A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF CHINA'S MACHINE DESIGN METHODS AND THE PROSPECT

This paper examines the history of China’s machine design methods and its status quo. First of all, it discusses machine design methods in ancient China. (1)The design idea of creation by the intelligent and exposition by the ingenious. (2)The design principle of the dependence of workmanship on criteria. (3)A macroscopic view of the object of design. (4)The design method of manufacture emphasizing shape. (5)Technological requirements on excellent material and consummate skill. Second, it discusses machine design ideas in ancient China. (1)The system idea in machine design, (2)The idea of machine design.(3)The idea of standardization in machine design. (4)The idea of automation in machine design. Finally, it discusses the status quo and a look ahead of the theory of machine design in China.

First Forum on China Casting Quality Standards & Overview of Revision History of China's National/Industrial Standards for Foundry Operations

Both national and local governments have been paying great attention to the work of industrial standardization with the enormous increase in international trade after China joined WTO. According to the standards revising plan of Standardization Administration Committee of China (SAC),TC54 has already revised a series of national standards and industrial standards for foundry operations,and proposed some new ones. As a result,some old fashioned standards containing low-level techniques have been gradually discontinued or replaced with new versions.……

Foresights, Expectations and Implications of China＇s Foreign Language Proficiency Scaling and Rating Framework

Referring to the well established foreign language proficiency evaluation scale frameworks such as the CEFR （Common European Framework of Reference for Languages） in Europe and ILR （The Interagency Language Roundtable） scale in the United States, Chinese language education authority is dedicating great efforts to the contruction of the Chinese targeted and tailored national proficiency evaluation system. This initiative will tremendously subvert the traditional language learning and testing mechanism, bring phenomenal transformations and innovations to the future language learning and teaching approaches and methodologies, and meanwhile impose great influence on the language concerning administration and profession.

Contest on China's "History and Tourism" Attractions

The China National Tourism Administration and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics are the cosponsors of China Heritage'94.China Today started a regular column,"History and Tourism,"in this year's January issue to talk about China's historical sites and tourist attractions.

The Best of Beijing

FOR much of China’s history, the city of Beijing has been the nation’s capital.Thus it boasts a wealth of ancient cultural treasures, including buildings, parks and monuments. These are five of the better ones.

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

重写文明史:建构中国自主知识体系的底座

中国自古便有完整的哲学体系、文论体系、史学体系、艺术体系、教育体系、医学体系、科学技术体系以及其他各个学科的自主知识体系。然而,中国原有的自主知识体系在现当代基本上不被承认。这一问题的根源在文明观,文明观是基础,是自主知识体系的底座。近现代以来支撑各学科知识生产的标准、内涵、体系都建立在西方文明的底座上。文明底座是西方的,所构建的知识体系也就必然唯西是从,直接导致了对中国文明的贬低,对中国知识体系的全盘否定,形成了中国自主知识体系整体性的垮塌,走上了自毁长城之歧途。建构中国自主知识体系,首先要“重塑文明观”,重塑文明观则必须“重写文明史”,再从文明底座上建构哲学、史学、医学、科学技术等各个学科的自主知识体系,重获各学科知识体系本来的“话语权”,向世界呈现“理论中的中国”“创新中的中国”“文明中的中国”,建构自立自强的中国自主知识体系。

马克思精神生产视阈下中国共产党人的精神谱系

马克思精神生产理论为中国共产党人的精神谱系探析提供了可靠的分析视阈。马克思精神生产理论的历史向度使中国共产党人的精神谱系具有了深刻的理论内涵。在马克思精神生产视域下,中国共产党人的精神谱系是党的理论研究的精神生产成果,是中国共产党人在各个时代优秀精神产品的总和,体现了马克思精神生产理论蕴含的规律性原则,体现着马克思精神生产活动的历史使命。弘扬中国共产党人的精神谱系,首先要对伟大精神生产成果进行谱系化传承,在坚定马克思主义信仰中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的引导力,在党的自我革命的推进中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的生命力,在中国共产党党史的研究与学习中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的穿透力,在中华优秀传统文化的浸润中不断增强伟大精神生产成果的凝聚力。

China’s historical evolution of environmental protection along with the forty years’reform and opening-up

Along with the 40 years of reform and opening-up,China’s ecological and environmental management system has been evolving continuously.Since the start of the ecological and environmental protection in 1972,China has witnessed“great leaps”of reform on environmental management system about once every 10 years,in order to address the prominent environmental issues at different development stages,and continuously reform,innovate and develop the ecological and environmental governance systems and modes with Chinese characteristics.China adheres to solve environmental problems in the process of development,takes the improvement of the ecological and environmental quality as the core task,and gradually builds its ecological and environmental management systems conforming to the characteristics of different development stages,including a sound ecological and environmental planning&policy system,an improved ecological and environmental governance system and a complete ecological and environmental legal system.During the process of building the socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era,we should aim at the strategic goal of building a Beautiful China,keep focused on China while stay connected with the world,adhere to green development,accomplish top-level design,build a new pattern of ecological and environmental management system,and co-construct a clean and beautiful world.

A Small Town Romance

ASIA Weekly once nominated the “Top 100 Chinese Novels in the 20th Century.” A collection of short stories Call to Arms by Lu Xun ranked No.1, with Shen Congwen’s Border Town on its heels. Shen Congwen (1902-1988) is considered to be one of the most influential writers in China’s modern history. Throughout his lifetime, Shen wrote a great number of novels and proses, among which Border Town occupies a unique place.

Brief History of China’s Aviation Industry

Before 1949 when the People’s Republic of China was founded, China had a very weak aviation foundation. Between 1910, when the government of the Qing Dynasty set up a plane factory, and 1949, there were just dozens of poor-equipped facilities that

从苏国勋的韦伯汉学史出发:中西比较视角下的“会”

苏国勋先生认为韦伯的《儒教与道教》深受汉学家高延的影响,从“天人合一”等问题出发进行了深刻的分析,指出汉学家们资料、立场的局限造成了韦伯作品中的局限。沿着苏国勋先生的思路,以高延有关中国传统社会中的“会”的研究为切入点,带入中西比较的视角,解析韦伯对高延的借鉴与突破。从高延到韦伯的思想路线,既是用西方理论观照中国传统的尝试,又代表着从汉学到社会学的理论发展。正如苏国勋先生所指出的,正视其思想的局限,挖掘其理论启发意义,既有助于从民间社会真实的立场去理解官方纪录背后的历史真相,也有助于将普遍理论概念应用于中国文化研究,更好地把握其特殊的生命力。

思念童(寯)先生

童寯(1900—1983)是中国第一代留学归国的建筑师,我国著名建筑家、著名建筑教育家。本文追忆童先生的生平、为人和治学精神,在园林和园林史研究以及建筑画和建筑速写方面对自己的影响和感召。

伊舍伍德笔下的花园景观与中国抗日战争

花园是承载文化传统的独特介质,也是克里斯托弗·伊舍伍德在《战地行纪》中不吝笔墨的核心意象。已有的研究成果大多聚焦于伊舍伍德战争书写的新闻属性,评价他对中国抗战的正面报道,却少有人注意到书中的花园景观与中国抗日战争的内在联系。如果将花园置于中西方文化传统中进行动态考察,顺着界线感、园游会与生命力等景观特点深入解读,可以发现花园背后潜藏的租界政治、殖民历史和帝国博弈。透过花园,伊舍伍德书写了抗战时期中国军民的精神底蕴,也与热爱自然、尊重生命的中国文化传统产生了共鸣。

China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future

Abstract This paper is a brief introduction of the core content and basic concepts of the book China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future, and gives answers to questions such as why China＇s reform and opening-up policy has achieved great success, why the catch-up mode, extensive and extractive development mode China adopted in the past three decades are no longer sustainable and what China＇s market-oriented reforms should aim to achieve in the next stage so that readers can have a profound understanding of China＇s reform. Planning ahead, from the perspective of sustainable economic development, China badly needs to transform from factor-driven growth to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven growth, the key to which is to further encourage the liberalization of thought, promote reform and opening-up, unswervingly follow the path of economic liberalization, marketization and privatization, to establish an inclusive modern market system, to allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and the private economy to play a dominant role in the national economy. The market-oriented reform is a complicated project and China is faced with at least three different aspects of reform in some key areas--the main body of private economy, the liberalization of financial market and the marketization of land. Meanwhile, China needs to efficiently balance three elements of good governance, that is, the rule of law, execution and democratic supervision, so as to facilitate the modernization of state governance system and governance capability.

China’s Foreign Trade:A History

China’s foreign trade has been developing in tandem with the pulse of the country’s overall economic development.During the

《中国造园史》--中国古代造园之精髓与传承

陈植先生是我国最早接触造园学的学者之一,也是我国造园学教育的创始人之一,他推动了造园学的发展。陈植先生在中国现代风景园林事业和学科发展进程中作出了重大贡献。他晚年编著的《中国造园史》是探索中国古代造园精髓与传承科学、传承知识、传承文化、传承精神的重要举措,并将对我国园林的发展起到重要作用和深远的影响。通过了解中国古代造园之精髓,将之融入新的园林体系当中,继承传统,发扬光大,对今后世界园林文化多元化的发展作出新的贡献。