The Impact on Environmental Kuznets Curve by Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in China

Based on data of trade, foreign directinvestment (FDI), economic development andenvironmental conditions in China’s 30 provincesbetween 1990-2002, this paper deals with the impacton Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of tradeand FDI in China. The results show no direct impacton EKC of trade, on the one hand. However, tradecontributes significantly to economic growth, andhas played a positive role in introducing advancedpollution prevention technology and environmentalmanagement methodology to China. Therefore, aproactive trade policy will help solve the environmentalpollution problem brought by economic growth. Onthe other hand, there is a positive correlation betweenFDI and pollutant emission, which proves that FDIdoes have some negative influence on environmentin China due to hasty introduction of foreign capitaland inadequate environmental management systemin China.

An Empirical Study on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for China's Carbon Emissions:Based on Provincial Panel Data

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory, the authors choose provincial panel data of China in 1990-2007 and adopt panel trait root and co-integration testing method to study whether there is Environmental Kuznets Curve for China＇s carbon emissions. The research results show that： carbon emissions per capita of the eastern region and the central region of China fit into Environmental Kuznets Curve, but that of the western region does not. On this basis, the authors carry out scenario analysis on the occurrence time of the inflection point of carbon emissions per capita of different regions, and describe a specific time path.

Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in China: A Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

We apply a two pronged approach to analyze the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC, in three types of emissions in the People’s Republic of China from 1994 to 2014: a structural breakpoint analysis and a model based test. We apply it to PM2.5, industrial waste and domestic water pollution time series, and find evidence of EKC in all three types of emissions that require appropriate policy.

Green technical innovation, environmental expenditure, and the environmental Kuznets curve:a dynamics model

The relationship between the emission of pollutant and economic growth has attracted a lot of attention in the environmental debate of the recent decades. Based on some theoretical and empirical research on environmental Kuznets curve （EKC）, this paper introduces the environmental technical innovation and environmental investment into Salow growth model to discuss the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission of pollutant By the dynamic simulation and parameters analysis, the results of the model indicate： （1） when ＂green＂ technical progress and environmental investment are fixed, the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission shows the linear relationship; （2） ＂green＂ technical progress can lead to the positive growth rates with a decreasing level of emission, which is compatible with an EKC; （3） the proportion of the environmental investment can lead the different growth rates and level of emission. These results can explain that developing countries are ＂too poor to be green＂.

Study on the Internal Relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve

Based on theoretical derivation,this paper aims to analyse the internal relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve.Conclusions were made:(1)In terms of theoretical analysis and empirical researches,the existence of inverted U-shaped EKC and U-shaped Porter Curve has its rationality,most of the controversy come from the misuse and diversity of empirical methods;(2)The progress of Porter Hypothesis also relys on economic growth,which is compatible with EKC;(3)Similar to EKC,a threshold effect exist in the process of technological progress.Environmental regulation is a driving force to promote the widespread use of green technology and reach the threshold.(4)In the process of speeding up economic development,government should gradually increase the intensity of environmental regulation.

Relationship Between Economic Growth and Water Environmental Quality of Anshan City in Northeast China

Based on the decomposition model of environmental quality and univariate regression model,the relationships of industrial wastewater drainage with economic scale,economic structure,and technological level in Anshan,a mining city in Northeast China,were studied. The results showed that,due to scale effect,the drainage of three important industrial wastewater pollutants(COD,NH3-N and petroleum) increased 8505t,671t and 384t,respectively,and due to structure effect,those pollutants drainage increased 3996t,174t and 120t from 2001 to 2006. While due to technological effect,the drainage of COD,NH3-N and petroleum reduced 4452t,458t and 331t,and due to cross effect,those pollutants drainage reduced 7270t,575t and 476t simultaneously. Meantime,the relationships between household consumption structure and domestic sewage discharge were analyzed,and domestic sewage discharges in different income levels were also compared. The results showed that,the domestic sewage discharges would increase 376t with 1000 yuan(RMB) increased in the traffic and communication consumption,and they would be 344t,219t,428t,1873t,respectively,in housing consumption,food consumption,medical consumption,miscellaneous commodity consumption. The proportion of domestic sewage discharge increased for high income residents significantly,but reduced for lower income residents. The industrial wastewater pollutants drainage tends to be reduced by technical progress,while domestic sewage discharge will be a more important factor for urban water environment quality.

The Environmental Impacts of Informal Economies in China: Inverted U-shaped Relationship and Regional Variances

This paper aims to the debate on the nexus between informal economies and the environment by investigating the long-term dynamic impacts of China’s informal economies on pollution and considering regional differences in informal economies’ pollution.This paper uses the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes(MIMIC) model to estimate the size of informal economies and employs econometric models to examine their relationships to pollution based on provincial-level panel data from 2000 to 2017. The results indicate that informal economies’ effects on environmental pollution are not purely positive or negative. Rather, our model indicates that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between informal economies and pollution in the long run in China;this means that the level of environmental pollution increases at first and then decreases with the growth of informal economies. Further analysis shows that while this inverted, U-shaped relationship is significant in different regions of China, it is affected by different environmental impact factors. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications for environmental protection and sustainable development.

基于EKC&Lorenz Curve的山东省生态用地时空演变及保护区划研究

研究目的:剖析近20年山东省生态用地时空演变特点,划分不同保护区域,为编制国土资源空间规划、保护生态用地提供参考。研究方法:采用环境库兹涅兹曲线(EKC),判断全省生态用地的发展趋势;根据洛伦兹曲线(Lorenz Curve)和基尼系数(Gini)方法,描述全省生态用地的分布及其演变特征;利用地理信息系统(GIS),遥感(RS)等方法获取数据并输出计算结果。研究结果:1996年以来全省生态用地总面积减少了46.8×10~4 hm^2,减少态势具有明显的"平稳—加速—减缓"的阶段性特征;全省生态用地分布基尼系数由1996年的0.523降低为2016年的0.480,生态用地区域分布趋于均衡。研究结论:(1)随着生态文明建设和美丽中国战略的深入实施,将来有可能出现生态用地由减少到增加的拐点;(2)本文把全省划分为三类不同的保护区域,并根据不同保护区的特点提出了差别化的土地利用方向和生态保护政策。

基于EKC理论下碳排放与经济增长的二者关系研究——浙江省与安徽省的对比分析

碳排放与经济增长二者关系协调对积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和具有重大意义。论文以浙江与安徽为对比案例,从环境库兹涅茨曲线理论出发,基于脱钩模型和因素分解法,分析1997—2020年省域碳排放与经济增长的EKC曲线、脱钩态势及驱动因素。研究表明,浙江、安徽两省碳排放与经济增长EKC不符合传统倒“U”型曲线,均经历两次拐点,浙江为“N”型EKC,拐点年约为2007年和2014年,对应人均经济总量为36766元和73388元,安徽省为微弱的倒“N”型EKC曲线,拐点年约为1998年和2013年,对应人均经济总量为4452元和32733元;浙江碳排放脱钩由扩张负脱钩向强脱钩与弱脱钩方向转变,安徽以弱脱钩状态为主;能源结构与强度效应对浙江省的碳排放脱钩促进作用明显,而经济增长与能源结构效应对安徽省碳排放脱钩起负向作用。

Study on the Decoupling Indicators between Economic Development and Environmental Pollution

Decoupling theory and application are introduced firstly, and then the status and prospect of decoupling relation between environmental pollution and economic growth are analyzed. Finally, choice criteria and connotation of decoupling indicators are studied.

荆州市城市扩张与耕地流失的EKC关系及其影响因素

[目的]以荆州市为例,探讨城市扩张与耕地流失的关系及其对经济增长的影响。[方法]利用中国30 m年度土地覆盖数据集,分析1990—2019年城市扩张和耕地流失的时空格局及区域差异。引入环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假设,通过省级面板数据回归分析,检验城市扩张与经济增长的关系,并利用未来城市用地扩张(FULE)数据集预测未来情景下的耕地压力。[结果]城市扩张是耕地流失的主要原因,城市扩张的面积占新建城市用地面积的76%和耕地流失面积的28%。县级以上城市更倾向于利用耕地进行建设,而县级以下城市则有更多耕地转化为其他用途。城市扩张与耕地流失之间存在倒U型关系,表明耕地流失随经济增长先增后减,2012年达到拐点后开始脱钩。一些沿江和大型城市已经进入耕地流失减少的阶段,而一些内陆和中小型城市仍处于耕地流失增加的阶段。预计到2050年,荆州市将有30万~40万hm^(2)耕地被城市用地占用,三、四线城市损失最大。[结论]建议加强土地规划管理,控制城市扩张,优化土地利用结构,提高土地利用效率,保护耕地资源,并促进区域协调发展,实现经济与环境的平衡。

Probe into Environmental Kuznets Characteristics and Causes of Wastewater, Waste Gas, and Solid Wastes in Wuhan City

Environmental Kuznets characteristics and causes of waste water, waste gas, and solid wastes in Wuhan city was researched; By comparing the variation of “three wastes”, i.e. waste water, waste gas, and solid wastes, the model between standardized per capita GDP and values of “three wastes” discharge was established and the causes were analyzed based on the theory of environmental economics. The results show that 1) the total amount is fluctuantly increasing, but the discharges of the three kinds are temporarily different, 2) the curve conforms to the three-power function, in which the curve descends from 1985 to 1994, and the curve preliminary shows the environmental Kuznets characteristics from 1995 to 2001, 3) the simulated calculation illustrates that the turning point of this environmental Kuznets curve would be over 25007.25 Yuan per caprta, and 4) the economic development, changing of industry structure, energy resource structure, and environmental policies are the main factors leading to the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Wuhan city.

Is economic fitness helpful in achieving environmental sustainability in BRICS economies?A risk exposure perspective

A country’s ability to create complex goods and diversify its lines of products is essential for addressing all types of vulnerabilities.Quantifying a country’s vulnerability to extreme climatic events,such as droughts,superstorms,and other natural disasters,and its capacity for successful adaption,is an essential global need that has been ignored.This study examines the role of economic fitness(EF)in addressing climate change risk ex‐posure in BRICS countries in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve using panel data from 1995 to 2015.Panel threshold methodology is employed to ascertain the nonlinear relationship between EF and climate change risk exposure(i.e.,Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index(ND-GAIN)).In addition,empirical associations were estimated using panel-corrected standard errors,Driscoll-Kraay standard errors,and feasible generalized least squares estimation techniques.These findings demonstrated an inverted N shaped link between EF and ND-GAIN.Moreover,even after controlling for significant ND-GAIN influencing variables such as gross domestic product per capita,financial development,and urbanization,our robustness checks revealed significant and consistent findings.

基于EKC曲线的陕西省经济增长和主要污染物排放量关系分析

为分析陕西省经济增长与环境污染特征关系,判断陕西省生态环保工作所处阶段,本研究基于EKC曲线对2004—2019年国家统计局发布数据中陕西省主要污染物排放量及人均GDP进行统计分析。结果表明,不同污染物的ECK曲线具有不同特征,其中化学需氧量、氨氮、SO_(2)排放量随经济增长呈先增长后减少的倒U型趋势,NO_x排放量随经济增长呈下降趋势。

河南省碳排放与经济增长分析——基于EKC模型和Tapio脱钩模型

文章利用河南省2001—2020年的相关统计数据,运用EKC模型和Tapio脱钩模型对碳排放与经济增长进行实证研究。结果显示:2001—2020年河南省碳排放与经济增长的关系符合“N”型的库兹涅茨曲线;2001—2020年地方碳排放与经济增长表现为扩张联结和弱脱钩两种状态。据此提出河南省发展低碳经济的方向与建议。

安徽省工业发展与碳排放的EKC曲线模型分析及其影响因素研究

“双碳”战略背景下,发展绿色低碳经济是大势所趋。文章运用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型以及回归分析,对安徽省2004年至2021年期间工业GDP与工业碳排放之间的关系以及安徽省工业碳排放的影响因素进行研究分析。结果得出:(1)安徽省工业GDP与工业碳排放之间存在倒U型曲线关系,即随着工业的发展,碳排放将呈现先增加再降低的趋势,即在一定阶段后,工业经济增长可以实现碳排放的减少;(2)能源消费结构的改善以及能源加工转换效率的提高对安徽省工业碳排放的降低均有着显著的正向影响。通过研究为安徽省工业的绿色发展提供了一定的理论指导。

中国环境质量拐点:基于EKC的实证判断

促进环境质量改善是"十三五"时期实现绿色发展和最终全面建成小康社会的重要目标和任务。随着经济进入新常态和环境治理政策的强势推进,中国环境质量是否已经跨越峰值和进入持续改善的通道?本文基于环境库兹涅茨曲线这一理论工具,依据环境统计数据和国际经验事实判断中国是否到达环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点和具备促使环境质量持续改善的经济特征。首先,应用中国各省份1998—2013年的面板数据,对人均收入水平与主要大气污染物排放的关系进行回归拟合发现,人均烟粉尘排放自1998年以来持续下降,人均二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放均在"十二五"中前期到达峰值。大部分东部省份已经越过环境库兹涅茨曲线的拐点,但环境质量改善仍然缓慢。多数中部省份处于峰值阶段,而西部省份大都处于经济增长与环境质量恶化的矛盾阶段。其次,基于污染物排放的驱动因素框架,将中国当前的经济特征与美、日、韩三国跨越环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的经验进行比较,结论表明中国目前已基本具备了跨越环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的经济驱动条件,但是相对滞后的城镇化进程将会导致污染物排放峰值的扁平化和波动性。以主要污染物排放在2014年的基础上削减30%—40%作为环境质量全面改善的转折点判断,中国环境质量将在2025年左右趋于全面改善。最后,为了促进环境质量全面改善,认为应该根据各地区经济发展与环境污染形势的不同,实施差别化环境治理政策。同时积极防范新一轮城镇化过程中的环境风险,进一步强化区域环境污染的协同治理。

发展追赶过程中收入差距与环境破坏的动态关系——对KC和EKC关系的模型与实证分析

以一个动态追赶模型来模拟EC和EKC的倒U形,并进一步确认收入不公平也与环境破坏的正向关系的可能,模拟结果显示收入差距和环境质量的关系在追赶初期正向关系更为显著,对CO2、SO2和基尼系数的跨国数据检验证实了作者模型的判断,CO2体现出的EKC是一个先减速增加、后加速增加,然后减速下降的过程,SO2则是一个先减速增加,后加速增加的过程,但这一结果并不妨碍整体简单回归的凹性,这也是常规凹性检验中所忽略的部分;同时在两种污染物对基尼系数的回归中也发现了模型中出现的正向关系,即环境恶化与收入差距扩大并存。

The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Spatial Pattern of Environmental-Economy in China:Evidence from a Panel Cointegration Test

基于中国1985～2007年30个省级行政区环境污染与经济增长面板数据,运用面板协整工具和动态最小二乘法(DOLS)对环境库兹涅茨曲线进行了实证检验。结果显示我国工业废气污染、工业废水污染和工业固体废弃物污染变量与经济增长变量之间存在长期协整关系,且变量间均呈现出显著的倒U形环境库兹涅茨曲线关系,而EKC转折点并没有出现在过低的水平上;其后基于检验结果探讨了我国环境-经济空间格局,部分东部发达省区已经越过或接近3种污染物EKC的转折点,然而我国大部分的中西部省区并未越过EKC转折点甚至距离较远。目前我国仍面临巨大的环境压力,在减排方面需要花费巨大的经济成本。我国环境经济政策的制定应根据各种不同情况因地因时制宜。

浙江省废水排放增长的EKC曲线特征分析

选取浙江省1985~2004年经济和废水排放数据,通过分析经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立浙江省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果表明:浙江省废水排放与人均GDP的演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,1985~2004期间处于曲线的上升阶段。浙江省废水排放总量的EKC曲线理论转折点为人均GDP约34 305元,相应的废水排放总量峰值为35亿t,预测转折点出现的时间为2007年左右。工业废水排放量正处于EKC曲线的转折点附近,而生活废水排放量目前正处于EKC曲线加速上升的阶段,转折点出现的时间为2007年左右,对应的生活废水排放量的峰值为15亿t,是2004年生活废水排放量(11.6亿t)的1.3倍,形势非常严峻,应该引起重视。因此,十一五期间,浙江省尤其要注重对生活废水排放的控制和治理,并且保持较高的治理投入。