Historical Enlightenment of the Development of Traditional Maritime Powers in the World

In the rise process of the western powers,the ocean undoubtedly plays a very important role. It has become a universal " iron law" in the development history of the world powers to rise to the sea and fall behind it. It is a pioneering undertaking for China to build a characteristic maritime power,which could not " simply replicate" and " forcibly graft" the customary pattern of the western traditional maritime powers formed in hundreds of years.A number of experiences accumulated by the world's traditional maritime powers in the historical process of " going to the sea" are worth summarizing and learning,and it will give us a lot of historical enlightenment.

Economic Value and Historical Scenic Beauty: The Case of Chinampas (Raised Beds) in Xochimilco, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mexico

This article estimates the historical scenic beauty’s economic value that tourists do have to preserve a pre-Hispanic farm production system dating from XIV to XVI century to be known as chinampas (raised beds) and is located in Mexico City. Therefore, in order to do this, surveys are performed and by contingent valuation (CV), the willingness-to-pay (WTP) is estimated. The best estimation points out that tourists are willing to pay 24.4 dollars around each year, and by means of such estimation, it is estimated that the cultural service’s economic value to preserve raised beds is between US$ 3000 and US$ 3700 per hectare. Such found value must be used as another input for decision makers when dealing with projects and/or policies facing contrary purposes. The analysis is innovative in the sense that there is almost no CV literature to estimate the economic value of historical scenic beauty.

Memory Recently Retold： The Chinese Historical Writing of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.

World War Ⅱ Victory Allows No Distortion in the Interests of Justice and World Peace

2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression(1937-1945)and the World Anti-Fascist War.This year also marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations.At this historical moment in the inheritance of the past and ushering in the future,the

A history of tourism at the Mer de Glace: Adaptations of glacier tourism to glacier fluctuations since 1741

Climate change induces profound changes in mountain territories that affect the activities pursued there.Tourism is one activity that is strongly impacted by these changes.Most research on tourism in mountain regions has focused on winter sports tourism,but glacier tourism,a summer activity,is also severely affected by climate change-induced phenomena,including glacier retreat and other geomorphological processes.Given that Alpine glacier tourism has been pursued since the 18th century and glaciers have been changing throughout this period,this article aims to examine the adaptations implemented by glacier tourism operators since the activity’s beginnings.Through analysis of historical documents,glaciological surveys and semi-structured interviews,this paper reveals how tourism activities around the Mer de Glace(the largest French glacier)have been impacted by glacier fluctuations since the first visit to the area in 1741.The study reveals that these developments have mainly been driven by glacier retreat and associated paraglacial dynamics.More recently,the shortening of the period of snow cover on the glacier has also impacted tourism activities.Most of the adaptation strategies implemented by tourism operators during the period in question are found to be reactive,consisting in the installation of safety equipment,the renovation of access points or the building of new structures to allow tourist activities to continue despite the consequences of glacier retreat.Other strategies,such as the adoption of new activities by workers previously specialised in another,are identified that could be considered transformative strategies,although these were only adopted by workers when their activity was no longer feasible.The analysis of materials from 1741 to the present also reveals that the recent impacts of climate change on glacier tourism are much more significant and diverse than those produced by past fluctuations.Therefore,it is important that stakeholders take suitable measures to ensure the sustainable future of the Mer de Glace and other glacier tourism destinations.

Areas of the global major river plumes

River plumes are the regions where the most intense river-sea-land interaction occurs, and they are char- acterized by complex material transport and biogeochemical processes. However, due to their highly dy- namic nature, global river plume areas have not yet been determined for use in synthetic studies of global oceanography. Based on global climatological monthly averaged salinity data from the NOAA World Ocean Atlas 2009 （WOA09）, and monthly averaged salinity contour maps of the East and South China Seas from the Chinese Marine Atlas, we extract the monthly plume areas of major global rivers using a geographic information system （GIS） technique. Only areas with salinities that are three salinity units lower than the average salinity in each ocean are counted. This conservative estimate shows that the minimum and max- imum monthly values of the total plume area of the world＇s 19 largest rivers are 1.72× 106 kin2 in May and 5.38× 106 klTl2 inAugust. The annual mean area of these river plumes （3.72× 106 knl2） takes up approximately 14.2% of the total continental shelves area worldwide （26.15 × 106 km2）. This paper also presents river plume areas for different oceans and latitude zones, and analyzes seasonal variations of the plume areas and their relationships with river discharge. These statistics describing the major global river plume areas can now provide the basic data for the various flux calculations in the marginal seas, and therefore will be of useful for many oceanographic studies.

Historical Geography of Middle Black Sea （Amisos）

Anatolia peninsula that is a bridge between Asia and Europe has become a house for many diverse nations and settlement for over centuries because of its unprecedented strategic location above mentioned. Every newly-arrived community seems to have captured the native features. Regardless looking what their origins or from where they come this Anatolian culture, local features of which overrides, takes its base from Anatolia＇s distinctive geopolitical location. Situated in the crossroads of world＇s most beautiful and important roads Anatolia has lots of different geographical features that are isolated from each other by chain of mountains and include many units. And this allowed the peninsula to have different cultural features in almost every period of history. In Anatolia that has a very dynamic history, one of the most important element changing in time is the name of places. Despite the fact that there is not a precision in the change of names, it is generally related with the language used by prevailing public.

Creation of a Geo-Spatial Database to Analyse Railways in Europe (1830-2010). A Historical GIS Approach

The GIS is a tool that allows us to study the logic of the distribution of phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface. In this article, we propose exploring its potential for historical research over long periods. Here, we present a Historical GIS (HGIS) of the railways of Europe for the period 1830-2010. This is a response to the need to carry out spatialtemporal analyses in order to evaluate the territorial impact of the railway and its influence on the distribution of population. The main objectives of this work are: to publicise the existence of this spatial database;to explain the approach followed in order to produce it;and to highlight some of the results that have already been achieved by using it. To date, the possibilities offered by HGIS have hardly been explored in research into the territorial impact of the railway. Similarly, until now, little work has been done in this area at the European scale. The most innovative aspects of this HGIS therefore lie in the methodology used and the subject treated.

Study of living fossil of historic cities--taking historic city Ping Yao in world heritage list as an example

World Heritage belongs to all the peoples of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are living. The world heritage list draws attention to the wealth and diversity of the Earth's cultural and natural heritage. Historic cities in world heritage list agglomerates the elite of the noblest stage in human civilization history, whose outstanding historic, artistic and scientific values make them the living fossils of urban historic study.

UXO Assessment on the Romanian Black Sea Coast

This paper aims to provide the reader with the results of the Unexploded Ordnance(UXO)survey of the defensive historical naval minefields launched by the Romanian and German Navies on the Romanian Black Sea coast,during the Second World War.This UXO survey was carried out between 2015-2018 by the Romanian Navy’s hydrographic ship“Commander Alexandru Cătuneanu”and Romanian Mine Warfare Data Center,using towed side-scan sonar technology and oceanographic observations.After explaining the materials and methodology,the results are presented and discussed:mosaics of the minefields,side-scan images of UXO contacts,side-scan images of the wrecks that were sunk in the minefields and some visible natural geological features of the seafloor.It was concluded that most of the objects discovered are sinkers,wreck debris or parts of chains,which does not represent a danger to navigation.

The opening and application of Chinese historical geography data in Digital Humanities projects of libraries

Through the methods of literature review, data modeling, comparative research, experimental research, and based on the research of Chinese historical geography databases of CBDB of Harvard University, CHGIS of Fudan University, CCTS of Center for GIS of Academia Sinica, Sino-family-tree GIS and Geo Names, etc., this paper analyzes the requirements of applying History Geography data in libraries’ Digital Humanities projects. With the research on the topic of open application of historical geography data in libraries, this paper tries to explore the methods of application of Historical Geography for Digital Humanities in libraries and how the libraries can use the methods of knowledge organization and Name Authority Control to help researchers in humanity area to use Historical Geography Data during their research work, and then publish the data on the Web to make it ready for open application and easily sharing with other libraries. This paper focuses on the spatial-temporal modeling based on ontology and technology framework based on Linked Data, which are designed for the opening application of historical geography data in the environment of Internet.

时间、空间与中国“新”城市主义——评China,A Historical Geography of the Urban

'中国的城市转型既是国内革命,也是世界历史事件。'当城市学者正在庆祝所谓的'中国城市模式'的独特性和新颖性时,本书不仅对这种盲目自信的态度敲响了警钟,同时为我们该如何定位自己以及理解中国与世界的关系提供了许多未来的可能性。为此,该书强调了历史地理学对于城市研究的重要性。编者强调的并非学科本身,而是认为历史地理的核心'空间与时间'可以成为一种认识论。事实上,所有检视中国城市不同年代城市空间的变革的文章均隐含地应用了时空框架。尽管书中文章叙事和论点丰富多彩,我们依然可以紧扣'全球与本土''物质与文化'和'治理与意识形态'这三层重点,来帮助读者反思'古'与'今'的辩证关系,从而寻求中国'新城市主义'的本质。

The Possibility of Returning to Experience:The Essence of Philosophical History in Chinese Philosophy and Its Reflection

The Chinese construction of the science of philosophy takes as its basic form the narrative of the history of philosophy.The introduction into Chinese philosophy of the normative character of philosophy and its problem framework via the narrative of the history of philosophy has to some extent enabled the practice of philosophy to remain separate from the norms and methods of traditional Chinese thought.Philosophical norms and problem frameworks from the West have changed the happenings of the historical world towards the eternal Dao of the classical world into intellectual texts,and have transformed the situationbased expressive strategy that develops the principles of things in the world of concrete experience into concepts and categories.As a consequence of these two positions,the ground of Chinese philosophy,based as it is on the history of philosophy,may not only be separated from the everlasting world of experience of the classics,but may also be divorced from the present experience of the modernization process.If we start from an analysis of the historicity of the Chinese intellectual tradition and its classical character,Chinese philosophy has obtained the possibility of returning to experience by means of parsing jishi yanli,a way of thinking that uses the investigation of things to fathom principles.The pathway of integrating philosophical thinking and experience will enhance and stimulate the contemporary value of the classics.More importantly,regarding the unique methods and strategies of expression in traditional Chinese thought as a general philosophical approach can facilitate the promotion of the construction of a world philosophy oriented toward currentexperience.

Viewing U. S. Global Strategy with Historical Eyes

Compared with world’s other great powers, the United States deserves to be called a state that has both the desire and capability to rebuild the world. Therefore, its global strategy has become very important , and any nation that has dealings with Washington must take this into consideration. However, it is much debatable whether the United States has a global strategy, and whether a new global strategy

“China's Entry into the WTO Will Be a Historical Event Enabling China to Play a Broader Role in the World Economy”─Interview with Dr. Fred Bergsten

Dr.C.FredBergrtenisDirectoroftheinstituteforinternationalEconomicsinWashington,D.C.,oneofthemostimPOrtantthink-tankSintheUnitedStates.HewasalsoChairmanoftheCompetitivenessPolicyCouncil(1991-97)andtheAPECEminentPersonsGrouP(1993-95)throughouttheirexis...

全球音乐史研究的视野、方法与叙事——ICTMD全球音乐史研究分会的成立背景与面临的挑战

全球(音乐)史迄今为止并非一个定义明确的领域,但将全球理解为研究地方、区域或国家与世界关系的视角于当下(民族)音乐学并不陌生。“世界音乐”研究在世界观和历史观的双重转向中重新审视时间与空间的断裂,音乐理论家寻找某种足以“统摄”全球音乐的分析工具,民族音乐学家重省“比较音乐学”,提出“多线程历史”“全球音乐圈”和“后欧洲思维”的设想。无论是构拟跨文化的共性与对话,还是从人类行动方案和地方术语中探讨人类音乐文化的差异与相互关联,或是以“微观历史”和“路”的流动性探索“全球网络”的音乐史,力图“去中心”的“全球史”都不应止于反霸权的结论或目的。如何通过民族志的专门知识将历史的线索落在实处?如何在史志互向中探索空间、时间、行动者和结构的“联通性”?文章讨论了全球音乐史写作的驱动力与问题,并展望文明互鉴意义上的全球音乐史。

人类命运共同体:世界历史意涵下人类文明新形态的中国叙事

从唯物史观世界历史思想的视域出发,人类历史从民族、国家历史向世界历史进行转向是人类社会整体发展的必然趋势。西方中心主义现代化带来的资本增殖逻辑,虽然创造了原初形态的世界历史,但资本逻辑内在无法克服的矛盾必将导致资本主义世界历史的终结。而人类命运共同体作为中国式现代化这一独特文明范式建构出的人类文明新形态,在历史叙事上实现了对西方“中心—边缘”型资本主义世界历史模式的“批判—建构—超越”,进一步促进了资本主义世界历史向社会主义世界历史过渡。正因此,人类命运共同体作为唯物史观理论逻辑与社会发展历史逻辑的辩证统一,就具有了理论和现实的必然性。人类命运共同体作为中国在世界“百年未有之大变局”中提出的全球治理方案,所践行的人类共同价值、维护的全人类共同利益都彰显出其作为人类文明新形态的生成型叙事,仍不断助推着世界历史的动态演进。

中国建设世界一流大学政策变迁的制度逻辑

中国建设世界一流大学经过三十年的实践探索,其政策方向和内容随着时代变化在不断变迁。引入历史制度主义理论视角,从结构分析范式和历史分析范式深入探究中国建设世界一流大学政策变迁的制度逻辑。中国建设世界一流大学政策总体上呈现出渐进变迁特征,变迁方式以自上而下的强制性制度变迁为主,“背景-制度”结构是政策变迁的决定性因素,“变量-制度”结构、“行为-制度”结构是政策变迁的关键性因素,中国建设世界一流大学实践中的重大事件构成政策变迁的“关键节点”,学习效应、协同效应和适应性预期导致政策变迁呈现出明显的路径依赖特征。最后,提出“服务国家发展战略,保持政策供给强度”“充分考虑利益诉求,更加重视公平”“政府政策引导,高校分类和特色发展”等三个方面优化策略。

关联山川形势的汉江上游历史城镇空间格局研究

山川形势是中国古人营建历史城镇时体察、相辨、因循的重要环境因素,也是彰显地域特色、塑造山城景观的关键自然要素.探索城镇营建与山川形势的内在关联对历史城镇的整体性保护发展,对传承本土营造智慧具有重要意义.本文选取汉江上游地区的历史城镇,从城镇择址、空间营建两方面探究历史城镇空间格局与山川形势的关联.通过核密度与渔网分析方法,研究北宋、明清、民国三个历史时期城镇与周围山川的空间关系,发现该地区历史城镇“以山为屏、以水为障”的山川选择倾向;以典型历史城镇为研究对象,通过计盒维数、轮廓曲折度等量化分析方法,发现其在水平与垂直维度均契合山川形势的空间形态特征.汉江上游历史城镇关联山川形势的空间格局营建经验可为该地区历史城镇的整体保护、局部更新、新区建设提供重要借鉴.