ETCCDI climate indices were chosen. Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the presence of trends in extreme climatic indices and the Sen’s Slope was applied to compute the extent of the trends in temperature extremes. The study showed that in most regions, there is significant increase of warm days and nights while the significant decrease of cold days and nights was evident to most areas. Moreover, nighttime warming surpasses daytime warming in the study area. The study suggests that anthropogenic influences may contribute to the warming trend observed in extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures globally, with Tanzania potentially affected, as indicated in the current research. The overall results of this study reflect patterns observed in various regions worldwide, where warm days and nights are on the rise while cold days and nights are diminishing.展开更多
Ruth and Mary are two heroines in Eugene O'Neill's plays Beyond the Horizon, and Long Day's Journey into Night. They have some similarities: when they are young, they are beautiful, native and full of hope...Ruth and Mary are two heroines in Eugene O'Neill's plays Beyond the Horizon, and Long Day's Journey into Night. They have some similarities: when they are young, they are beautiful, native and full of hope towards the future life, but both make wrong choices; in the following years, both suffer a lot from these wrong choices, and feel regretful. This paper tries to explore these two tragic female images.展开更多
The polar day and night are special phenomena that occur within the Antarctic and Arctic circles.There is no such phenomenon at Great Wall Station(62°13′S, 58°58′ W). There are 55 and 58 days at the Zhongs...The polar day and night are special phenomena that occur within the Antarctic and Arctic circles.There is no such phenomenon at Great Wall Station(62°13′S, 58°58′ W). There are 55 and 58 days at the Zhongshan Station (ZSS, 69°22′S, 76°22′ E) for the polar day and the polar night respectively. The observational experiment of radiation and thermal regime were carried out at the latter station from February 1990 to January 1991.In the present note the characteristics of the surface radiation are analysed from the data obtained in the experiment.展开更多
Hot temperature extremes exert strong negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts worldwide.In this paper,we focus on the major land areas of the Belt and Road(BR)and develop a dataset of high temperature extreme...Hot temperature extremes exert strong negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts worldwide.In this paper,we focus on the major land areas of the Belt and Road(BR)and develop a dataset of high temperature extremes including hot days,hot nights and combined hot extremes using Climate Prediction Center(CPC)gridded daily temperature data at a resolution of 0.5°during 1979-2018.The constant thresholds of daily maximum surface air temperature(Tmax)include 28℃,30℃,32℃,35℃,38℃,and 40℃,while those of daily minimum surface air temperature(Tmin)consist of 20℃,25℃,and 30℃.Data of hot days,hot nights and combined hot extreme are produced based on different constant Tmax and Tmin thresholds and their combination.We also adopt the 90th and 95th percentile thresholds of Tmax and Tmin to generate high temperature extreme data.The validation with China Meteorological Administration(CMA)data over eastern China for the period of 1979-2011 indicates that our dataset can generally describe the spatial and temporal variations of high temperature extremes well.Potential applications of this dataset include analyses on the local-to-regional characteristics of high temperature extremes and their impacts on various sectors over the major BR land areas.The dataset is available at http://www.sciencedb.cn/dataSet/handle/904.展开更多
This study revealed the dual roles of Cu(Ⅱ)on the β-lactam antibiotics degradation in Suwannee River fulvic acid(SRFA)solution during day and night cycle.Amoxicillin(AMX)and ampicillin(AMP)were selected as the repre...This study revealed the dual roles of Cu(Ⅱ)on the β-lactam antibiotics degradation in Suwannee River fulvic acid(SRFA)solution during day and night cycle.Amoxicillin(AMX)and ampicillin(AMP)were selected as the representative β-lactam antibiotics.Cu(Ⅱ)played a key role in the dark degradation of AMX and AMP via catalytic hydrolysis and oxidation.However,Cu(Ⅱ)mainly exhibited an inhibitory effect on SRFA-involved photochemical degradation of AMX and AMP.In the presence of 500 nM of Cu(Ⅱ),the degradation rate of AMX and AMP in the light condition were around 5 times higher than that in the dark condition,suggesting the photodegradation of β-lactam antibiotics was much more pronounced than catalyzed hydrolysis and oxidation.The triplet excited state of SRFA(^(3)SRFA*)primarily contributed to AMX and AMP photodegradation.Hydroxyl radicals(·OH)and singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))exhibited limit impacts.The redox cycle of Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ)restricted the electron transfer pathway of ^(3)SRFA* with AMX and AMP.During the day and night cycles for 48 h,Cu(Ⅱ)served as a stronger inhibitor rather than a promotor.These findings highlight the interactions between Cu(Ⅱ)and SRFA are distinct under day and night conditions,which could further affect the fate of β-lactam antibiotics in natural environments.展开更多
文摘Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is a prerequisite for using such a strategy. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on tomatoes cvs, Capricia, Mecano and Cederico in order to investigate the effect of different day/night temperature regimes (24/17, 27/14 and 30/11℃) where the same mean temperature was maintained for the production and germination of pollen. In addition, fruit quality as determined by fruit firmness, dry matter content, soluble solids, titratable acids, and pH was examined at harvest and after seven and 14 days of storage. The 30/11℃ treatment significantly increased pollen production and germination compared to the 24/17℃ treatment, while the 27/14℃ treatment was generally in between the other two treatments. Fruits grown at the 27/14℃ treatment were significantly firmer, while fruits grown at 24/17℃ had higher dry matter content, soluble solids, and titratable acids compared to the other treatments. There were significant differences between cultivars with respect to firmness, dry matter, titratable acidity, and pH. The quality of the fruits changed during storage, but the storability of the tomatoes was not affected by preharvest temperature treatments. The overall conclusion was that the 27/14℃ treatment was superior to the other two temperature treatments with respect to the studied parameters.
文摘If low night temperatures can be combined with high day temperatures, providing optimal growth conditions for plants, a significant energy saving can be achieved in greenhouses. Lowering the night temperature from 18°C to 10°C-11°C for 8 h had no negative effect on the CO2 exchange rate (CER) during the following light period in tomato. This was found both in plants grown in artificial light only or in combination with daylight. Allowing the temperature to increase from 20°C to about 40°C, in parallel with an increasing solar photon flux density (PFD) from 0 up to about 800 μmol·m-2·s-1 in the greenhouse during summer, progressively increased CER when the CO2 concentration was maintained at 900 μmol·mol-1. At 400 μmol·mol-1 CO2, maximum CER was reached at about 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD combined with a temperature of 32°C, and leveled out with a further increase in PFD and temperature. Maximum CER at high CO2 concentration was around 100% higher than at low CO2 level. Under early autumn conditions, CER increased up to about 500 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD/32°C at low CO2 and up to about 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 PFD/35°C at high CO2. An elevated CO2 level doubled the CER in this experiment as well. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence showed no effect of low night temperature, high day temperature or CO2 concentration on the quantum yield of photosynthesis, indicating that no treatment negatively affected the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. The results showed that low night temperatures may be combined with very high day temperatures without any loss of daily photosynthesis particularly in a CO2 enriched atmosphere. If this can be combined with normal plant development and no negative effects on the yield, significant energy savings can be achieved in greenhouses.
文摘Long Day' s Journey into Night is one of Eugene O' Neill' s (1888-1953) masterpieces, who is a great American playwright and called the father of modern American drama. This thesis aims at the analysis of the contradictions in family members in the play. The first part analyzes the contradictions between wife and husband. The second part focuses on the contradictory relationship in parents and sons. The contradictions between brothers are discussed in the third part. Through the study of the causes of the contradictory relationship among family members, the tragedy of the characters in the play will be explored to the readers, which is also the tragedy of modern Ameri can people.
文摘About 5,000 meters above sea level, the grasslands of no rthern Tibet were often referred to as "no man's land: although there were the nomadic families here and there. The low levels of oxygen made it more than just a bit difficult for plants and animals to live, which is why it also bore the name "life's forbidden zone: Those who did happen to call this place their home often resided in Tsonyi and Nyima counties, which were known for their lack of modern transportation. People on the outside were once terrified to go there, let alone live there, but today, the situation is like comparing night and day, a historical moment in bringing a forgotten land into the limelight of modern development.
文摘Eugene O’Neill,one of the essential writers of the 20th century,was hailed as the“American Shakespeare.”He enjoyed a high reputation in America owing to his special writing techniques.Long Day’s Journey into Night was his last play,which was an autobiographical play to some extent,and founded on his own authentic experience.The play told the story of an Irish immigrant family’s daily life from day to night.Among the studies at home and abroad,many discuss this play from a psychological perspective and Feminist perspective.The article,instead,gives an interpretation of this play according to Cooperative Principle.Through the analysis of their conversations,it points out what principles their communications violated so as to understand the implied meaning of their conversations.The thesis tries to study the conversations between Mary and other family members,and then demonstrate that Mary is the most tragic person in the family.
文摘Natural and human systems are exposed and vulnerable to climate extremes, which contributes to the repercussions of climate variability and the probability of disasters. The impacts of both natural and human-caused climate variability are reflected in the reported changes in climate extremes. Particularly at the local community levels in the majority of the regions, there is currently a dearth of information regarding the distribution, dynamics, and trends of excessive temperatures among the majority of Tanzanians. Over the years 1982-2022, this study examined trends in Tanzania’s extreme temperature over the June to August season. Based on the distinction between absolute and percentile extreme temperatures, a total of eight ETCCDI climate indices were chosen. Mann-Kendall test was used to assess the presence of trends in extreme climatic indices and the Sen’s Slope was applied to compute the extent of the trends in temperature extremes. The study showed that in most regions, there is significant increase of warm days and nights while the significant decrease of cold days and nights was evident to most areas. Moreover, nighttime warming surpasses daytime warming in the study area. The study suggests that anthropogenic influences may contribute to the warming trend observed in extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures globally, with Tanzania potentially affected, as indicated in the current research. The overall results of this study reflect patterns observed in various regions worldwide, where warm days and nights are on the rise while cold days and nights are diminishing.
文摘Ruth and Mary are two heroines in Eugene O'Neill's plays Beyond the Horizon, and Long Day's Journey into Night. They have some similarities: when they are young, they are beautiful, native and full of hope towards the future life, but both make wrong choices; in the following years, both suffer a lot from these wrong choices, and feel regretful. This paper tries to explore these two tragic female images.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and State Antarctic Committee of China.
文摘The polar day and night are special phenomena that occur within the Antarctic and Arctic circles.There is no such phenomenon at Great Wall Station(62°13′S, 58°58′ W). There are 55 and 58 days at the Zhongshan Station (ZSS, 69°22′S, 76°22′ E) for the polar day and the polar night respectively. The observational experiment of radiation and thermal regime were carried out at the latter station from February 1990 to January 1991.In the present note the characteristics of the surface radiation are analysed from the data obtained in the experiment.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2018YFA0606501].
文摘Hot temperature extremes exert strong negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts worldwide.In this paper,we focus on the major land areas of the Belt and Road(BR)and develop a dataset of high temperature extremes including hot days,hot nights and combined hot extremes using Climate Prediction Center(CPC)gridded daily temperature data at a resolution of 0.5°during 1979-2018.The constant thresholds of daily maximum surface air temperature(Tmax)include 28℃,30℃,32℃,35℃,38℃,and 40℃,while those of daily minimum surface air temperature(Tmin)consist of 20℃,25℃,and 30℃.Data of hot days,hot nights and combined hot extreme are produced based on different constant Tmax and Tmin thresholds and their combination.We also adopt the 90th and 95th percentile thresholds of Tmax and Tmin to generate high temperature extreme data.The validation with China Meteorological Administration(CMA)data over eastern China for the period of 1979-2011 indicates that our dataset can generally describe the spatial and temporal variations of high temperature extremes well.Potential applications of this dataset include analyses on the local-to-regional characteristics of high temperature extremes and their impacts on various sectors over the major BR land areas.The dataset is available at http://www.sciencedb.cn/dataSet/handle/904.
基金China’s National Key Research and Development Program(grant 2017YFE0133200)National Science Foundation of China(grants 51708562 and 21577178)+2 种基金Characteristic Innovation Projects of Universities in Guangdong province(grant 2018KTSCX001)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515011664)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20lgzd22)for their financial support of this study.
文摘This study revealed the dual roles of Cu(Ⅱ)on the β-lactam antibiotics degradation in Suwannee River fulvic acid(SRFA)solution during day and night cycle.Amoxicillin(AMX)and ampicillin(AMP)were selected as the representative β-lactam antibiotics.Cu(Ⅱ)played a key role in the dark degradation of AMX and AMP via catalytic hydrolysis and oxidation.However,Cu(Ⅱ)mainly exhibited an inhibitory effect on SRFA-involved photochemical degradation of AMX and AMP.In the presence of 500 nM of Cu(Ⅱ),the degradation rate of AMX and AMP in the light condition were around 5 times higher than that in the dark condition,suggesting the photodegradation of β-lactam antibiotics was much more pronounced than catalyzed hydrolysis and oxidation.The triplet excited state of SRFA(^(3)SRFA*)primarily contributed to AMX and AMP photodegradation.Hydroxyl radicals(·OH)and singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2))exhibited limit impacts.The redox cycle of Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ)restricted the electron transfer pathway of ^(3)SRFA* with AMX and AMP.During the day and night cycles for 48 h,Cu(Ⅱ)served as a stronger inhibitor rather than a promotor.These findings highlight the interactions between Cu(Ⅱ)and SRFA are distinct under day and night conditions,which could further affect the fate of β-lactam antibiotics in natural environments.
